Pub Date : 2023-04-04DOI: 10.1163/22127453-bja10016
Yan Hon Michael Chung
This study examines how the availability of river transportation routes affected the effectiveness of the Qing artillery corps. The Yangzi River system and the Pearl River system guaranteed timely and stable artillery support for the Qing siege force in Jiangnan and Liangguang respectively. This was made possible by the Qing’s large reserves of cannons and the sizeable water forces at several strategically important cities along the two rivers, which constituted a river-based artillery logistic system. In the mountainous and unpopulated areas of China, however, the Qing artillery corps faced considerable logistic difficulties. This put the besieging army in a strategic dilemma, i.e., whether to wait for the siege train indefinitely or to assault the city with cold weapons. To push further, this strategic dilemma posed by the terrain may explain why the Qing army, despite possessing the latest artillery technology, continued using cold weapons extensively until the nineteenth century.
{"title":"River Transport and the Effectiveness of the Qing Artillery Corps during the Ming-Qing Transition","authors":"Yan Hon Michael Chung","doi":"10.1163/22127453-bja10016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study examines how the availability of river transportation routes affected the effectiveness of the Qing artillery corps. The Yangzi River system and the Pearl River system guaranteed timely and stable artillery support for the Qing siege force in Jiangnan and Liangguang respectively. This was made possible by the Qing’s large reserves of cannons and the sizeable water forces at several strategically important cities along the two rivers, which constituted a river-based artillery logistic system. In the mountainous and unpopulated areas of China, however, the Qing artillery corps faced considerable logistic difficulties. This put the besieging army in a strategic dilemma, i.e., whether to wait for the siege train indefinitely or to assault the city with cold weapons. To push further, this strategic dilemma posed by the terrain may explain why the Qing army, despite possessing the latest artillery technology, continued using cold weapons extensively until the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46009491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-03DOI: 10.1163/22127453-20231374
Adam Bohnet
{"title":"China, Korea, and Japan at War, 1592–1598: Eyewitness Accounts, written by J. Marshall Craig","authors":"Adam Bohnet","doi":"10.1163/22127453-20231374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-20231374","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43863630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-29DOI: 10.1163/22127453-bja10014
Xiaobing Li
The Song dynasty established a standing naval force, which was ignored by some historians since Song lost its defensive wars to the Jin and Mongol forces. This article examines improvements and innovations of Chinese naval operations during Song and pays particular attention to how the state economic reforms and state-centered financial system supported naval development. Song’s population growth and demographic changes also provided manpower for the government to maintain a huge army while establishing a large navy. As the new age of naval and siege warfare emerged, gunpowder weapons and new naval technology became more widespread. The Chinese military adapted to naval warfare during the Southern Song because it was economically and technologically possible. The south’s mastery of riverine warfare created a substantial defensive advantage against the north. Thus, when the Mongols later mastered riverine warfare, they penetrated throughout the south.
{"title":"River Defense and Fleet Building: The Song Navy in the Wars against the Jin and Mongol Forces","authors":"Xiaobing Li","doi":"10.1163/22127453-bja10014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Song dynasty established a standing naval force, which was ignored by some historians since Song lost its defensive wars to the Jin and Mongol forces. This article examines improvements and innovations of Chinese naval operations during Song and pays particular attention to how the state economic reforms and state-centered financial system supported naval development. Song’s population growth and demographic changes also provided manpower for the government to maintain a huge army while establishing a large navy. As the new age of naval and siege warfare emerged, gunpowder weapons and new naval technology became more widespread. The Chinese military adapted to naval warfare during the Southern Song because it was economically and technologically possible. The south’s mastery of riverine warfare created a substantial defensive advantage against the north. Thus, when the Mongols later mastered riverine warfare, they penetrated throughout the south.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64571780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-bja10015
Kenneth M. Swope
While much has been written about the impact (or not) of Western intervention in the latter stages of the Taiping Rebellion (1851–1866), comparatively little attention has heretofore been directed towards the impact of the riverine campaigns and the combined land-river operations whereby the Qing steadily reduced the scope of Taiping control and tightened the cordon around their heavenly capital at Nanjing. Strategists such as Hu Linyi and Zuo Zongtang recognized the importance of riverine warfare and sought to build a Qing flotilla capable of meeting its military needs. Furthermore, the experience gained in riverine operations against the Taipings would later be applied in Zuo Zongtang’s campaigns in northwest China and Central Asia to great effect. Using Zuo’s personal accounts, contemporary newspaper reports, and other primary sources, this article highlights significance of rivers and riverine operations for the extension and maintenance of empire in late Qing China.
{"title":"Boats, Barbarians, & Bandits: Riverine Warfare & the Taiping Rebellion","authors":"Kenneth M. Swope","doi":"10.1163/22127453-bja10015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-bja10015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000While much has been written about the impact (or not) of Western intervention in the latter stages of the Taiping Rebellion (1851–1866), comparatively little attention has heretofore been directed towards the impact of the riverine campaigns and the combined land-river operations whereby the Qing steadily reduced the scope of Taiping control and tightened the cordon around their heavenly capital at Nanjing. Strategists such as Hu Linyi and Zuo Zongtang recognized the importance of riverine warfare and sought to build a Qing flotilla capable of meeting its military needs. Furthermore, the experience gained in riverine operations against the Taipings would later be applied in Zuo Zongtang’s campaigns in northwest China and Central Asia to great effect. Using Zuo’s personal accounts, contemporary newspaper reports, and other primary sources, this article highlights significance of rivers and riverine operations for the extension and maintenance of empire in late Qing China.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48125147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-08DOI: 10.1163/22127453-20231377
K. Bayer
{"title":"Down with Traitors: Justice and Nationalism in Wartime China, written by Yun Xia","authors":"K. Bayer","doi":"10.1163/22127453-20231377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-20231377","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48499673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.1163/22127453-20231376
Lei Duan
{"title":"China’s Muslims and Japan’s Empire: Centering Islam in World War II, written by Kelly A. Hammond","authors":"Lei Duan","doi":"10.1163/22127453-20231376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-20231376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49180011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-03DOI: 10.1163/22127453-20231375
H. Ip
{"title":"Runaway Wives, Urban Crimes, and Survival Tactics in Wartime Beijing, 1937–1949, written by Zhao Ma","authors":"H. Ip","doi":"10.1163/22127453-20231375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-20231375","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64571767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341373
P. Buell
The final years of the Mongol conquest of Song China, 1276 to 1279, were intensely eventful and fateful. In this short span of time the Song lost three emperors and all of its territory, and the largest land-based empire the world has ever known reached its fullest extent in the wake of a massive battle on the seas off the coast of Guangdong in March 1279. The fighting during these years was largely riparian and littoral, with Song and Mongol (Yuan) warships engaging in intense clashes and suffering horrendous casualties. The Song resistance movement that developed after the withdrawal of the Song royal family in 1276 was valiant and dogged in its struggle against the Mongol juggernaut but ultimately ineffectual because it was waged against spectacularly superior tactics. In southern China, particularly Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi, the Song resistance helped Sinicize the once-largely unassimilated and isolated southeast, and many families to this day in the region point with pride to their valiant forebears. Sun Yat-sen was himself a successor to the Song resistance movement.
{"title":"The Song Resistance Movement, 1276–1279: An Episode in Chinese Regional History","authors":"P. Buell","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341373","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The final years of the Mongol conquest of Song China, 1276 to 1279, were intensely eventful and fateful. In this short span of time the Song lost three emperors and all of its territory, and the largest land-based empire the world has ever known reached its fullest extent in the wake of a massive battle on the seas off the coast of Guangdong in March 1279. The fighting during these years was largely riparian and littoral, with Song and Mongol (Yuan) warships engaging in intense clashes and suffering horrendous casualties. The Song resistance movement that developed after the withdrawal of the Song royal family in 1276 was valiant and dogged in its struggle against the Mongol juggernaut but ultimately ineffectual because it was waged against spectacularly superior tactics. In southern China, particularly Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi, the Song resistance helped Sinicize the once-largely unassimilated and isolated southeast, and many families to this day in the region point with pride to their valiant forebears. Sun Yat-sen was himself a successor to the Song resistance movement.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43909782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-24DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341369
R. Padilla
{"title":"Famine, Sword, and Fire: The Liberation of Southwest China in World War II, written by Daniel Jackson","authors":"R. Padilla","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48556969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341370
Yu-Chi Chang
{"title":"Blackboards and Bomb Shelters: The Perilous Journey of Americans in China during World War II, written by James P. Bevill","authors":"Yu-Chi Chang","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341370","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42715420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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