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Fatal misconceptions: colonial durabilities, violence and epistemicide in Africa’s Great Lakes Region 致命的误解:非洲大湖地区的殖民持久性、暴力和知识灭绝
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2022.2059901
C. Mertens, Stéphanie Perazzone, David Mwambari
The contributions of this special issue explore the concept of colonial durabilities in a bid to unearth both the concrete and invisible sites through which coloniality continues to circulate and materialise in the African Great Lakes Region (GLR). Colonial durabilities, we argue, are non-linear dynamic processes that suffuse the realities and structures of international and national politics, as well as the conduct of daily life. These become particularly evident in the knowledge economy of the GLR, in endeavours as broad as state building and everyday practices, within international development and peacebuilding interventions, and in academic theorising, methodologies and writing formats. We introduce the papers in this special issue that urge us to address an important question: Can we truly decolonise if we do not fully understand the coloniality of the present and its effects? We argue a careful investigation of the structural conditions that enable coloniality to actively form and re-form is essential to accurately understand real-world ramifications of asymmetrical power relations, a crucial aspect of the process of decolonisation. Lastly, we reflect on avenues for re-thinking the effects of colonial durabilities and to work towards generating anti-/de-colonial knowledges to perhaps achieve ‘epistemic freedom’.
本期特刊探讨了殖民持久性的概念,旨在揭示殖民在非洲大湖地区(GLR)继续传播和实现的具体和无形的地点。我们认为,殖民的持久性是非线性的动态过程,充斥着国际和国家政治的现实和结构,以及日常生活的行为。在GLR的知识经济中,在国家建设和日常实践等广泛的努力中,在国际发展和建设和平干预中,以及在学术理论、方法和写作格式中,这些都变得尤为明显。我们在本期特刊中介绍敦促我们处理一个重要问题的论文:如果我们不充分了解当前的殖民主义及其影响,我们能真正实现非殖民化吗?我们认为,仔细研究使殖民能够积极形成和重新形成的结构条件,对于准确理解不对称权力关系的现实后果至关重要,这是非殖民化进程的一个关键方面。最后,我们反思了重新思考殖民持久性影响的途径,并努力产生反/去殖民知识,以实现“认识自由”。
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引用次数: 4
Accounting for which violent past? transitional justice, epistemic violence, and colonial durabilities in Burundi 解释哪一个暴力的过去?布隆迪的过渡司法、认知暴力和殖民持久性
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2022.2039733
Astrid Jamar
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in Burundi has been mandated to account for colonial and post-colonial violence. To examine such accountability efforts, I deploy a decolonial and legal anthropological approach. Through fieldwork in Burundi, I examine the entanglements between violence, accountability, and coloniality; how specific dynamics of violence and hegemonized norms operate within transitional justice (TJ) practices; and by implication how colonial durabilities reproduce themselves. I document three key findings. First, TJ professionals consolidate hegemonic but contested norms to articulate TJ agendas; norms that then gradually ‘slip’, i.e. the gradual weakening of normative commitments moving the burden of accountability from the State to alleged beneficiaries. Second, regular TJ activities reproduce hierarchies of knowledges marked by the epistemic supremacy of Western legalism and power asymmetries; while side-lining political struggles fought through accountability efforts. Third, criticisms of colonialism have been instrumentalised by the ruling regime through the work of the TRC itself, while violence continues to be used to repress political opponents. Overall, I argue that due to the durable effects of colonialism, the Burundian TRC simultaneously accounts for and inflicts violence. Specifically, as TJ professionals adopt texts and run activities that consolidate hegemonized norms, reproduce colonial tropes and take part in strengthening authoritarianism, colonial logics inform whose norms and knowledge matter, thus inflicting epistemic violence.
布隆迪真相与和解委员会(真相与和解委员会)的任务是查明殖民时期和后殖民时期的暴力行为。为了检验这种问责努力,我采用了一种非殖民化和法律人类学的方法。通过在布隆迪的实地考察,我审视了暴力、问责制和殖民主义之间的纠缠;暴力和霸权化规范的具体动态如何在过渡司法实践中运作;这暗示了殖民地的持久性是如何自我繁殖的。我记录了三个主要发现。首先,TJ专业人士巩固了霸权但有争议的规范,以阐明TJ议程;然后逐渐“滑落”的规范,即规范性承诺逐渐减弱,将问责的负担从国家转移到所谓的受益者。其次,正规的TJ活动再现了以西方法家主义的知识至上和权力不对称为标志的知识等级;一边是政治斗争,一边通过问责努力进行斗争。第三,对殖民主义的批评已经通过TRC本身的工作被统治政权利用,而暴力继续被用来镇压政治对手。总的来说,我认为,由于殖民主义的持久影响,布隆迪的TRC同时解释和施加暴力。具体而言,当TJ专业人员采用文本并开展巩固霸权化规范、复制殖民修辞和参与强化威权主义的活动时,殖民逻辑告知谁的规范和知识重要,从而造成认知暴力。
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引用次数: 2
Chinese-manufactured commodities and African agency in the democratization of consumption: the example of electronic devices in Cameroon 消费民主化中的中国制造商品与非洲代理:以喀麦隆电子设备为例
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1977158
Ute Röschenthaler
Liberalizing the economy brought both social and economic complications to the lives of many Cameroonians and growing numbers of affordable commodities manufactured in China. Focusing on electronic devices (primarily mobile phones, computers, recording gadgets and solar kits), this article considers how these new private possessions have become integrated into existing practices of social representation and to what extent they have transformed the lives of Cameroonians. The article examines through whose agency these commodities arrived, the findings being based on interviews with travelling traders and consumers and upon observations on Cameroonian and Chinese markets in the 2010s. It highlights that African importers of Chinese-manufactured products carefully select and order supplies in China that are affordable and meet the tastes of local consumers. The availability of these goods enables Cameroonians to engage in the consumption of global commodities, heightening their sense of global connection, whilst also concurrently complicating the display of social hierarchies. The importation of these commodities also created business opportunities for numerous traders and service providers.
经济自由化给许多喀麦隆人的生活带来了社会和经济上的复杂问题,中国制造的廉价商品数量也在不断增加。本文以电子设备(主要是移动电话、电脑、录音设备和太阳能设备)为重点,探讨这些新的私人财产如何融入现有的社会表现,以及它们在多大程度上改变了喀麦隆人的生活。本文通过对旅游贸易商和消费者的采访,以及对2010年代喀麦隆和中国市场的观察,研究了这些商品是通过谁的机构到达的。这凸显了中国制造产品的非洲进口商在中国精心挑选和订购价格合理、符合当地消费者口味的产品。这些商品的可用性使喀麦隆人能够参与全球商品的消费,增强了他们的全球联系感,同时也使社会等级的展示复杂化。这些商品的进口也为众多贸易商和服务提供商创造了商机。
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引用次数: 2
Bringing inside out: humour, outreach, and sexual and gender-based violence in Sierra Leone 从内到外:塞拉利昂的幽默、外联、性暴力和性别暴力
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.2005378
Laura S. Martin, C. Bradbury‐Jones, Simeon Koroma, Stephen Forcer
This article explores the theoretical and practical role(s) of humour in facilitating outreach about sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in Sierra Leone. While humour might be considered an insensitive way of approaching difficult issues, this project shows that incongruity can in fact be productive. Recognizing that humour itself can be a form of symbolic or physical violence in some contexts, we argue that humour is a means of opening up conversations about violence (in this case SGBV) in order to address the social and legal challenges associated with it. Our pilot project – devised by an interdisciplinary team and conducted in partnership with a Sierra Leonean access-to-justice NGO, Timap for Justice – used comedy and performance to meet two key challenges: to disseminate awareness about social and legal issues related to commonplace practices of SGBV, and to open up a broader discussion about experiences of SGBV. Using empirical evidence from focus groups and interviews, this article shows how a humorous approach proved to be a productive mode of engagement and examines key concepts including ‘the vicinity of laughter’ (involving the spatial and interpersonal aspects of humour), the connections between laughter and memory, and the paradoxical relationship between lived experience, humour and violence.
本文探讨幽默在促进塞拉利昂性暴力和性别暴力(SGBV)宣传方面的理论和实践作用。虽然幽默可能被认为是处理棘手问题的一种麻木不仁的方式,但这个项目表明,不协调实际上可以是富有成效的。认识到幽默本身在某些情况下可能是一种象征性或身体暴力,我们认为幽默是一种开启关于暴力(在本例中为SGBV)对话的手段,以解决与之相关的社会和法律挑战。我们的试点项目由一个跨学科团队设计,并与塞拉利昂诉诸司法的非政府组织timmap for Justice合作,利用喜剧和表演来应对两个关键挑战:传播与性暴力相关的社会和法律问题,以及就性暴力的经历展开更广泛的讨论。利用焦点小组和访谈的经验证据,本文展示了幽默方法如何被证明是一种富有成效的参与模式,并研究了关键概念,包括“笑声的邻近”(涉及幽默的空间和人际方面),笑声和记忆之间的联系,以及生活经验,幽默和暴力之间的矛盾关系。
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引用次数: 3
Neoliberalism and the state in the African city: informality, accumulation and the rebirth of a Ugandan market 非洲城市中的新自由主义与国家:非正式、积累与乌干达市场的重生
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1999834
Graeme Young
Rapid urbanization and the transformations that it brings are raising urgent questions about understanding the African city. This article stresses the value of viewing urban development through a critical lens that focuses on questions surrounding neoliberalism and the state, highlighting how such an approach can provide important insights into the dynamics of informal economic activity. Examining the recent history of Kisekka Market in Kampala, Uganda, it argues that development processes in the informal economy, even when apparently neutral or ostensibly empowering for the urban poor, facilitate forms of accumulation and dispossession that result in the consolidation of political and economic power. The destruction and rebirth of Kisekka Market, despite its changing politics, has consistently benefitted wealthier vendors and external investors, threatened to displace poorer traders and served the interests of President Museveni, the National Resistance Movement (NRM) and their allies. Exploring these dynamics demands addressing traditional political economy questions that must serve as the foundation for analysing the institutions, structures and processes shaping contemporary African cities.
快速的城市化及其带来的变革提出了关于理解非洲城市的紧迫问题。本文强调通过批判性的视角来看待城市发展的价值,重点关注围绕新自由主义和国家的问题,强调这种方法如何为非正式经济活动的动态提供重要的见解。研究了乌干达坎帕拉Kisekka市场的近代史,报告认为,非正规经济的发展过程,即使表面上是中立的或表面上对城市穷人有利,也会促进各种形式的积累和剥夺,从而导致政治和经济权力的巩固。基塞卡市场的破坏和重生,尽管它的政治在不断变化,却一直使较富裕的商贩和外部投资者受益,威胁着取代较贫穷的商人,并为穆塞韦尼总统、全国抵抗运动(NRM)及其盟友的利益服务。探索这些动态需要解决传统的政治经济问题,这些问题必须作为分析塑造当代非洲城市的制度、结构和过程的基础。
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引用次数: 1
The political economy of informal dog breeding businesses in Harare’s high-density suburbs, Zimbabwe, 1990-2019. 1990-2019年,津巴布韦哈拉雷高密度郊区非正规养狗企业的政治经济学。
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.2005377
Innocent Dande
This paper examines the emergence of informal dog breeding businesses in Zimbabwe’s high-density suburbs between 1990 and 2019. It uses the dog breeding practices of the working-classes and informal workers as an entry point into the global dog historiography that overly focuses on the dog breeding practices of the ruling classes and of the middle classes in Western Europe and in North America. It, thus, provides an animal-sensitive assessment of the Zimbabwean crisis drawing from archival sources, newspapers and from digital ethnography. It argues that the dog breeding practices of the working-classes and informal workers in Harare’s high-density suburbs avails a global south dog history that is not overly influenced by Western Kennel Club rules and breeding standards. The paper also focuses on the various types of dogs that gained popularity at different times owing to Zimbabwe’s changing political-economy during the period under review. Informal dog breeders bred different dog breeds at different times in reaction to the fashionable trends to solve evolving urban security needs as a result of changing urban sub-cultures. These informal dog breeding businesses created strong downstream and upstream business ventures that enabled successful dog breeders to attain breadwinner statuses during the Zimbabwean crisis. It concludes by showing that human-dog relations changed during the Zimbabwean crisis in Harare’s high-density suburbs.
本文研究了1990年至2019年期间在津巴布韦高密度郊区出现的非正式养狗企业。它将工人阶级和非正式工人的养狗实践作为全球狗史研究的切入点,而全球狗史研究过度关注西欧和北美统治阶级和中产阶级的养狗实践。因此,它从档案资料、报纸和数字人种学中对津巴布韦危机进行了动物敏感的评估。它认为,在哈拉雷人口密集的郊区,工人阶级和非正式工人的养犬实践,利用了全球南方狗的历史,没有受到西方养犬俱乐部规则和饲养标准的过度影响。本文还关注了由于津巴布韦在审查期间不断变化的政治经济而在不同时期受到欢迎的各种类型的狗。非正式的狗饲养者在不同的时间饲养不同的狗品种,以应对城市亚文化变化带来的时尚趋势,以解决不断变化的城市安全需求。这些非正式的狗饲养业创造了强大的下游和上游商业风险,使成功的狗饲养者在津巴布韦危机期间获得了养家糊口的地位。它的结论是,在津巴布韦危机期间,在哈拉雷高密度的郊区,人与狗的关系发生了变化。
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引用次数: 0
Representing Johannesburg in transformation: urban experience, imageries, and the work of art by David Koloane, Jo Ractliffe and Anthea Moys 代表转型中的约翰内斯堡:David Koloane、Jo Ractliffe和Anthea Moys的城市体验、图像和艺术作品
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1999833
Fiona Siegenthaler
This paper focuses on artistic engagements with urban change in Johannesburg. The guiding questions are: (1) How do artists perceive and reflect urbanity, social change, and the transition of inner-city Johannesburg within their work? (2) In what ways can artworks contribute to Southern theories and decolonial and pluriversal conceptions of the city? The paper consists of three parts. The first offers a conceptual framing of the relationship between images, imageries, and imagination and their relation to artistic representation and practice. The second part focuses on the work of David Koloane, Jo Ractliffe and Anthea Moys between the late 1990s and the early 2010s, whose artistic work relates in various ways to urban imaginaries, individual experience, and the visual representation of Johannesburg. Inspired by the concepts of cityness and invisibility (Simone), the third part of the paper discusses the interplay between individual positionality and urban experience, the role of socio-political discourses and urban imageries for the artistic expression as well as the potential of such analysis for theorizing urban life and its artistic representations from pluriversal perspectives, as suggested by proponents of decolonial theories.
本文关注的是约翰内斯堡城市变化中的艺术参与。指导问题是:(1)艺术家如何在他们的作品中感知和反映都市化、社会变革和约翰内斯堡内城的过渡?(2)艺术作品在哪些方面可以为南方理论和非殖民化和多元化的城市概念做出贡献?本文由三部分组成。第一部分提供了图像、意象和想象之间关系的概念框架,以及它们与艺术表现和实践的关系。第二部分重点介绍David Koloane、Jo Ractliffe和Anthea Moys在20世纪90年代末至2010年代初的作品,他们的艺术作品以各种方式与城市想象、个人体验和约翰内斯堡的视觉表现有关。受城市性和不可见性(Simone)概念的启发,本文的第三部分讨论了个人位置性与城市经验之间的相互作用,社会政治话语和城市图像在艺术表达中的作用,以及这种分析的潜力,从多元化的角度理论化城市生活及其艺术表现,正如非殖民化理论的支持者所建议的那样。
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引用次数: 0
‘Don’t you want us to eat?’: the moral economy of a Ugandan marketplace:‘Ne voulez-vous pas que nous mangions?’: L’économie morale d’un marché ougandais “你不想让我们吃吗?”乌干达市场的道德经济:“你不想让我们吃吗?”乌干达市场的道德经济
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-08-26 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1964996
W. Monteith, L. Camfield
Marketplaces have long provided a context for observing the negotiation of everyday life amid broader processes of social and economic transformation. A growing scholarship has debated the relationship between markets and capitalist modes of production in Africa. However, less attention has been paid to the changing moral dimensions of economic life within popular urban marketplaces. This article examines the moral economy of a central marketplace in Kampala, Uganda, through an analysis of a rare archive: the records of the market disciplinary committee. We show that market vendors have responded to the expansion of market economy in Kampala by invoking principles derived from the past, including the obligation to ‘feed’ others. Rather than an abstracted market economy, disputes in the market were interpreted in the context of an embedded market society in which value is placed on livelihood facilitation. These findings advance the burgeoning literature on capitalism in Africa by demonstrating the ways in which neoliberal norms and values are situated within a broader moral landscape that places limits on what can be exchanged with whom.
长期以来,市场为在更广泛的社会和经济转型过程中观察日常生活的谈判提供了一个背景。越来越多的学者对非洲市场和资本主义生产模式之间的关系进行了辩论。然而,在流行的城市市场中,人们对经济生活中不断变化的道德层面的关注较少。本文通过分析一份罕见的档案:市场纪律委员会的记录,考察了乌干达坎帕拉一个中央市场的道德经济。我们表明,坎帕拉的市场供应商通过援引源自过去的原则来应对市场经济的扩张,包括“养活”他人的义务。市场纠纷不是抽象的市场经济,而是在嵌入式市场社会的背景下解释的,在这种社会中,价值在于促进生计。这些发现通过展示新自由主义规范和价值观如何被置于一个更广泛的道德环境中,从而限制了什么可以与谁交换,从而推动了非洲新兴的资本主义文献。
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引用次数: 3
An inherited animus to communal land: the mechanisms of coloniality in land reform agendas in Acholiland, Northern Uganda 对公共土地的继承敌意:乌干达北部阿奇利兰土地改革议程中的殖民机制
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1931383
J. Hopwood
Access to land for the Acholi people of northern Uganda still has much in common with understandings of the pre-colonial situation. This paper reflects on how collective landholding has faced over a century of hostile policy promoting land as private property. The notion of coloniality arises in this confrontation: the failure of communication ensuing from understanding Acholi social ordering in terms of false entities; and the foregrounding of land as object. The durability of colonial mechanisms emerges in processes such as the codification of the principles and practices of Acholi ‘customary land’. Pressure for land reform is driven by external bodies, UN agencies, donor governments and international NGOs, claiming to be seeking to protect the interest of the poor. Yet these offer no respite for the growing numbers of landless people – the colonial agenda appears to have its own momentum, serving no one’s interests. Meanwhile misunderstandings and misrepresentations of land holding groups entrenches the subaltern voicelessness of their members, isolating them from any support in dealing with the challenges of too many people on not enough land.
乌干达北部阿乔利人获得土地的情况与对殖民前局势的理解仍然有许多共同之处。本文反思了一个世纪以来,集体土地所有制如何面对将土地视为私有财产的敌对政策。殖民主义的概念在这种对抗中产生:从虚假实体的角度理解Acholi社会秩序所导致的沟通失败;以及土地作为客体的前景。殖民机制的持久性体现在对Acholi“习惯土地”的原则和做法进行编纂等过程中。土地改革的压力是由外部机构、联合国机构、捐助国政府和国际非政府组织推动的,它们声称是在寻求保护穷人的利益。然而,这些并没有为越来越多的无地人民提供喘息的机会- -殖民议程似乎有它自己的势头,不符合任何人的利益。与此同时,对土地持有群体的误解和歪曲,使其成员处于次等地位,无法发声,使他们在应对人口太多、土地不足的挑战时得不到任何支持。
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引用次数: 4
Colonial intent as treachery: a poetic response 作为背叛的殖民意图:诗意的回应
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-07-01 DOI: 10.1080/21681392.2021.1931384
Juliane Okot Bitek
‘Bird, or How I Became an Acholi Poet’, is a poetic response that demonstrates wer, Luo for song, as a site for knowledge making and social memory as well as a method for resistance and decolonization. This poem features the voices of war veterans, Ugandan exiles who fought in the 1978–79 Liberation war between Tanzania and Uganda, who shared their stories with me during my doctoral fieldwork. One such is Capt. K, who joined the Ugandan exiles in Tanzania after a violent purge of ethnic Acholi and Lango officers and soldiers by Amin in 1972. As he shares his story, Capt. K describes the colonial British as filled with roro. This Luo term, denoting treachery, describes the colonial intent of the British: the creation of ‘the thing’ out from which Fanon’s notion of decolonization is the creation of the [hu]man. I reflect on how ‘bird’, ‘weather’, ‘map’, and ‘grammar’, concepts from Morrison, Brand, Sharpe and Spillers, form the foundation to think about the colonial spectre. I conclude that wer is a decolonial space from which Ugandans can articulate their own humanity beyond the colonial narrative as part of a continuing anti-colonial struggle.
“鸟,或我如何成为一名阿乔利诗人”,是一种诗意的回应,展示了“歌”作为知识创造和社会记忆的场所,以及抵抗和去殖民化的方法。这首诗的特点是战争老兵的声音,乌干达流亡者参加了1978-79年坦桑尼亚和乌干达之间的解放战争,他们与我分享了他们的故事在我的博士田野调查。1972年阿明对阿乔利族和兰戈族军官和士兵进行暴力清洗后,K上尉加入了坦桑尼亚的乌干达流亡者。K上尉在分享他的故事时,把殖民时期的英国人形容为充满了傲慢。这个罗语术语,表示背叛,描述了英国人的殖民意图:创造“事物”,而法农的非殖民化概念则是创造[胡]人。我思考了“鸟”、“天气”、“地图”和“语法”,这些来自莫里森、布兰德、夏普和斯皮勒斯的概念是如何形成思考殖民幽灵的基础的。我的结论是,乌干达是一个非殖民化的空间,乌干达人可以从这里表达自己的人性,超越殖民叙事,作为持续反殖民斗争的一部分。
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引用次数: 2
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Critical African Studies
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