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Care Tasks and New Routines for Italian Families during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives from Women 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间意大利家庭的护理任务和新惯例:来自女性的视角
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3S.401
Francesca Lagomarsino, Ilaria Coppola, R. Parisi, N. Rania
The lockdown management during the COVID-19 pandemic has been very complex for families. The present study is part of a broader interdisciplinary research and follows the gender perspective, which has made it possible to bring a focus on the pandemic starting with women who, within family dynamics, have suffered most from the effects of the lockdown, having to manage multiple roles simultaneously and in the same place. The data were collected through an on-line survey. The aim is to understand how family routines were structured during the lockdown and how women’s emotional regulation developed during this period. Moreover, a further area of investigation focused on the distribution of domestic work and childcare among partners and on the relationships between smart working and the family dimension. The participants are 300 women living in different Italian region. The data highlights how during lockdown women with children have more regulatory and relational routines than women without children and that during this period both regulatory and relational routines become less consistent. It also emerges that women perceive that they dedicate more time to domestic activities and childcare than their partners do and that the time dedicated to childcare is greater in the 0-6 year range. Moreover, it emerges clearly how reconciling the smart working with the family dimension is not always easy.
新冠肺炎大流行期间的封锁管理对家庭来说非常复杂。本研究是一项更广泛的跨学科研究的一部分,遵循了性别观点,这使得人们有可能从家庭动态中受封锁影响最大的女性开始关注疫情,她们必须同时在同一个地方管理多个角色。这些数据是通过在线调查收集的。目的是了解封锁期间家庭生活的结构,以及女性在这段时间的情绪调节是如何发展的。此外,另一个调查领域的重点是伴侣之间家务劳动和育儿的分配,以及智能工作与家庭层面之间的关系。参与者是居住在意大利不同地区的300名妇女。数据强调,在封锁期间,有孩子的女性比没有孩子的女性有更多的监管和关系习惯,在这段时间里,监管和关系惯例变得不那么一致。研究还表明,女性认为她们比伴侣花更多的时间从事家庭活动和照顾孩子,而且在0-6岁的年龄段,她们花在照顾孩子上的时间更长。此外,它清楚地表明,调和聪明的工作与家庭层面并不总是容易的。
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引用次数: 25
In the Time of COVID-19: Love and Transformations in the Family 2019冠状病毒病时代:家庭中的爱与变革
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3S.395
G. Cersosimo, P. Marra
In recent months, COVID-19 has distorted our everyday life in unexpected and violent ways, irreversibly devastating our apparently strong world structures. Although each country has tried to cope with the crisis, the repercussions on health, economy, social and family life, have quickly emerged around the world. The pandemic has redefined the criteria for health and well being as much as the virus itself. Moved by this unprecedented emergency, the family suffers the effects of the virus in a mirror like way quite different from the effect on the individuals in that space, whose relationships - out of equilibrium - fall apart when hit by the classic tension-accommodation dichotomy (Simmel, 1895). This tension is generated by the fear of death and disease, keeping pace with the growth of the pandemia, a common realization byway of an uncertain future; as well as by the financial strains that weigh on an already precarious personal and family economy, as well as by the expression of feelings that change our language and relationship to each other, proposing caution and circumspection. Within the home, time and personal space are necessarily subject to new forms of management, sharing, and redefinition. We have used a qualitative methodology of narrated communication using semi-structured interviews and in-depth interviews. Our research illustrates ways in which understanding the impact of the pandemic on our families and the new vulnerabilities that derive from it, activate mechanisms to contain the tensions associated with them and the new needs that gradually emerge.
最近几个月,新冠肺炎以意想不到的暴力方式扭曲了我们的日常生活,不可逆转地破坏了我们表面上强大的世界结构。尽管每个国家都试图应对这场危机,但对健康、经济、社会和家庭生活的影响很快在世界各地显现出来。新冠疫情重新定义了健康和幸福的标准,就像病毒本身一样。在这场前所未有的紧急情况下,这个家庭受到病毒的影响,其方式与对该空间中的个人的影响截然不同,当受到经典的紧张-适应二分法的打击时,他们的关系——失衡——就会破裂(Simmel,1895)。这种紧张是由对死亡和疾病的恐惧产生的,与流行病的发展同步,这是对不确定未来的共同认识;以及给本已岌岌可危的个人和家庭经济带来的经济压力,以及改变我们语言和彼此关系的情感表达,提出了谨慎和谨慎。在家里,时间和个人空间必然受到新形式的管理、共享和重新定义。我们使用了一种定性的叙述交流方法,使用了半结构化访谈和深度访谈。我们的研究说明了如何理解疫情对我们家庭的影响以及由此产生的新的脆弱性,激活机制来遏制与之相关的紧张局势和逐渐出现的新需求。
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引用次数: 1
Academic and Research Work from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Gender Perspective 意大利新冠肺炎大流行期间在家的学术和研究工作:性别视角
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3S.400
A. Carreri, A. Dordoni
The pandemic represents a turning point which affects the micro‐politics of managing productive, reproductive and social life in our new everyday lives. In this article, we make a contribution to the recent and growing scientific debate by exploring academic researchers’ processes of construction and de-construction of spatial, temporal and relational boundaries that take place in the pandemic work-life stay-at-home style. Particular attention is paid to some macro-structural drivers of work and family life, specifically the role of gender and the organisational culture of the neoliberal university. We chose an exploratory, qualitative, non-directive methodology in order to grasp the permeability between the public and the private that this pandemic, as ever before, makes clear. The empirical material consists of ten in-depth narrative video-interviews conducted online with Italian researchers living in different Regions. The article offers an empirical analysis of working from home with a specific focus on the academic context, which is a privileged setting for the investigation of gender inequalities. The analysis sheds light on subjective experiences of the disarticulation of boundaries and their intertwining with the neoliberal ideal type of academic researcher that have unequal consequences on the experience of time-space, productivity, and intimate relationships between men and women, women with and without children and people who live alone or with family.
这场疫情代表了一个转折点,它影响了我们新的日常生活中管理生产、生殖和社会生活的微观政治。在这篇文章中,我们通过探索学术研究人员在疫情工作-生活-居家风格中对空间、时间和关系边界的构建和去构建过程,为最近日益激烈的科学辩论做出了贡献。特别关注工作和家庭生活的一些宏观结构驱动因素,特别是性别的作用和新自由主义大学的组织文化。我们选择了一种探索性的、定性的、非指导性的方法,以掌握这场疫情一如既往地表明的公共和私人之间的渗透性。实证材料包括对生活在不同地区的意大利研究人员进行的十次在线深入叙事视频采访。这篇文章对在家工作进行了实证分析,特别关注学术背景,这是调查性别不平等的有利环境。该分析揭示了边界分离的主观体验,以及它们与新自由主义理想型学术研究者的交织,这些体验对男女、有孩子和没有孩子的女性以及独自或与家人生活的人之间的时空、生产力和亲密关系的体验产生了不平等的影响。
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引用次数: 12
Families in the Pandemic Between Challenges and Opportunities: An Empirical Study of Parents with Preschool and School-Age Children 挑战与机遇之间的大流行中的家庭:学龄前和学龄儿童父母的实证研究
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3S.398
Caterina Balenzano, Giuseppe Moro, S. Girardi
The study explored the effects of social isolation from lockdown on Italian families in terms of work-family balance, family functioning and parenting. 104 parents (80.8% mothers) with at least one child aged from 2 to 14 years participated in the study. An ad-hoc scale explored work-family balance; Family Environment Scale and Perceived collective family efficacy scale examined respectively parents’ perceived quality of family relationships and beliefs in family’s efficacy; one single question and an ad-hoc scale measured respectively parenting stress and positive parenting. Our findings evidenced an increase of parenting stress due to the social isolation and the persistency of gender inequalities in not-paid work division causing a penalty for mothers. Nevertheless, during the lockdown, families rediscovered the values of being together inside the house, improving both their cohesion and expressiveness and their positive parenting. Overall, the study shows that Italian families have been resilient and not overwhelmed by family stress, being able to adjust to cope with lifestyle changes. However, the social changes caused by the emergency requires to plan adequate policies to support especially dual-earner families with younger children in these times, both to reduce parenting stress and to avoid that work-family balance difficulties and gender gap will be exacerbated, increasing the risk to relegating women to the domestic sphere during the next phases of this pandemic.
该研究从工作家庭平衡、家庭功能和养育子女方面探讨了封锁对意大利家庭的社会隔离影响。104位父母(80.8%为母亲)至少有一个2至14岁的孩子参加了研究。特设量表探讨了工作与家庭的平衡;家庭环境量表和集体家庭效能感量表分别检测父母对家庭关系的感知质量和家庭效能感的信念;一个单独的问题和一个特别的量表分别测量了育儿压力和积极育儿。我们的研究结果证明,由于社会孤立和无薪分工中持续存在的性别不平等,导致母亲受到惩罚,育儿压力增加。然而,在封锁期间,家庭重新发现了在家里团聚的价值,提高了他们的凝聚力和表现力,以及他们积极的育儿方式。总的来说,这项研究表明,意大利家庭一直很有弹性,没有被家庭压力压垮,能够适应生活方式的变化。然而,紧急情况造成的社会变化要求规划适当的政策,特别是在这些时期支持有年幼子女的双职工家庭,既要减轻养育子女的压力,又要避免工作与家庭平衡的困难和性别差距加剧,从而增加在这一流行病的下一阶段将妇女降至家务领域的风险。
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引用次数: 10
Families and Intimate Relationships during COVID-19: Family Networks of Neapolitan Students 新冠肺炎期间的家庭与亲密关系:那不勒斯学生的家庭网络
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3S.397
Maria Camilla Fraudatario, Riccardo Zaccaria
Coronavirus pandemic immediately has taken on a global nature, transcending any national border, and unfolding its dramatic effects on every sphere of society: from health to economy, from politics to social relations. The lockdown of States and Regions has obligated everyone to isolation for long months, abruptly putting a stop to several social practices that were finding expression in daily physical places: working activities, education, leisure time, and cultural expressions. Many common efforts were directed to reorganise all these social and productive practices under quarantined time, growing the risk to degenerate on a temporal extension of daily life, and social-space dimension shrinking. This essay is focused on analysing how lockdown is affecting the daily life of families. Starting from a survey on families of students at University of Naples Federico II, it aims to reflect on family network’ dynamics pre and during lockdown.
冠状病毒大流行立即具有全球性,超越了任何国界,并对社会各个领域产生了巨大影响:从卫生到经济,从政治到社会关系。对各州和各地区的封锁使每个人都被迫与世隔绝长达数月之久,突然停止了一些在日常生活场所中表现出来的社会实践:工作活动、教育、休闲时间和文化表达。许多共同的努力都是为了在隔离时间内重新组织所有这些社会和生产实践,增加了日常生活时间延长和社会空间维度缩小的退化风险。这篇文章的重点是分析封锁如何影响家庭的日常生活。从对那不勒斯费德里科二世大学学生家庭的调查开始,旨在反思家庭网络在封锁前和封锁期间的动态。
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引用次数: 1
Systemic Regeneration and Circular Society 系统再生与循环社会
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-06 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3S.404
A. Rufino
The spread of the pandemic represented the upheaval of the order constituted (status quo), as the most evident data. It’s possible to think of the dynamics within the EU, the relationship between the various political systems, taken as single entities and in their inter-institutional relationships. The Coronavirus also called into question strategies that seemed politically well established, for example the ways the US electoral campaigns are conducted and shed a light on political dynamics and practices that usually are less talked about, if not in a detrimental manner, such as the polices carried out by political representatives such as Mr Erdogan and Mr. Orban. It has unbalanced economic-financial domains, which imposed themselves as unassailable, as it has been the case for China. But, not least, the pandemic has disarticulated social and relational models, in every country of the world. Not even the First and the Second World Wars had achieved that. Everything, inevitably, will result in a rethinking of the regulatory and decision-making processes; likewise, the ‘way’ of life and the ways relationships are built will undergo a ‘restoration’ process based on the redefinition of needs, expectations and, above all, desires. Those will have to be identified according to a new series of elementary and essential rights to be guaranteed to everyone.
作为最明显的数据,大流行病的蔓延代表了秩序构成(现状)的剧变。我们可以把欧盟内部的动态,各种政治体系之间的关系,看作是单一的实体,以及它们的机构间关系。冠状病毒还对政治上看似成熟的策略提出了质疑,例如美国竞选活动的开展方式,并揭示了通常很少被谈论(如果不是以有害的方式)的政治动态和做法,例如埃尔多安和欧尔班等政治代表实施的政策。它的经济和金融领域不平衡,这使自己成为无懈可击的,就像中国的情况一样。但尤其重要的是,这一流行病使世界各国的社会和关系模式脱节。即使是第一次和第二次世界大战也没有做到这一点。一切都不可避免地将导致对监管和决策过程的重新思考;同样,生活的“方式”和建立关系的方式将经历一个“恢复”过程,这是基于对需求、期望,尤其是欲望的重新定义。必须根据保障每个人的一系列新的基本和基本权利来确定这些权利。
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引用次数: 0
What we talk about when we talk about surrogacy. The symbolic representations of surrogate motherhood among gays 当我们谈论代孕时,我们谈论的是什么。同性恋代孕母亲的象征性表现
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-22 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3.371
Luca Guizzardi
The purpose of this essay is to analyse how surrogate motherhood is represented both in academic and scientific debate and in the everyday lives of homosexual people. The work is structured as follows. The main dilemmas facing surrogate motherhood are discussed – is it self-determination or the exploitation of women? Does the money involved denote the purchase and sale of a human being or a gift of one’s own capacity? How is motherhood defined within the surrogacy of motherhood? – and the various answers produced by the many theories and research on the subject described. Subsequently, the symbolic and cultural representations of surrogacy by the gay people interviewed are presented.
本文的目的是分析代孕母亲在学术和科学辩论以及同性恋者的日常生活中是如何表现的。这项工作的结构如下。讨论了代孕母亲面临的主要困境——是自决还是剥削妇女?所涉及的金钱是指对人的买卖,还是指个人能力的礼物?母亲的代孕是如何定义的以及所描述的关于该主题的许多理论和研究所产生的各种答案。随后,介绍了受访同性恋者代孕的象征和文化表现。
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引用次数: 0
Gift Narratives of US Surrogates 美国代孕者的礼物叙述
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-22 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3.370
C. S. Guerzoni
In this paper, I present partial results of two researches conducted on US surrogacy within two different fertility clinics of Southern California (2014-2016; 2017-2020). This paper analyzes the experiences of 50 US surrogates who had a baby (or twins) for international intended parent(s) in where the communication between parties was poor or almost absent and in where the rhetoric of the gift was carried out most by clinics and agencies that arranged the surrogacy journeys observed rather than the interviewees. I will show how the transformations undergone by surrogacy in the United States have changed some axes causing a change in the relationships between international parents and surrogates, and on the language used to refer to this practice as a gift.
在本文中,我介绍了在南加州两家不同的生育诊所进行的两项关于美国代孕的研究的部分结果(2014-2016;2017 - 2020)。本文分析了50名美国代孕母亲的经历,这些代孕母亲为国际准父母生了一个婴儿(或双胞胎),其中双方之间的沟通很差或几乎没有,并且大多数礼物是由安排代孕旅程的诊所和机构执行的,而不是由受访者执行的。我将展示美国代孕所经历的转变如何改变了一些轴线,从而改变了国际父母和代孕者之间的关系,以及用来将这种做法称为礼物的语言。
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引用次数: 2
‘Surrogates All Make that Choice to Help’: Surrogacy in the Neoliberal Reproductive Market “代孕者都做出了帮助的选择”:新自由主义生殖市场中的代孕
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-22 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3.369
Zsuzsa Berend
Recent scholarships on neoliberal practices document how, in varied settings, people who would benefit from regulation embrace the neoliberal logic. Drawing on ethnographic research on the largest US online surrogacy support forum I explore surrogates’ discussions of choices and responsibilities. Surrogates maintain that infertile couples, whom they see as emotionally vulnerable, have no choice but to turn to surrogacy. Surrogates claim to be well-informed, intelligent, independent, and empathic woman who assume responsibility for the legal, relational, and medical aspects of pregnancy and reject standardization of ‘surrogacy journeys’. They want more oversight of fertility clinics and surrogacy agencies but ultimately argue for individual accountability. Surrogates’ discussions provide insights into the reasons why practitioners are, in many ways, in alignment with neoliberal ideas and practices: because they are compatible with collective definition of surrogacy as a private rather than a business relationship.
最近关于新自由主义实践的奖学金记录了在不同的环境中,从监管中受益的人是如何接受新自由主义逻辑的。根据美国最大的在线代孕支持论坛上的人种学研究,我探讨了代孕者对选择和责任的讨论。代孕者坚持认为,他们认为情感脆弱的不孕夫妇别无选择,只能求助于代孕。代孕者自称是消息灵通、聪明、独立、富有同情心的女性,她们对怀孕的法律、关系和医疗方面负责,并拒绝“代孕之旅”的标准化。他们希望对生育诊所和代孕机构进行更多的监督,但最终主张个人问责制。代孕者的讨论深入了解了从业者在许多方面与新自由主义思想和实践一致的原因:因为他们符合代孕作为私人关系而非商业关系的集体定义。
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引用次数: 2
Debating on Surrogacy. Different Voices on the Goodness of Surrogate Motherhood 关于代孕的辩论。关于代孕母亲好处的不同声音
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2020-09-22 DOI: 10.13136/ISR.V10I3.368
D. Viviani, Luca Guizzardi
Undoubtedly, the title of this issue of Italian Sociological Review could be read as a dogmatic defense of the practice of surrogate motherhood as well as of gestational surrogacy – but it is not. On the contrary, this issue represents an attempt to give voice to the individuals and their ideas, representations and experiences about surrogacy rather than to social ideologies, ontologies or theories. Instead of judging – as an a priori assumption – that surrogacy is always bad , the articles outline the conditions thanks to which surrogacy can be a good way to have a child – or to help someone to have their child. [...]
毫无疑问,本期《意大利社会学评论》的标题可以被解读为对代孕母亲和妊娠代孕实践的教条式辩护——但事实并非如此。相反,这个问题代表着一种尝试,即为个人及其关于代孕的想法、表征和经历发声,而不是为社会意识形态、本体论或理论发声。这些文章没有根据先验假设来判断代孕总是不好的,而是概述了代孕是生孩子或帮助别人生孩子的好方法的条件。[…]
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Italian Sociological Review
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