Pub Date : 2019-05-17DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341340
Kevin Landdeck
{"title":"General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China, written by Peter Worthing","authors":"Kevin Landdeck","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341340","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46153072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341330
Daniel McMahon
This essay explores the administrative and ideological context of Qing borderland pacification through examination of the imperial response to apex rebel ringleaders. Presented are five cases of bureaucratic “discourse” (official description and physical management) processing Lin Shuangwen (1786-1788 Lin Shuangwen Revolt), Shi Sanbao (1795-1797 Miao Revolt), Liu Zhixie (1796-1804 White Lotus Rebellion), Lin Qing (1813 Eight Trigrams Revolt), and Khoja Jahāngīr (1826-1828 Jahāngīr Uprising). Considered comparatively, we find common procedures of identification, deposition, sentencing, and execution that established the challengers as “men of iniquity,” reinforcing imperially preferred understandings of rebel organization, culpability, Qing legitimacy, and martial success. This procedure was also adjusted to fit differing conditions and state goals. As the empire entered its final century, shifting boundaries were asserted between rebel lords and war-zone populations, suggestive of both military efforts to exploit social divisions and expanded embrace of peripheral peoples as compliant and border-defending imperial subjects.
{"title":"Marking “Men of Iniquity”: Imperial Purpose and Imagined Boundaries in the Qing Processing of Rebel Ringleaders, 1786-1828","authors":"Daniel McMahon","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341330","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This essay explores the administrative and ideological context of Qing borderland pacification through examination of the imperial response to apex rebel ringleaders. Presented are five cases of bureaucratic “discourse” (official description and physical management) processing Lin Shuangwen (1786-1788 Lin Shuangwen Revolt), Shi Sanbao (1795-1797 Miao Revolt), Liu Zhixie (1796-1804 White Lotus Rebellion), Lin Qing (1813 Eight Trigrams Revolt), and Khoja Jahāngīr (1826-1828 Jahāngīr Uprising). Considered comparatively, we find common procedures of identification, deposition, sentencing, and execution that established the challengers as “men of iniquity,” reinforcing imperially preferred understandings of rebel organization, culpability, Qing legitimacy, and martial success. This procedure was also adjusted to fit differing conditions and state goals. As the empire entered its final century, shifting boundaries were asserted between rebel lords and war-zone populations, suggestive of both military efforts to exploit social divisions and expanded embrace of peripheral peoples as compliant and border-defending imperial subjects.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341330","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44425321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341332
E. McCord
This article uses a case study of Hunan province to examine the role of militia in the struggle for the control of local society during the 1926-1927 National Revolution. Although the Nationalist and Communist Parties both agreed on the need eliminate militia leadership by “local bullies and evil gentry,” differences quickly arose over how to reconstruct militia following this action. Nationalist Party activists tended to favor a “statist” approach that would replace abusive militia leaders with “upright” local elites but place them under stricter and more direct official control. Communist Party activists in contrast sought a “popular” mass militia free of elite influence and controlled by new peasant and worker unions. As such, this struggle over militia command and control became a key component in the broader political competition between the two parties and their alternative revolutionary visions.
{"title":"Militia Command and Control in the Chinese National Revolution, Hunan 1926-1927","authors":"E. McCord","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341332","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article uses a case study of Hunan province to examine the role of militia in the struggle for the control of local society during the 1926-1927 National Revolution. Although the Nationalist and Communist Parties both agreed on the need eliminate militia leadership by “local bullies and evil gentry,” differences quickly arose over how to reconstruct militia following this action. Nationalist Party activists tended to favor a “statist” approach that would replace abusive militia leaders with “upright” local elites but place them under stricter and more direct official control. Communist Party activists in contrast sought a “popular” mass militia free of elite influence and controlled by new peasant and worker unions. As such, this struggle over militia command and control became a key component in the broader political competition between the two parties and their alternative revolutionary visions.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43090665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341328
Eric Setzekorn
{"title":"Military Power and Political Authority in Late Qing and Republican China","authors":"Eric Setzekorn","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341328","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41787748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341334
Bruce a. Elleman
{"title":"Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap?, written by Graham Allison","authors":"Bruce a. Elleman","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341334","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41345953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341329
James Bonk
The Ningshan mutiny, a revolt of recent recruits at the Ningshan Green Standard garrison in Shaanxi in 1806, provides a useful case for exploring changing conceptions of military authority in the early nineteenth-century Qing empire. Focusing on contrasting explanations for the mutiny from the immediate aftermath of the mutiny and the Daoguang reign (1821-1850), this article argues that the first half of the nineteenth century saw a growing embrace among statecraft thinkers, military officers, and the Qing court of what Max Weber referred to as charismatic authority. Rather than posing a threat to central control and military discipline, charismatic officers—including the former brigade general of Ningshan, Yang Fang—were viewed as a potential solution to the structural problems facing the Green Standards, the largely Han branch of the Qing military.
{"title":"Rewriting the Ningshan Mutiny: Changing Conceptions of Military Authority in the Early Nineteenth-Century Qing Empire","authors":"James Bonk","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341329","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Ningshan mutiny, a revolt of recent recruits at the Ningshan Green Standard garrison in Shaanxi in 1806, provides a useful case for exploring changing conceptions of military authority in the early nineteenth-century Qing empire. Focusing on contrasting explanations for the mutiny from the immediate aftermath of the mutiny and the Daoguang reign (1821-1850), this article argues that the first half of the nineteenth century saw a growing embrace among statecraft thinkers, military officers, and the Qing court of what Max Weber referred to as charismatic authority. Rather than posing a threat to central control and military discipline, charismatic officers—including the former brigade general of Ningshan, Yang Fang—were viewed as a potential solution to the structural problems facing the Green Standards, the largely Han branch of the Qing military.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47262404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341331
Eric Setzekorn
During the 1850s and 1860s, the Qing empire re-established political authority after a series of major rebellions that nearly toppled the dynasty. While the Taiping Rebellion was larger in scope, the campaign in Shaanxi is critical to understanding late Qing military history and the complex relationship between warfare, ethnicity, and demographic change in the late nineteenth century. The Qing reconquest of Shaanxi in 1863 resulted in the near elimination of the Muslim population in the province, which was not the intent of senior Imperial commanders, but a byproduct of Qing patterns of warfare and larger ethnic tensions in Shaanxi.
{"title":"Qing Dynasty Warfare and Military Authority: Discipline and the Ethnic Cleansing of 1860s Shaanxi","authors":"Eric Setzekorn","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341331","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000During the 1850s and 1860s, the Qing empire re-established political authority after a series of major rebellions that nearly toppled the dynasty. While the Taiping Rebellion was larger in scope, the campaign in Shaanxi is critical to understanding late Qing military history and the complex relationship between warfare, ethnicity, and demographic change in the late nineteenth century. The Qing reconquest of Shaanxi in 1863 resulted in the near elimination of the Muslim population in the province, which was not the intent of senior Imperial commanders, but a byproduct of Qing patterns of warfare and larger ethnic tensions in Shaanxi.","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46613579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341336
Oliver Weingarten
{"title":"Military Thought in Early China, written by Christopher C. Rand","authors":"Oliver Weingarten","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42972773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341333
M. A. Butler
{"title":"Fire and Ice: Li Cunxu and the Founding of the Later Tang, written by Richard L. Davis","authors":"M. A. Butler","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341333","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341333","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47993886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-16DOI: 10.1163/22127453-12341335
Jeff Kyong-McClain
{"title":"The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1838-1950, written by Micah S. Muscolino","authors":"Jeff Kyong-McClain","doi":"10.1163/22127453-12341335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341335","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38003,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chinese Military History","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/22127453-12341335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43474641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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