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Amnesty and Surrender in the White Lotus War 白莲花战争中的大赦与投降
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-02-18 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-bja10011
Cecily McCaffrey
This study focuses on amnesty and surrender in the White Lotus war (1796–1804) from the rebel perspective. Offers of amnesty corresponded to Confucian norms regarding the relationship between rulers and subjects and were regularly utilized throughout the war by the court and its officials as a tool to pacify and succor the people. Paternalistic language about the proper behavior of good subjects notwithstanding, the rebels acted of their own accord. The rebels made strategic decisions about amnesty and surrender and sought the advantage when opportunities arose; their responses to amnesty proclamations accordingly alternated between engagement and opposition. Over the course of the revolt, there was significant resistance to pacification initiatives from the rebel side. Rebel intransigence detracted from the efficacy of amnesty policies and compelled the court to adapt its tactics. In sum, viewing state policies of appeasement from the rebel side reveals the contingencies governing decisions to surrender and further demonstrates that the contest over amnesty and surrender was an important component of the overall conflict.
本文主要从反叛者的角度研究白莲花战争(1796-1804)中的特赦与投降。大赦的提议符合儒家关于统治者和臣民之间关系的规范,并在整个战争期间被朝廷及其官员经常用作安抚和救助人民的工具。尽管有关于好臣民应有行为的家长式语言,但反叛者的行为是自发的。叛军做出了大赦和投降的战略决定,并在机会出现时寻求优势;因此,他们对大赦宣言的反应在接受和反对之间交替。在反抗的过程中,反抗方对平定行动有很大的阻力。反叛者的不妥协态度削弱了大赦政策的效力,迫使法院调整其策略。总之,从反叛者一方观察国家的绥靖政策,揭示了决定投降的偶然性,并进一步表明,关于大赦和投降的争夺是整个冲突的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Social History of Modern Chinese Warlordism 中国近代军阀主义社会史研究
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-bja10010
E. McCord
The social impact of modern Chinese warlordism on China’s modern development has attracted little attention in past scholarship, which generally has been more interested in warlordism as a military-political system. This article argues, however, that warlordism developed within a social context and had a major impact on Chinese society, and this in turn suggests the usefulness of applying a social history approach to the study of the warlord period. This article makes a preliminary effort to advance this goal by identifying three main areas that could provide a framework for research on the social history of Chinese warlordism. First, the article examines debates over the social (or class) foundations of warlord power. Second, the article explores the ways in which warlordism changed the social status of military men and created opportunities for social mobility. Finally, the article emphasizes the need to look beyond the political impact of Chinese warlordism to show the social and economic effects that arose from the military conflicts of the warlord era.
中国近代军阀主义对中国近代发展的社会影响在过去的学术界很少引起关注,通常更感兴趣的是军阀主义作为一种军事政治制度。然而,本文认为,军阀主义是在一个社会背景下发展起来的,对中国社会产生了重大影响,这反过来表明,将社会史方法应用于军阀时期的研究是有用的。本文通过确定三个主要领域来为中国军阀社会史研究提供框架,从而为推进这一目标做出了初步努力。首先,本文考察了关于军阀权力的社会(或阶级)基础的争论。其次,本文探讨了军阀主义如何改变军人的社会地位,为社会流动创造机会。最后,文章强调有必要超越中国军阀主义的政治影响,来展示军阀时代军事冲突所产生的社会和经济影响。
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引用次数: 0
Back matter 背景材料
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-06 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-01002006
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引用次数: 0
Attack at Chosin: The Chinese Offensive in Korea, written by Xiaobing Li 李小兵:《攻朝鲜:中国在朝鲜的进攻》
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341363
Jeremy P. Maxwell
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引用次数: 0
The Cambridge History of War, vol. II: War and the Medieval World, edited by Anne Curry and David A. Graff 《剑桥战争史》,第二卷:战争与中世纪世界,安妮·库里和大卫·A·格拉夫主编
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341365
Bradley Phillis
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引用次数: 0
Ming China and Its Allies: Imperial Rule in Eurasia, written by David M. Robinson 《明中国及其盟友:欧亚大陆的帝国统治》,大卫·M·罗宾逊著
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341364
T. May
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引用次数: 0
Imperial Bandits: Cultures of Violence in the China-Vietnam Borderlands, written by Bradley Camp Davis 《帝国土匪:中越边境的暴力文化》,布拉德利·坎普·戴维斯著
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341360
James J. Anderson
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引用次数: 0
The Hijacked War: The Story of Chinese POWs in the Korean War, written by David Cheng Chang 《被劫持的战争:朝鲜战争中中国战俘的故事》,作者:张大卫
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341361
Esther T. Hu
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引用次数: 0
Beat the Drums or Break Them: Bells and Drums as Communication Devices in Early Chinese Warfare 敲鼓还是敲鼓:中国早期战争中作为通讯工具的钟和鼓
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-10-19 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-bja10005
A. Rom
Warring States (453-221 BCE) and Western Han (206 BCE-9 CE) texts abound in references to drums and bells in discussions of warfare and martial affairs. This begs the question: how are we to understand such references? What role did these instruments have to play on the battlefield? This paper examines the role of sound in early Chinese warfare. By analyzing textual references to sound-producing instruments within the context of warfare, it seeks to emphasize the importance of organized sound production on the battlefield. I argue that, rather than mere ornamental “military music,” drums and bells were perceived by early Chinese strategists as indispensable sonic communication devices, which played a crucial role in victory or defeat in any battle.
战国(公元前453-221年)和西汉(公元前206年至公元前9年)的文本在讨论战争和军事事务时大量提及鼓和钟。这就引出了一个问题:我们如何理解这些参考文献?这些仪器在战场上扮演了什么角色?本文考察了声音在中国早期战争中的作用。通过分析战争背景下声音产生工具的文本参考,它试图强调有组织的声音产生在战场上的重要性。我认为,鼓和钟不仅仅是装饰性的“军乐”,而是被早期的中国战略家视为不可或缺的声音通信设备,在任何战斗的胜负中都发挥着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 1
Schoolyard Soldiers: The Art of Adapting the Art of War 《校园士兵:改编兵法的艺术
IF 0.1 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-10-22 DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341346
P. Els, Frank Witkam
The Art of War (or Sun Tzu) abounds with practical strategic and tactical advice which, while intended for use in warfare, can be applied to almost any professional or personal crisis or conflict. In recent decades this ancient Chinese military classic has been adapted for a variety of non-military purposes in fields as diverse as trade, law, sports, and love. Intrigued by the text’s seemingly limitless applicability, this article analyzes when, where, why, and how present-day adapters applied the ancient military text to modern non-military issues. The article also reflects on the value of Art of War adaptations, especially vis-à-vis translations, as it highlights the diverse ways in which an age-old Chinese text is made relevant to modern readers worldwide.
《孙子兵法》充满了实用的战略和战术建议,这些建议虽然是用于战争,但几乎可以应用于任何职业或个人危机或冲突。近几十年来,这部中国古代军事名著被改编成各种非军事用途,涉及贸易、法律、体育和爱情等领域。由于文本似乎具有无限的适用性,本文分析了何时、何地、为什么以及当今的适配器如何将古代军事文本应用于现代非军事问题。这篇文章也反映了《孙子兵法》改编的价值,特别是对-à-vis的翻译,因为它突出了一个古老的中国文本与世界各地的现代读者相关的多种方式。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Journal of Chinese Military History
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