Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.014.19164
Tomasz Grabowski
{"title":"Edward M. Anson, Ptolemy I Soter: Themes and Issues,\u0000Bloomsbury Academic, London–New York 2023, 221 pp. + 5 maps; ISBN 978-1-350-26080-1","authors":"Tomasz Grabowski","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.014.19164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.014.19164","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.009.19159
S. Nemeti
There was a standard religious observance in the Roman army, attributed to the reforms of the age of Augustus, but not documented until the time of Severus Alexander, through famous religious calendars on papyrus discovered at Dura Europos, known as Feriale Duranum. The document contains the dates of the religious year, the days being divided into three main groups: imperial anniversaries, certain common holidays (Kalendae Ianuariae, natalis Martis patris Victoris, Quinquatria, natalis Urbis Romae aeternae, Vestalia, Neptunalia) and only three proper military celebrations (honesta missio on January 7 and two Rosaliae signorum on May 10 and 31). How are these common celebrations reflected in the votive activity that leaves material traces on a legionary camp like that of Potaissa? Archaeological research of the principia (1974–1989) and the courtyard of this building (atrium) (2008–2011) led to the discovery of six bases of statues and a plinth, which it should be associated with the marble slabs, fragments of which were discovered scattered throughout the basilica principiorum, in the courtyard (atrium) as well as in the side porticoes. According to the reading of these six inscriptions in the principia of Potaissa, in the cases where the emperors could be identified, there was in the 3rd century AD statues dedicated to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Julia Domna (two inscriptions), possibly also for Elagabalus associated with Julia Maesa and Julia Soemias, Gordian III and Sabina Tranquillina and Philip the Arab and his son. Thus, one can imagine the celebrations evoked by Feriale Duranum (natales and dies imperii of these emperors of the Severian dynasty, respectively of the barrack emperors) which took place in front of the statues dedicated by the officers and optiones of the legion.
罗马军队有一种标准的宗教仪式，这归功于奥古斯都时代的改革，但直到塞维鲁-亚历山大时代，才通过在杜拉-欧罗普斯发现的纸莎草上的著名宗教日历（被称为 Feriale Duranum）记录下来。该文件包含宗教年的日期，日期主要分为三类：帝国周年纪念、某些普通节日（Kalendae Ianuariae、natalis Martis patris Victoris、Quinquatria、natalis Urbis Romae aeternae、Vestalia、Neptunalia）以及仅有的三个正式的军事庆典（1 月 7 日的 honesta missio 以及 5 月 10 日和 31 日的两个 Rosaliae signorum）。这些常见的庆祝活动是如何反映在祭祀活动中的？对大殿（1974-1989 年）和该建筑庭院（中庭）（2008-2011 年）的考古研究发现了六个雕像底座和一个基座，它们应该与大理石板有关，这些大理石板的碎片散落在大殿各处、庭院（中庭）和侧门廊中。根据对波塔伊萨主教座堂中这六块铭文的解读，在可以确定皇帝的情况下，公元 3 世纪有供奉塞普蒂米乌斯-塞维鲁、卡拉卡拉和朱莉娅-多姆娜（两块铭文）的雕像，也可能有供奉埃拉加巴勒斯与朱莉娅-梅萨和朱莉娅-索米阿斯、戈尔迪安三世和萨比娜-特兰基利娜以及阿拉伯人菲利普及其儿子的雕像。因此，我们可以想象费里阿勒-杜兰努姆（Feriale Duranum）所唤起的庆祝活动（分别是塞维利亚王朝这些皇帝和兵营皇帝的诞辰和皇帝逝世），这些庆祝活动都是在军团军官和选帝侯献上的雕像前举行的。
{"title":"Religio castrensis: A Case Study of Potaissa (Dacia)","authors":"S. Nemeti","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.009.19159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.009.19159","url":null,"abstract":"There was a standard religious observance in the Roman army, attributed to the reforms of the age of Augustus, but not documented until the time of Severus Alexander, through famous religious calendars on papyrus discovered at Dura Europos, known as Feriale Duranum. The document contains the dates of the religious year, the days being divided into three main groups: imperial anniversaries, certain common holidays (Kalendae Ianuariae, natalis Martis patris Victoris, Quinquatria, natalis Urbis Romae aeternae, Vestalia, Neptunalia) and only three proper military celebrations (honesta missio on January 7 and two Rosaliae signorum on May 10 and 31). How are these common celebrations reflected in the votive activity that leaves material traces on a legionary camp like that of Potaissa? Archaeological research of the principia (1974–1989) and the courtyard of this building (atrium) (2008–2011) led to the discovery of six bases of statues and a plinth, which it should be associated with the marble slabs, fragments of which were discovered scattered throughout the basilica principiorum, in the courtyard (atrium) as well as in the side porticoes. According to the reading of these six inscriptions in the principia of Potaissa, in the cases where the emperors could be identified, there was in the 3rd century AD statues dedicated to Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Julia Domna (two inscriptions), possibly also for Elagabalus associated with Julia Maesa and Julia Soemias, Gordian III and Sabina Tranquillina and Philip the Arab and his son. Thus, one can imagine the celebrations evoked by Feriale Duranum (natales and dies imperii of these emperors of the Severian dynasty, respectively of the barrack emperors) which took place in front of the statues dedicated by the officers and optiones of the legion.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141127207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.020.19170
Edward Dąbrowa
{"title":"Samuele Rocca, In the Shadow of the Caesars: Jewish Life in Roman Italy, (The Brill Reference Library of Judaism – 74),\u0000Brill, Leiden–Boston 2023, 345 pp. + 52 b/w and color ills., ISSN 1571-5000; ISBN 978-90-04-51704-2","authors":"Edward Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.020.19170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.020.19170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141127115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.005.19155
R. Curcǎ
The current research focuses on the identification of certain patterns, specific to the analysis of women mentioned in the epigrahical records of an important military settlement of Moesia Inferior, Troesmis. The case study of female figures at Troesmis could serve as a reference for similar investigation of other military milieu of the same province regarding the subject.
{"title":"Mulieres in Military Milieu of Troesmis","authors":"R. Curcǎ","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.005.19155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.005.19155","url":null,"abstract":"The current research focuses on the identification of certain patterns, specific to the analysis of women mentioned in the epigrahical records of an important military settlement of Moesia Inferior, Troesmis. The case study of female figures at Troesmis could serve as a reference for similar investigation of other military milieu of the same province regarding the subject.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141125971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.012.19162
C. Cenati, Peter Kruschwitz
Each unit of the Roman army constituted a major logistic operation that cannot be reduced to the fighting men who formed their core and purpose. While camp followers are depicted in literary sources especially as an hindrance to war operations, inscriptions provide a different picture of the world that gravitated around the military forts and fortresses. In the military settlements that guarded the limes, the presence of paramilitary and non-military personnel did not represent a burden, but an important part of the military economy, which in some cases even led to the emergence of a new business class. In this paper, we provide an anthology of verse inscriptions dedicated by, or to, camp followers, with a view to showcase how their everyday interactions with the army were conceptualised and verbalised, ultimately contributing to a richer picture of the limes social ecosystem.
{"title":"Poetic Baggage: Representations of Camp Followers in the Latin Verse Inscriptions","authors":"C. Cenati, Peter Kruschwitz","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.012.19162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.012.19162","url":null,"abstract":"Each unit of the Roman army constituted a major logistic operation that cannot be reduced to the fighting men who formed their core and purpose. While camp followers are depicted in literary sources especially as an hindrance to war operations, inscriptions provide a different picture of the world that gravitated around the military forts and fortresses. In the military settlements that guarded the limes, the presence of paramilitary and non-military personnel did not represent a burden, but an important part of the military economy, which in some cases even led to the emergence of a new business class. In this paper, we provide an anthology of verse inscriptions dedicated by, or to, camp followers, with a view to showcase how their everyday interactions with the army were conceptualised and verbalised, ultimately contributing to a richer picture of the limes social ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.016.19166
Edward Dąbrowa
{"title":"Patrick Sänger, Sandra Scheuble-Reiter (eds.), Söldner und Berufssoldaten in der griechischen Welt. Soziale und politische Gestaltungsräume, (Historia – Einzelschriften 269), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2022, 377 pp.; ISBN 978-3-515-13312-8","authors":"Edward Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.016.19166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.016.19166","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.017.19167
Edward Dąbrowa
{"title":"Milinda Hoo, Eurasian Localisms: Towards a Translocal Approach to Hellenism and Inbetweeness in Central Eurasia, Third to First Centuries BCE, (Oriens et Occidens – 41),\u0000Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2022, 338 pp. + b/w ills.; ISBN 978-3-515-13315-9","authors":"Edward Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.017.19167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.017.19167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.015.19165
Edward Dąbrowa
{"title":"Daniel Ogden (ed.), The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives, The Classical\u0000Press of Wales, Swansea 2023, 318 pp.; b/w ills., maps; ISBN 978-1-914535-32-1","authors":"Edward Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.015.19165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.015.19165","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.24.013.19163
Edward Dąbrowa
{"title":"Julian Degen, Alexander III. zwischen Ost und West. Indigene Traditionen und Herrschaftsinszenierung im makedonischen Weltimperium, (Oriens et Occidens – 39),\u0000Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2022, 489 pp.; ISBN 978-3-515-13283-1","authors":"Edward Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.24.013.19163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.24.013.19163","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141126192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.23.011.17328
Michael Blömer
Today the city of Ḫarrān/Carrhae is mainly known for the famous battle, in which the Roman general Crassus was defeated by a Parthian army in 53 BCE. However, Ḫarrān was also one of the most important religious centres of North Mesopotamia. Since the Bronze Age, the moon god Sîn of Ḫarrān was popular in the wider region, and it is well known that the late Assyrian and Baby- lonian kings supported the cult and rebuilt the temple of Sîn. Archaeological evidence and written sources attest to the great popularity of Sîn of Ḫarrān at that time. Much less is known about the development of the cult in the subsequent periods, but the evidence assembled in this paper in- dicates that it continued to thrive. An important but so far largely ignored source for the study of Sîn are coins, which were minted at Ḫarrān in the second and third century CE. They suggest that some distinctive features of the Iron Age cult still existed in the Roman period. Most important in this regard is the predominance of aniconic symbolism. A cult standard, a crescent on a globe with tassels mounted on a pole, continued to be the main of representation of the god. In addition, two versions of an anthropomorphic image of the god can be traced in the coinage of Ḫarrān. The first shows him as an enthroned mature man. It is based on the model of Zeus, but his attributes iden- tify the god as Sîn. The second version portrays him as a youthful, beardless god. Late antique sources frequently mention that the people of Ḫarrān remained attached to pagan religion, but the veracity of these accounts must be questioned. A reassessment of the literary and archaeological evidence suggests that the accounts of a pagan survival at Ḫarrān are hyperbolic and exacer ated by negative sentiments towards Ḫarrān among writer from the neighbouring city of Edessa.
{"title":"Sîn City: Notes on the Moon God of Ḫarrān/Carrhae in the Partho-Roman Period","authors":"Michael Blömer","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.23.011.17328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.23.011.17328","url":null,"abstract":"Today the city of Ḫarrān/Carrhae is mainly known for the famous battle, in which the Roman general Crassus was defeated by a Parthian army in 53 BCE. However, Ḫarrān was also one of the most important religious centres of North Mesopotamia. Since the Bronze Age, the moon god Sîn of Ḫarrān was popular in the wider region, and it is well known that the late Assyrian and Baby- lonian kings supported the cult and rebuilt the temple of Sîn. Archaeological evidence and written sources attest to the great popularity of Sîn of Ḫarrān at that time. Much less is known about the development of the cult in the subsequent periods, but the evidence assembled in this paper in- dicates that it continued to thrive. An important but so far largely ignored source for the study of Sîn are coins, which were minted at Ḫarrān in the second and third century CE. They suggest that some distinctive features of the Iron Age cult still existed in the Roman period. Most important in this regard is the predominance of aniconic symbolism. A cult standard, a crescent on a globe with tassels mounted on a pole, continued to be the main of representation of the god. In addition, two versions of an anthropomorphic image of the god can be traced in the coinage of Ḫarrān. The first shows him as an enthroned mature man. It is based on the model of Zeus, but his attributes iden- tify the god as Sîn. The second version portrays him as a youthful, beardless god.\u0000Late antique sources frequently mention that the people of Ḫarrān remained attached to pagan religion, but the veracity of these accounts must be questioned. A reassessment of the literary and archaeological evidence suggests that the accounts of a pagan survival at Ḫarrān are hyperbolic and exacer ated by negative sentiments towards Ḫarrān among writer from the neighbouring city of Edessa.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41658399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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