{"title":"Opsonophagocytic Antibodies of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparations against Seven Streptococcus agalactiae Serotypes","authors":"Ji Hyen Lee, H. Kim, Jihei Cha, Kyung-Hyo Kim","doi":"10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77406154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hyungsuk Jin, Dongsub Kim, Joon-sik Choi, H. Huh, N. Lee, Joungho Han, H. Cho, Youngeun Ma, T. Y. Jeon, S. Yoo, K. Yoo, H. Koo, Yae-Jean Kim
Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a serious threat to pediatric patients with cancer given high morbidity and mortality. We present an 18-year-old male with precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia who developed Pancoast syndrome, presented with paresthesia and numbness in the right shoulder and arm during a neutropenic fever period. He was diagnosed with pneumonia in the right upper lung field. He was later found to have an invasive pulmonary fungal infection caused by multiple fungi species, including Rhizomucor , confirmed by histology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (proven infection), Penicillium decumbens diagnosed by PCR, and Aspergillus suspected from galactomannan assay (probable infection). Unfortunately, the patient's condition further worsened owing to the aggravation of leukemia, chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and bacterial coinfection, leading to multiorgan failure and death. Here, we report a case of IFI caused by multiple fungal species that presented as Pancoast syndrome.
{"title":"A Case with Multiple Fungal Coinfections in a Patient who Presented with Pancoast Syndrome","authors":"Hyungsuk Jin, Dongsub Kim, Joon-sik Choi, H. Huh, N. Lee, Joungho Han, H. Cho, Youngeun Ma, T. Y. Jeon, S. Yoo, K. Yoo, H. Koo, Yae-Jean Kim","doi":"10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E1","url":null,"abstract":"Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a serious threat to pediatric patients with cancer given high morbidity and mortality. We present an 18-year-old male with precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia who developed Pancoast syndrome, presented with paresthesia and numbness in the right shoulder and arm during a neutropenic fever period. He was diagnosed with pneumonia in the right upper lung field. He was later found to have an invasive pulmonary fungal infection caused by multiple fungi species, including Rhizomucor , confirmed by histology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (proven infection), Penicillium decumbens diagnosed by PCR, and Aspergillus suspected from galactomannan assay (probable infection). Unfortunately, the patient's condition further worsened owing to the aggravation of leukemia, chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, and bacterial coinfection, leading to multiorgan failure and death. Here, we report a case of IFI caused by multiple fungal species that presented as Pancoast syndrome.","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45560908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As of March 2021, humanity has been suffering from the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic that began late 2019 In 2020, new vaccine platforms— including mRNA vaccines and viral vector-based DNA vaccines—have been given emergency use authorization (EUA), leading to rolling out the vaccines for global mass vaccinations The purpose of this article is to review the currently most widely used coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines: their action mechanisms and efficacy and safety data from clinical trials that have been published to date In addition, the current status of clinical trials in the pediatric population was summarized, and further consideration for them was discussed
{"title":"Updates on Coronavirus Disease-2019 Vaccine and Consideration in Children","authors":"H. Kang, E. Choi, Yae-Jean Kim","doi":"10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E6","url":null,"abstract":"As of March 2021, humanity has been suffering from the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic that began late 2019 In 2020, new vaccine platforms— including mRNA vaccines and viral vector-based DNA vaccines—have been given emergency use authorization (EUA), leading to rolling out the vaccines for global mass vaccinations The purpose of this article is to review the currently most widely used coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines: their action mechanisms and efficacy and safety data from clinical trials that have been published to date In addition, the current status of clinical trials in the pediatric population was summarized, and further consideration for them was discussed","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85169005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.14776/piv.2021.28.e14
E. Cho, Y. Choe
School closures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been outlined in studies from different disciplines, including economics, sociology, mathematical modeling, epidemiology, and public health. In this review, we discuss the implications of school closures in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Modeling studies of the effects of school closures, largely derived from the pandemic influenza model, on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 produced conflicting results. Earlier studies assessed the risk of school reopening by modeling transmission across schools and communities;however, it remains unclear whether the risk is due to increased transmission in adults or children. The empirical findings of the impact of school closures on COVID-19 outbreaks suggest no clear effect, likely because of heterogeneity in community infection pressure, differences in school closure strategies, or the use of multiple interventions. The benefits of school closings are unclear and not readily quantifiable;however, they must be weighed against the potential high social costs, which can also negatively affect the health of this generation.
{"title":"School Closures during Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak","authors":"E. Cho, Y. Choe","doi":"10.14776/piv.2021.28.e14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2021.28.e14","url":null,"abstract":"School closures during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been outlined in studies from different disciplines, including economics, sociology, mathematical modeling, epidemiology, and public health. In this review, we discuss the implications of school closures in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Modeling studies of the effects of school closures, largely derived from the pandemic influenza model, on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 produced conflicting results. Earlier studies assessed the risk of school reopening by modeling transmission across schools and communities;however, it remains unclear whether the risk is due to increased transmission in adults or children. The empirical findings of the impact of school closures on COVID-19 outbreaks suggest no clear effect, likely because of heterogeneity in community infection pressure, differences in school closure strategies, or the use of multiple interventions. The benefits of school closings are unclear and not readily quantifiable;however, they must be weighed against the potential high social costs, which can also negatively affect the health of this generation.","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66642247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Toxic Megacolon as a Complication of Infectious Colitis Caused by Salmonella enteritidis Group D in a Previously Healthy Child","authors":"Sung-Bae Jeon, C. So, Young-Min Jo, S. Yu","doi":"10.14776/piv.2021.28.e8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2021.28.e8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66641868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.14776/piv.2021.28.e11
Sera Park, Euntaek Lee, Hyejin So, Reenar Yoo, Jina Lee
{"title":"The Impact of Antibiotic Burden on the Selective Resistance of Gram Negative Bacteria in Children","authors":"Sera Park, Euntaek Lee, Hyejin So, Reenar Yoo, Jina Lee","doi":"10.14776/piv.2021.28.e11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2021.28.e11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66642203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.14776/piv.2021.28.e12
Kyo Jin Jo, Chulhun L. Chang, Jae-Yeon Hwang, Su Eun Park
{"title":"Diagnostic Performance of Blood Culture Bottles for Abscess Culture in Patient with Abdominal Soft Tissue Abscess","authors":"Kyo Jin Jo, Chulhun L. Chang, Jae-Yeon Hwang, Su Eun Park","doi":"10.14776/piv.2021.28.e12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2021.28.e12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66642236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tinea faciei is a rare dermatophyte infection of the face that most often appears as a facial rash, followed by patches of small and raised bumps. Since it is uncommon in children and has similar rash patterns with various skin diseases, it is likely to be misdiagnosed as herpes simplex infection, contact dermatitis, disc-shaped lupus erythematosus, acne, and atopic dermatitis. In this case, siblings aged 3 and 4 were hospitalized due to skin rashes that occurred after traveling to Vietnam, and were administered antiviral drugs and systemic steroids under suspicion of herpes simplex infection with atopic dermatitis. Despite administration of these drugs, skin lesions did not show improvement. Serum beta-D-glucan assays were elevated in both patients, and after approximately 2 weeks, Trichophyton interdigitale was cultured in the older sister's skin fungal culture test. Both patients recovered after local and systemic antifungal therapy, without relapse or side effects. Skin lesions on the face, which do not respond to the existing treatment in children, should be checked for the possibility of tinea faciei through repeated fungal tests, and the beta-D-glucan assay can be a useful tool in diagnosing tinea faciei.
脸癣是一种罕见的皮肤真菌感染的脸，最常见的表现是面部皮疹，其次是小块和凸起的肿块。由于它在儿童中并不常见，并且与各种皮肤病有相似的皮疹模式，因此很可能被误诊为单纯疱疹感染、接触性皮炎、盘状红斑狼疮、痤疮和特应性皮炎。在本例中，3岁和4岁的兄弟姐妹因前往越南旅行后出现皮疹而住院，并在怀疑单纯疱疹感染并特应性皮炎的情况下接受了抗病毒药物和全身类固醇治疗。尽管服用了这些药物，皮肤病变并没有改善。两名患者的血清β - d -葡聚糖含量均升高，大约2周后，在姐姐的皮肤真菌培养试验中培养了趾间毛癣菌。两例患者均经局部及全身抗真菌治疗后恢复，无复发或副作用。对于现有治疗无效的儿童面部皮肤病变，应通过反复的真菌试验检查是否有可能发生面部癣，β - d -葡聚糖测定是诊断面部癣的有用工具。
{"title":"Two Cases of Tinea Faciei Mimicking Eczema Herpeticum in Siblings","authors":"J. Hwang, Ji‐Man Kang, Jong Gyun Ahn","doi":"10.14776/piv.2021.28.e2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2021.28.e2","url":null,"abstract":"Tinea faciei is a rare dermatophyte infection of the face that most often appears as a facial rash, followed by patches of small and raised bumps. Since it is uncommon in children and has similar rash patterns with various skin diseases, it is likely to be misdiagnosed as herpes simplex infection, contact dermatitis, disc-shaped lupus erythematosus, acne, and atopic dermatitis. In this case, siblings aged 3 and 4 were hospitalized due to skin rashes that occurred after traveling to Vietnam, and were administered antiviral drugs and systemic steroids under suspicion of herpes simplex infection with atopic dermatitis. Despite administration of these drugs, skin lesions did not show improvement. Serum beta-D-glucan assays were elevated in both patients, and after approximately 2 weeks, Trichophyton interdigitale was cultured in the older sister's skin fungal culture test. Both patients recovered after local and systemic antifungal therapy, without relapse or side effects. Skin lesions on the face, which do not respond to the existing treatment in children, should be checked for the possibility of tinea faciei through repeated fungal tests, and the beta-D-glucan assay can be a useful tool in diagnosing tinea faciei.","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66641791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There have been several reports on why the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients is milder than in adults There are distinctive points in the immune system between children and adults, as well as in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene expression, the characteristics of the respiratory system, the effects of comorbidities and risk factors, and the effect of infection control Even though children tend to have mild forms of COVID-19, this does not mean that we should not regard it as a matter of importance
{"title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019: Reasons for Better Clinical Course for Children Compared to Adults","authors":"B. Kwak, Dong Hyun Kim","doi":"10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/PIV.2021.28.E3","url":null,"abstract":"There have been several reports on why the clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pediatric patients is milder than in adults There are distinctive points in the immune system between children and adults, as well as in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene expression, the characteristics of the respiratory system, the effects of comorbidities and risk factors, and the effect of infection control Even though children tend to have mild forms of COVID-19, this does not mean that we should not regard it as a matter of importance","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66641805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-01DOI: 10.14776/piv.2020.27.e13
Young Sang Kim, J. Chung
Purpose: In most cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), the causative agent is not identified. The multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test developed recently can help detect enteric pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of pathogens in children with AGE using the multiplex RT-PCR. Methods: From May 2015 to June 2018, multiplex RT-PCR tests were performed to identify pathogens in the feces of pediatric patients diagnosed with AGE at a secondary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Results: Of the 1,366 stool samples examined for viral pathogens, 483 (35.3%) tested positive for ≥1 pathogen. Group A rotavirus (RV) was detected in 106 cases (7.8%). The positive rate increased annually from 3.0% (8/263) to 16.7% (48/288) and surged in 2018 (P<0.001). Norovirus (NoV) GII was the most common viral pathogen (263/1,366, 19.3%), and the positive rate did not increase during the 3 years. Of the 304 stool samples tested for bacterial pathogens, Campylobacter spp. was the most common bacterial pathogen (32/304, 10.5%), followed by Clostridium difficile (toxin B) (22/304, 7.2%) and Salmonella spp. (17/304, 5.6%). The positive rate of these bacterial pathogens did not change significantly during the study period. Conclusions: NoV GII is the main pathogen in childhood AGE since the introduction of RV vaccine, yet the number of rotavirus-infected patients increased during our study, especially in 2018.; Therefore, further research is needed including the possibility of emergence of novel RV strains. Campylobacter spp. is the predominant cause of bacterial AGE in children. For proper treatment, the clinical characteristics of the bacteria should be taken into consideration, and continuous monitoring is necessary.
{"title":"Molecular Detection and Epidemiology of Etiologic Agents among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis at a Secondary Hospital from 2015 to 2018","authors":"Young Sang Kim, J. Chung","doi":"10.14776/piv.2020.27.e13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14776/piv.2020.27.e13","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: In most cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), the causative agent is not identified. The multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test developed recently can help detect enteric pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of pathogens in children with AGE using the multiplex RT-PCR. Methods: From May 2015 to June 2018, multiplex RT-PCR tests were performed to identify pathogens in the feces of pediatric patients diagnosed with AGE at a secondary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Results: Of the 1,366 stool samples examined for viral pathogens, 483 (35.3%) tested positive for ≥1 pathogen. Group A rotavirus (RV) was detected in 106 cases (7.8%). The positive rate increased annually from 3.0% (8/263) to 16.7% (48/288) and surged in 2018 (P<0.001). Norovirus (NoV) GII was the most common viral pathogen (263/1,366, 19.3%), and the positive rate did not increase during the 3 years. Of the 304 stool samples tested for bacterial pathogens, Campylobacter spp. was the most common bacterial pathogen (32/304, 10.5%), followed by Clostridium difficile (toxin B) (22/304, 7.2%) and Salmonella spp. (17/304, 5.6%). The positive rate of these bacterial pathogens did not change significantly during the study period. Conclusions: NoV GII is the main pathogen in childhood AGE since the introduction of RV vaccine, yet the number of rotavirus-infected patients increased during our study, especially in 2018.; Therefore, further research is needed including the possibility of emergence of novel RV strains. Campylobacter spp. is the predominant cause of bacterial AGE in children. For proper treatment, the clinical characteristics of the bacteria should be taken into consideration, and continuous monitoring is necessary.","PeriodicalId":37997,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Infection and Vaccine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46215158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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