Starting with the analysis of the recent European Parliament’s stands on surrogacy, in the frame of the wider bioethical debate on reproductive rights, the aim of this essay is twofold. Considering the low number of States that allow surrogacy on a commercial basis and the relatively low percentage of live births from surrogacy itself, this paper aims firstly to trace and problematize the recurring arguments against surrogacy, involving in the analysis not only appeals and campaigns promoted against it, but also the interventions of the European Court for Human Rights and of the Committee on Social Affairs. Secondly, examining the bioethical perspectives not against surrogacy, from the neoliberal to the feminist and materialist approaches, the essay aims at presenting some of the possible thesis in favour of the recourse to new reproductive technologies.
{"title":"Biology Commodification and Women Self-determination. Beyond the Surrogacy Ban","authors":"A. Balzano","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I3.374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I3.374","url":null,"abstract":"Starting with the analysis of the recent European Parliament’s stands on surrogacy, in the frame of the wider bioethical debate on reproductive rights, the aim of this essay is twofold. Considering the low number of States that allow surrogacy on a commercial basis and the relatively low percentage of live births from surrogacy itself, this paper aims firstly to trace and problematize the recurring arguments against surrogacy, involving in the analysis not only appeals and campaigns promoted against it, but also the interventions of the European Court for Human Rights and of the Committee on Social Affairs. Secondly, examining the bioethical perspectives not against surrogacy, from the neoliberal to the feminist and materialist approaches, the essay aims at presenting some of the possible thesis in favour of the recourse to new reproductive technologies.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46894577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In some countries it happens that a person or a couple making use of medically assisted reproductive technology prefers (if possible) to use as gamete donor or a surrogate woman a person from within their own family, whether this person offers their services spontaneously or is asked to help: sisters who donate eggs to their sisters, brothers who donate sperm to their brothers, mothers who carry their future grandchildren in their own womb or vice versa. The aim of this article is to investigate the issue of intrafamilial donation, with particular focus on intrafamilial surrogacy. Our analysis will be based on the results of a survey conducted on the wider topic of the social imaginary associated with medically assisted procration.
{"title":"Intrafamilial Surrogacy: Motivations, Imaginary and Current Reality","authors":"C. Lonardi","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I3.372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I3.372","url":null,"abstract":"In some countries it happens that a person or a couple making use of medically assisted reproductive technology prefers (if possible) to use as gamete donor or a surrogate woman a person from within their own family, whether this person offers their services spontaneously or is asked to help: sisters who donate eggs to their sisters, brothers who donate sperm to their brothers, mothers who carry their future grandchildren in their own womb or vice versa. The aim of this article is to investigate the issue of intrafamilial donation, with particular focus on intrafamilial surrogacy. Our analysis will be based on the results of a survey conducted on the wider topic of the social imaginary associated with medically assisted procration.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44768665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The qualitative study the results of which will be presented in this paper was carried out over the course of 2019 using the snowball sampling method to involve 60 women aged between 30 and 45. The aim was to gain insights into and better understand the social imaginary around medically assisted reproductive technologies and in particular around the issue of surrogacy; we wanted to find out what the interviewees knew about this matter and what their ideas were about the figure and role of the mother – intended and/or surrogate – and about the use of the surrogate mother’s body in going through with a pregnancy on behalf of others. The aim of the study is to further investigate the results gathered in a quantitative study carried out in 2017 (Di Nicola, Lonardi, Viviani, 2019, 2018) in order to further the considerations made previously. The data gathered show that surrogacy is characterized by a strong control mechanism implemented by both the intended parents and the surrogate mother, albeit in different forms. This method of procreation highlights how human factors and unforeseen events on a biological, physical and emotional plane become channelled into a process where control has supremacy and constitutes an attempt to bypass the natural processes brought into play by conception and pregnancy.
{"title":"Surrogacy: The Apotheosis of Control","authors":"D. Viviani","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I3.373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I3.373","url":null,"abstract":"The qualitative study the results of which will be presented in this paper was carried out over the course of 2019 using the snowball sampling method to involve 60 women aged between 30 and 45. The aim was to gain insights into and better understand the social imaginary around medically assisted reproductive technologies and in particular around the issue of surrogacy; we wanted to find out what the interviewees knew about this matter and what their ideas were about the figure and role of the mother – intended and/or surrogate – and about the use of the surrogate mother’s body in going through with a pregnancy on behalf of others. The aim of the study is to further investigate the results gathered in a quantitative study carried out in 2017 (Di Nicola, Lonardi, Viviani, 2019, 2018) in order to further the considerations made previously. The data gathered show that surrogacy is characterized by a strong control mechanism implemented by both the intended parents and the surrogate mother, albeit in different forms. This method of procreation highlights how human factors and unforeseen events on a biological, physical and emotional plane become channelled into a process where control has supremacy and constitutes an attempt to bypass the natural processes brought into play by conception and pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"631-654"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45591984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
100 years after its publication, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America can be remembered for the attempt to merge different perspectives and overcome the dichotomies. However, it cannot be denied that it is also a controversial work: indeed, beyond the intentions of the authors pronounced in the introduction and methodological note, the integration between theory and research is not so fluid. Our hypothesis is that these limits can be traced back to an intrinsic tension that crosses the whole work and also the Chicago School: the tension between emic and etic. On this basis, the paper traces the choices that the authors made in the different research phases: from the selection of the object of study to the gathering of information, from the data analysis to the reporting and applying the results. In the end the paper demonstrates that in The Polish Peasant the relationship of circularity between theory and research can be recognized as problem-oriented, and that the main result of the work is not so much in its interpretative capacity, nor in its (desired) methodological rigor: it is rather in the affirmation of a public role of sociology.
{"title":"What is the Relationship between Theory and Research? Current Points from The Polish Peasant","authors":"S. Cataldi, G. Iorio","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.359","url":null,"abstract":"100 years after its publication, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America can be remembered for the attempt to merge different perspectives and overcome the dichotomies. However, it cannot be denied that it is also a controversial work: indeed, beyond the intentions of the authors pronounced in the introduction and methodological note, the integration between theory and research is not so fluid. Our hypothesis is that these limits can be traced back to an intrinsic tension that crosses the whole work and also the Chicago School: the tension between emic and etic. On this basis, the paper traces the choices that the authors made in the different research phases: from the selection of the object of study to the gathering of information, from the data analysis to the reporting and applying the results. In the end the paper demonstrates that in The Polish Peasant the relationship of circularity between theory and research can be recognized as problem-oriented, and that the main result of the work is not so much in its interpretative capacity, nor in its (desired) methodological rigor: it is rather in the affirmation of a public role of sociology.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"489-502"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48436601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The subject of this paper is the civic activity of women in the public sphere. Citizen activity is a type of social action that fosters the expansion of the public sphere, the strengthening of democracy and the emergence of civil society. These actions, on the one hand, are based on formalised rules and laws. On the other hand, they are conditioned by the cultural area in which they arise, spread and gain social acceptance. Citizen activity, therefore, is structured in organisational and institutional terms, but above all, it is shaped by habits of culture, environmental habits, symbols, habits, and other informal elements that become so persistent in the individual’s social personality that they define Type and scope of activities undertaken by it. Each community generates its own model of active citizenship or takes it from others, adjusting to its own realities or internal conditions. Citizenship patterns are influenced by many factors, among which gender is a very important socio-cultural construct. Gender citizenship arises as a result of collective gender stereotypes, that is, with regard to how different communities perceive gender based on the characteristics of the sex attributed or gendered. The views on citizen activity presented by contemporary sociologists are widely known, whereas works published on this subject in Polish by Florian Znaniecki are not. Threfore the article presents Znaniecki’s concept of the Ideas of Nation-Society under Democratic Conditions on the Example of contemporary Poland.
{"title":"Female Citizenship in Poland in the Light of Florian Znaniecki’s Ideas","authors":"Justyna Tomczyk","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.349","url":null,"abstract":"The subject of this paper is the civic activity of women in the public sphere. Citizen activity is a type of social action that fosters the expansion of the public sphere, the strengthening of democracy and the emergence of civil society. These actions, on the one hand, are based on formalised rules and laws. On the other hand, they are conditioned by the cultural area in which they arise, spread and gain social acceptance. Citizen activity, therefore, is structured in organisational and institutional terms, but above all, it is shaped by habits of culture, environmental habits, symbols, habits, and other informal elements that become so persistent in the individual’s social personality that they define Type and scope of activities undertaken by it. Each community generates its own model of active citizenship or takes it from others, adjusting to its own realities or internal conditions. Citizenship patterns are influenced by many factors, among which gender is a very important socio-cultural construct. Gender citizenship arises as a result of collective gender stereotypes, that is, with regard to how different communities perceive gender based on the characteristics of the sex attributed or gendered. The views on citizen activity presented by contemporary sociologists are widely known, whereas works published on this subject in Polish by Florian Znaniecki are not. Threfore the article presents Znaniecki’s concept of the Ideas of Nation-Society under Democratic Conditions on the Example of contemporary Poland.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49400475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the paper is to reflect on bell hooks’ autobiographies in the context of women’s process of self-empowerment. Following the principle of the humanistic coefficient (Znaniecki) and recognizing autobiography as a significant source in social research (Thomas, Znaniecki), my focus is to understand, explain and interpret the process of shaping a woman’s subjectivity by analysing bell hooks’ autobiographical essays. I am interested in her autobiography as a life story of a black woman, whose experiences have been shaped by racial segregation and desegregation in the 1960s and 1970s in the USA and for whom writing autobiography has been a manifestation of speaking with her own voice.
{"title":"Understanding, Explaining and Interpreting the Process of Shaping a Woman’s Subjectivity on the Example of Bell Hooks Autobiography. A Study of Women’s Autobiographies in the Context of Thomas and Znaniecki’s Research","authors":"Aneta Ostaszewska","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.348","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the paper is to reflect on bell hooks’ autobiographies in the context of women’s process of self-empowerment. Following the principle of the humanistic coefficient (Znaniecki) and recognizing autobiography as a significant source in social research (Thomas, Znaniecki), my focus is to understand, explain and interpret the process of shaping a woman’s subjectivity by analysing bell hooks’ autobiographical essays. I am interested in her autobiography as a life story of a black woman, whose experiences have been shaped by racial segregation and desegregation in the 1960s and 1970s in the USA and for whom writing autobiography has been a manifestation of speaking with her own voice.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"341"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43427516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sociology as we know it began in the twentieth century. The Polish Peasant was the first great work of empirical sociology. It was pioneering, it was unique and it involved the collaboration of an established American figure and his young Polish collaborator. It was a notable achievement of the Chicago School but it was unlike many of the classic Chicago urban and criminological studies. The authors did not collaborate again after 1918 for reasons which I will explain.
{"title":"The Polish Peasant after One Hundred Years: An Approach from the History of Sociology","authors":"M. Bulmer","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.362","url":null,"abstract":"Sociology as we know it began in the twentieth century. The Polish Peasant was the first great work of empirical sociology. It was pioneering, it was unique and it involved the collaboration of an established American figure and his young Polish collaborator. It was a notable achievement of the Chicago School but it was unlike many of the classic Chicago urban and criminological studies. The authors did not collaborate again after 1918 for reasons which I will explain.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"531"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41702580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the proposed article and its presentist approach, I raise the question about the nature of close, intimate relationships in Polish peasant families from the early twentieth century, which were separated by migration and maintained contact with their family members through letters, with reference to three chosen series of letters (the Stelmach family, the Topolski family and the Makowski family) from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki . Referring to the paradigm of transnationalism, modern phenomena and research categories associated with migration of families, I try to show how the chosen peasant families tried to experience togetherness and feelings across borders in the pre-technology era.
{"title":"Maintaining Close and Intimate Relationships by Migrant Peasant Families at the Beginning of the 20th Century","authors":"A. Dolińska","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.354","url":null,"abstract":"In the proposed article and its presentist approach, I raise the question about the nature of close, intimate relationships in Polish peasant families from the early twentieth century, which were separated by migration and maintained contact with their family members through letters, with reference to three chosen series of letters (the Stelmach family, the Topolski family and the Makowski family) from The Polish Peasant in Europe and America by W. Thomas and F. Znaniecki . Referring to the paradigm of transnationalism, modern phenomena and research categories associated with migration of families, I try to show how the chosen peasant families tried to experience togetherness and feelings across borders in the pre-technology era.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45291173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During his career, William I. Thomas richly contributed to the development of youth research, both within the University of Chicago and outside the academy, in contact with social agencies. Moving from a broad focus on the studies carried out by the Chicago School of Sociology, the paper aims at tracing Thomas’ contribution and legacy to the advancement of youth research, in order to recognise his influence on the definition of the fields of investigation, the theories, and the research methods employed. The paper first considers the analysis of the women reformers affiliated with the Hull House . The core of the analysis aims at re-evaluating Thomas’ contribution, taking into specific consideration three of his works . On this basis, in the last section, the paper attempts to recover his legacy through the studies carried out by the young scholars who worked at the Department of Sociology and in its affiliated institutes and projects. Paying specific attention to the suggestions he offered, with specific reference to the analysis of the lives of young people with migrants background, young women and the programs for the treatment of delinquency, helps to identify the main strengths and challenges of the first comprehensive study of ‘urban youth’, that – over time – have inspired fruitful perspectives of analysis and important research experiences.
{"title":"The Chicago School of Sociology and Youth Research: The Legacy of W. I. Thomas. From the Polish Peasant in Europe and America to the Child in America","authors":"M. Merico","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.353","url":null,"abstract":"During his career, William I. Thomas richly contributed to the development of youth research, both within the University of Chicago and outside the academy, in contact with social agencies. Moving from a broad focus on the studies carried out by the Chicago School of Sociology, the paper aims at tracing Thomas’ contribution and legacy to the advancement of youth research, in order to recognise his influence on the definition of the fields of investigation, the theories, and the research methods employed. The paper first considers the analysis of the women reformers affiliated with the Hull House . The core of the analysis aims at re-evaluating Thomas’ contribution, taking into specific consideration three of his works . On this basis, in the last section, the paper attempts to recover his legacy through the studies carried out by the young scholars who worked at the Department of Sociology and in its affiliated institutes and projects. Paying specific attention to the suggestions he offered, with specific reference to the analysis of the lives of young people with migrants background, young women and the programs for the treatment of delinquency, helps to identify the main strengths and challenges of the first comprehensive study of ‘urban youth’, that – over time – have inspired fruitful perspectives of analysis and important research experiences.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"397-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49415452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas and Znaniecki’s highly celebrated contribution to the methodology of social research is mainly due to the kind of data they used in their well-known work The Polish Peasant : an enormous number of personal documents. However, treating autobiographies and personal narratives as empirical data can raise objections not only because they are reconstructive experiences, but also due to the formal characteristics of the narrative reconstruction. A tale of one’s own life is, to all intents and purposes, a literary genre, which consists of a subjective selection of facts reported following rhetorical and stylistic conventions. Fiction narratives and reality narratives actually belong to the same continuum and this is quite clear from the recent trend in mixing different genres. Fictional tales are sometimes loosely based on real events. Surveys, inquiries, reports, diaries and pamphlets are often made up of a patchwork of reality and fiction. The boundaries between entertainment and information tend to disappear. In the light of this new scenario, what are the outcomes of the use of biographical documents in sociological research? Many symbolic interactionists have moved away from orthodoxy, proposed a radical use of biography and autobiographies, introduced new ways of reporting - even borrowing from the arts - and developed new techniques such as autoethnography. The aim of this paper is to analyze and discuss some recent trends in the use of personal documents, highlighting the various needs they can fulfill by improving and deepening hermeneutic approaches, and, on the other hand, the possible risks and drawbacks of the most radical choices and experimentations.
{"title":"Narrating the Self between Heterodoxy and Tradition. The Use of Personal Documents in Late Modernity","authors":"G. Toscano","doi":"10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13136/ISR.V10I2S.356","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas and Znaniecki’s highly celebrated contribution to the methodology of social research is mainly due to the kind of data they used in their well-known work The Polish Peasant : an enormous number of personal documents. However, treating autobiographies and personal narratives as empirical data can raise objections not only because they are reconstructive experiences, but also due to the formal characteristics of the narrative reconstruction. A tale of one’s own life is, to all intents and purposes, a literary genre, which consists of a subjective selection of facts reported following rhetorical and stylistic conventions. Fiction narratives and reality narratives actually belong to the same continuum and this is quite clear from the recent trend in mixing different genres. Fictional tales are sometimes loosely based on real events. Surveys, inquiries, reports, diaries and pamphlets are often made up of a patchwork of reality and fiction. The boundaries between entertainment and information tend to disappear. In the light of this new scenario, what are the outcomes of the use of biographical documents in sociological research? Many symbolic interactionists have moved away from orthodoxy, proposed a radical use of biography and autobiographies, introduced new ways of reporting - even borrowing from the arts - and developed new techniques such as autoethnography. The aim of this paper is to analyze and discuss some recent trends in the use of personal documents, highlighting the various needs they can fulfill by improving and deepening hermeneutic approaches, and, on the other hand, the possible risks and drawbacks of the most radical choices and experimentations.","PeriodicalId":38025,"journal":{"name":"Italian Sociological Review","volume":"10 1","pages":"437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49059579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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