Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341350
David C. Kang
{"title":"Active Defense: China’s Military Strategy Since 1949, written by M. Taylor Fravel","authors":"David C. Kang","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341350","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46359558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341351
James Bonk
{"title":"Imperial Twilight: The Opium War and the End of China’s Last Golden Age, written by Stephen R. Platt","authors":"James Bonk","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341351","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44492933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341348
Xiaobing Li
{"title":"Decisive Battles in Chinese History, written by Morgan Deane","authors":"Xiaobing Li","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341348","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45980286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-22DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341345
Seán O’Reilly
What can be learned from the now largely forgotten first Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) about concepts like the heroism of surrender? I show that Japanese depictions, far from being universally contemptuous, treated their main opponent, the commander of the Chinese Beiyang fleet, Admiral Ding Ruchang, with great respect before, during, and even after the war despite his surrender. Why? I use accounts by observers and Ding’s own letters to scrutinize the enduring popularity of his posthumous image in Japan versus China. I argue that Ding showed neither strategic brilliance nor formidability as an opponent. This means he does not fit the “nobility of failure” concept, remaining an anomalous outlier for provoking such hero-worship in Japan despite his mediocre wartime performance. Overall, how Ding and the Beiyang Fleet were treated in popular Japanese accounts suggests that Japanese attitudes towards concepts such as “bravery,” “surrender,” and “suicide” were in flux in the 1890s.
{"title":"The Noble Enemy: Bravery, Surrender and Suicide in the First Sino-Japanese War","authors":"Seán O’Reilly","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341345","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000What can be learned from the now largely forgotten first Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) about concepts like the heroism of surrender? I show that Japanese depictions, far from being universally contemptuous, treated their main opponent, the commander of the Chinese Beiyang fleet, Admiral Ding Ruchang, with great respect before, during, and even after the war despite his surrender. Why? I use accounts by observers and Ding’s own letters to scrutinize the enduring popularity of his posthumous image in Japan versus China. I argue that Ding showed neither strategic brilliance nor formidability as an opponent. This means he does not fit the “nobility of failure” concept, remaining an anomalous outlier for provoking such hero-worship in Japan despite his mediocre wartime performance. Overall, how Ding and the Beiyang Fleet were treated in popular Japanese accounts suggests that Japanese attitudes towards concepts such as “bravery,” “surrender,” and “suicide” were in flux in the 1890s.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341345","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45308638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341341
H. Tanner
{"title":"War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria: Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition, written by Kwong Chi Man","authors":"H. Tanner","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341341","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44142323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341339
L. Vu
Exploring the construction and maintenance of Nationalist Chinese soldiers’ graves overseas, this article sheds light on post-World War II commemorative politics. After having fought for the Allies against Japanese aggression in the China-Burma-India Theater, the Chinese expeditionary troops sporadically received posthumous care from Chinese veterans and diaspora groups. In the Southeast Asia Theater, the Chinese soldiers imprisoned in the Japanese-run camps in Rabaul were denied burial in the Allied war cemetery and recognition as military heroes. Analyzing archival documents from China, Taiwan, Britain, Australia, and the United States, I demonstrate how the afterlife of Chinese servicemen under foreign sovereignties mattered in the making of the modern Chinese state and its international status.
{"title":"Bones of Contention: China’s World War II Military Graves in India, Burma, and Papua New Guinea","authors":"L. Vu","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341339","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Exploring the construction and maintenance of Nationalist Chinese soldiers’ graves overseas, this article sheds light on post-World War II commemorative politics. After having fought for the Allies against Japanese aggression in the China-Burma-India Theater, the Chinese expeditionary troops sporadically received posthumous care from Chinese veterans and diaspora groups. In the Southeast Asia Theater, the Chinese soldiers imprisoned in the Japanese-run camps in Rabaul were denied burial in the Allied war cemetery and recognition as military heroes. Analyzing archival documents from China, Taiwan, Britain, Australia, and the United States, I demonstrate how the afterlife of Chinese servicemen under foreign sovereignties mattered in the making of the modern Chinese state and its international status.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341339","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47507612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341342
W. Tse
{"title":"The Book of Lord Shang: Apologetics of State Power in Early China, edited and translated by Yuri Pines","authors":"W. Tse","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341342","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45296457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341337
Benjamin Avichai Katz Sinvany
The invention of gunpowder and its first military applications during the Song Warring States period (960-1279) led directly to the invention of the first gun sometime in the thirteenth century. Intense interstate conflict during this period encouraged the Song and its neighbors to experiment with new weapons, as seen by the publication of the Song military text Wujing zongyao in 1044 AD at the end of the Sino-Tangut wars (1040-1045). For the duration of the Song period, aggressive neighbors such as the Khitan Liao (916-1125), the Tangut Xia (1038-1227), the Jurchen Jin (1115-1234), and the Mongols (1190s-1368) shaped Song borders and early gunpowder experimentation. This article uses a geographic information system to examine resource distribution in conjunction with an analysis of the rate of conflict in the East Asian region during the Song Warring States period.
{"title":"Notes on the Invention of the First Gun: Conflict and Innovation in the Song Warring States Period (960-1279)","authors":"Benjamin Avichai Katz Sinvany","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341337","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The invention of gunpowder and its first military applications during the Song Warring States period (960-1279) led directly to the invention of the first gun sometime in the thirteenth century. Intense interstate conflict during this period encouraged the Song and its neighbors to experiment with new weapons, as seen by the publication of the Song military text Wujing zongyao in 1044 AD at the end of the Sino-Tangut wars (1040-1045). For the duration of the Song period, aggressive neighbors such as the Khitan Liao (916-1125), the Tangut Xia (1038-1227), the Jurchen Jin (1115-1234), and the Mongols (1190s-1368) shaped Song borders and early gunpowder experimentation. This article uses a geographic information system to examine resource distribution in conjunction with an analysis of the rate of conflict in the East Asian region during the Song Warring States period.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48006584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341338
K. Lee
The Chinese Mission in Japan, which existed from 1946 until Japan regained its sovereignty as a result of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1952, represented the Republic of China in working with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in reconstructing postwar Japan. The original objective of the Chinese Mission was to serve as the government’s agency to carry out the repatriation of Japanese troops and civilians from China in coordination with the Allies, secure war reparations from Japan, and try war criminals. However, as President Harry S. Truman terminated US aid to China in 1947 and Guomindang (GMD) military fortunes in the Chinese Civil War declined under the command of Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese Mission was given an additional assignment: to lobby General Douglas MacArthur to secure military assistance from SCAP. This essay discusses the interaction between the Chinese Mission and General MacArthur during the Chinese Civil War from 1946 to 1949 and examines the way in which the Chinese Mission persuaded him to play a role in the Civil War. This study argues that although it was in opposition to Washington, MacArthur’s determination to assist Chiang Kai-shek was in great part due to the strenuous lobbying of the Chinese Mission in Tokyo. Although MacArthur’s intervention could not reverse the final outcome of the Chinese Civil War, his anti-Communist outlook was formed and played a significant role during the Korean War a year later.
{"title":"The “China Lobby” in Tokyo: The Struggle of China’s Mission in Japan for General Douglas MacArthur’s Military Assistance in the Chinese Civil War, 1946-1949","authors":"K. Lee","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341338","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Chinese Mission in Japan, which existed from 1946 until Japan regained its sovereignty as a result of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1952, represented the Republic of China in working with the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) in reconstructing postwar Japan. The original objective of the Chinese Mission was to serve as the government’s agency to carry out the repatriation of Japanese troops and civilians from China in coordination with the Allies, secure war reparations from Japan, and try war criminals. However, as President Harry S. Truman terminated US aid to China in 1947 and Guomindang (GMD) military fortunes in the Chinese Civil War declined under the command of Chiang Kai-shek, the Chinese Mission was given an additional assignment: to lobby General Douglas MacArthur to secure military assistance from SCAP. This essay discusses the interaction between the Chinese Mission and General MacArthur during the Chinese Civil War from 1946 to 1949 and examines the way in which the Chinese Mission persuaded him to play a role in the Civil War. This study argues that although it was in opposition to Washington, MacArthur’s determination to assist Chiang Kai-shek was in great part due to the strenuous lobbying of the Chinese Mission in Tokyo. Although MacArthur’s intervention could not reverse the final outcome of the Chinese Civil War, his anti-Communist outlook was formed and played a significant role during the Korean War a year later.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47329729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341343
Clemens Büttner
{"title":"The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers, written by Nicolas Schillinger","authors":"Clemens Büttner","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341343","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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