Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.005.13363
E. Dąbrowa
The aim of this paper is to present Parthian-Armenian relations from the end of the 2nd century BCE to the so-called Treaty of Rhandeia (63 CE). This covers the period from the first contact of both states to the final conclusion of long-drawn-out military conflicts over Armenia between the Arsacids ruling the Parthian Empire and Rome. The author discusses reasons for the Parthian involvement in Armenia during the rule of Mithradates II and various efforts of the Arsacids to win control over this area. He also identifies three phases of their politics towards Armenia in the discussed period.
{"title":"Parthian-Armenian Relations from the 2nd Century BCE to the Second Half of the 1st Century CE","authors":"E. Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.005.13363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.005.13363","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to present Parthian-Armenian relations from the end of the 2nd century BCE to the so-called Treaty of Rhandeia (63 CE). This covers the period from the first contact of both states to the final conclusion of long-drawn-out military conflicts over Armenia between the Arsacids ruling the Parthian Empire and Rome. The author discusses reasons for the Parthian involvement in Armenia during the rule of Mithradates II and various efforts of the Arsacids to win control over this area. He also identifies three phases of their politics towards Armenia in the discussed period.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.016.13374
A. Lichtenberger, Torben Schreiber, Mkrtich H. Zardaryan
The paper deals with the first results of the Armenian-German Artaxata Project which was initiated in 2018. The city of Artaxata was founded in the 2nd century BC as the capital of the Artaxiad kingdom. The city stretches over the 13 hills of the Khor Virap heights and the adjacent plain in the Ararat valley. The new project focusses on Hill XIII and the Lower city to the south and the north of it. This area was investigated by magnetic prospections in 2018 and on the basis of its results, in total eleven 5 × 5 m trenches were excavated in 2019. On the eastern part of Hill XIII several structures of possibly domestic function were uncovered. They were laid out according to a regular plan and in total three phases could be determined. According to 14C data, the first phase already dates to the 2nd century BC while the subsequent two phases continue into the 1st/2nd century AD. In the 2019 campaign, the overall layout and exact function of the structures could not be determined and more excavations will be undertaken in the forthcoming years. North of Hill XIII the foundations of piers of an unfinished Roman aqueduct on arches were excavated. This aqueduct is attributed to the period 114–117 AD when Rome in vain tried to establish the Roman province of Armenia with Artaxata being the capital.
{"title":"First Results and Perspectives of a New Archaeological Project in the Armenian Capital Artaxata: From Artashes-Artaxias I to Roman Imperialism","authors":"A. Lichtenberger, Torben Schreiber, Mkrtich H. Zardaryan","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.016.13374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.016.13374","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the first results of the Armenian-German Artaxata Project which was initiated in 2018. The city of Artaxata was founded in the 2nd century BC as the capital of the Artaxiad kingdom. The city stretches over the 13 hills of the Khor Virap heights and the adjacent plain in the Ararat valley. The new project focusses on Hill XIII and the Lower city to the south and the north of it. This area was investigated by magnetic prospections in 2018 and on the basis of its results, in total eleven 5 × 5 m trenches were excavated in 2019. On the eastern part of Hill XIII several structures of possibly domestic function were uncovered. They were laid out according to a regular plan and in total three phases could be determined. According to 14C data, the first phase already dates to the 2nd century BC while the subsequent two phases continue into the 1st/2nd century AD. In the 2019 campaign, the overall layout and exact function of the structures could not be determined and more excavations will be undertaken in the forthcoming years. North of Hill XIII the foundations of piers of an unfinished Roman aqueduct on arches were excavated. This aqueduct is attributed to the period 114–117 AD when Rome in vain tried to establish the Roman province of Armenia with Artaxata being the capital.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.022.13380
E. Dąbrowa
{"title":"Katell Berthelot (ed.), Reconsidering Roman Power: Roman, Greek, Jewish and Christian Perceptions and Reactions,(Collection de l’École française de Rome – 564),École Française de Rome, Rome 2020, pp. 527 + b/w ills.; ISSN 0223-5099; ISBN 978-2-7283-1408-9","authors":"E. Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.022.13380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.022.13380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.021.13379
E. Dąbrowa
{"title":"Michael Sommer (ed.), Inter duo Imperia: Palmyra between East and West, (Oriens et Occidens, vol. 31), Franz SteinerVerlag, Stuttgart 2020, 167 pp. + b/w ills.; ISBN 978-3-515-12774-5","authors":"E. Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.021.13379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.021.13379","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.007.13365
C. Cereti
Narseh son of Šābuhr I reigned from 293 to 302, once he had won the dynastic war that saw him opposing his grand-nephew, Wahrām III, he narrated the events in the great Paikuli inscription, which also contains the names of a long list of nobles and magnates, who paid obeisance to the new king. In Šābuhr’s inscription at Naqš-i Rustam Narseh bore the title of « King of Hindestān, Sagestān and Tūrān up to the seashore,” while later, likely under either Ohrmazd I or Wahrām I, he became King of the Armenians and stayed in office until 293, when he moved south to challenge his nephew’s right to the crown. Crossing the lower ranges of the Zagros mountains on his way to Mesopotamia, Narseh met the nobles loyal to his cause near the pass of Paikuli, about one hundred kilometres south of the modern city of Sulaimaniya. Recent archaeological excavations on the site have brought to light a number of new inscribed blocks that allow for a better understanding of the structure of the monument. In this paper the passages relative to Armenia will be presented and discussed, together with those containing the name of the goddess Anāhīd, whose cult was widely spread in Armenia.
{"title":"Narseh, Armenia, and the Paikuli Inscription","authors":"C. Cereti","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.007.13365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.007.13365","url":null,"abstract":"Narseh son of Šābuhr I reigned from 293 to 302, once he had won the dynastic war that saw him opposing his grand-nephew, Wahrām III, he narrated the events in the great Paikuli inscription, which also contains the names of a long list of nobles and magnates, who paid obeisance to the new king. In Šābuhr’s inscription at Naqš-i Rustam Narseh bore the title of « King of Hindestān, Sagestān and Tūrān up to the seashore,” while later, likely under either Ohrmazd I or Wahrām I, he became King of the Armenians and stayed in office until 293, when he moved south to challenge his nephew’s right to the crown. Crossing the lower ranges of the Zagros mountains on his way to Mesopotamia, Narseh met the nobles loyal to his cause near the pass of Paikuli, about one hundred kilometres south of the modern city of Sulaimaniya. Recent archaeological excavations on the site have brought to light a number of new inscribed blocks that allow for a better understanding of the structure of the monument. In this paper the passages relative to Armenia will be presented and discussed, together with those containing the name of the goddess Anāhīd, whose cult was widely spread in Armenia.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.010.13368
M. Speidel
One very prominent context of the Pre-Christian history of Armenia of course lies with its relations with the great neighbouring empires of Parthia and Rome. These relations were mainly the result of Armenia’s geopolitical location between the two empires, its natural resources and its control of strategic long-distance routes. From a Roman point of view, Armenia certainly was the most important geopolitical concern in the East. Roman-Armenian relations therefore are a vast and complex subject, and their history extends over many centuries. In the years between 114 and 117 AD these relations assumed an extraordinary albeit short-lived condition when the kingdom of Greater Armenia became a Roman province. The present contribution reviews the Roman inscriptions that can be dated to this period, as well as the historical evidence they provide for the history of Greater Armenia as a Roman province.
{"title":"Provincia Armenia in the Light of the Epigraphic Evidence","authors":"M. Speidel","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.010.13368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.010.13368","url":null,"abstract":"One very prominent context of the Pre-Christian history of Armenia of course lies with its relations with the great neighbouring empires of Parthia and Rome. These relations were mainly the result of Armenia’s geopolitical location between the two empires, its natural resources and its control of strategic long-distance routes. From a Roman point of view, Armenia certainly was the most important geopolitical concern in the East. Roman-Armenian relations therefore are a vast and complex subject, and their history extends over many centuries. In the years between 114 and 117 AD these relations assumed an extraordinary albeit short-lived condition when the kingdom of Greater Armenia became a Roman province. The present contribution reviews the Roman inscriptions that can be dated to this period, as well as the historical evidence they provide for the history of Greater Armenia as a Roman province.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.011.13369
Michał Marciak
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the geopolitical status of the Upper Tigris area in antiquity, with a special focus on the period between ca. 401 BCE and the 6th century CE. Despite the popular impression that this area had a distinctly Armenian character, a closer look at its history shows that it was rather a territory with many local geopolitical entities that many neighboring countries periodically fought to possess. This area was strategically significant as a transit region located on the crossroads of important long-distance communication lines. Likewise, its natural resources were undoubtedly crucial to the neighboring countries. Indeed, powerful neighbors around the Upper Tigris area, including Armenia, the Iranian kingdoms of the Parthians and Sasanians, and Rome, sought to control this area, which was often located on the fringes of their states and as such was inevitably doomed to be contested by these empires onmany occasions. This situation can be acutely seen in the conflict between Rome and the Iranian kingdoms of the Parthians and Sasanians, when northern Mesopotamia became a real battleground between the competing empires. In particular, the paper will sketch the development of the geopolitical status of several small geopolitical entities in this region—Sophene, Osrhoene, Gordyene, and Adiabene.
{"title":"The Upper Tigris Region between Rome, Iran, and Armenia","authors":"Michał Marciak","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.011.13369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.011.13369","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the geopolitical status of the Upper Tigris area in antiquity, with a special focus on the period between ca. 401 BCE and the 6th century CE. Despite the popular impression that this area had a distinctly Armenian character, a closer look at its history shows that it was rather a territory with many local geopolitical entities that many neighboring countries periodically fought to possess. This area was strategically significant as a transit region located on the crossroads of important long-distance communication lines. Likewise, its natural resources were undoubtedly crucial to the neighboring countries. Indeed, powerful neighbors around the Upper Tigris area, including Armenia, the Iranian kingdoms of the Parthians and Sasanians, and Rome, sought to control this area, which was often located on the fringes of their states and as such was inevitably doomed to be contested by these empires onmany occasions. This situation can be acutely seen in the conflict between Rome and the Iranian kingdoms of the Parthians and Sasanians, when northern Mesopotamia became a real battleground between the competing empires. In particular, the paper will sketch the development of the geopolitical status of several small geopolitical entities in this region—Sophene, Osrhoene, Gordyene, and Adiabene.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909el.21.018.13376
E. Dąbrowa
{"title":"Michaël Girardin, La fiscalité dans le judaïsme ancien (VI e s. av. J.-C.–II e s. apr. J.-C.), préface de David Hamidović, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner S.A., Paris 2020,189 pp. + 6 b/w ills. + 1 fig.; ISBN 978-2-7053-4054-4","authors":"E. Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909el.21.018.13376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909el.21.018.13376","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909EL.20.006.12796
Wojciech Duszyński
This article concerns the degree of direct involvement in the Athenian foreign policy in the 4th century BC. One of main questions debated by scholars is whether the Second Athenian Sea League was gradually evolving into an arche, to eventually resemble the league of the previous century. The following text contributes to the scholarly debate through a case study of relations between Athens and poleis on the island of Keos in 360s. Despite its small size, Keos included four settlements having the status of polis: Karthaia, Poiessa, Koresia and Ioulis, all members of the Second Athenian League. Around year 363/2 (according to the Attic calendar),anti-Athenian riots, usually described as revolts, erupted on Keos, to be quickly quelled by the strategos Chabrias. It is commonly assumed that the Athenians used the uprising to interfere directly in internal affairs on the island, enforcing the dissolution of the local federation of poleis. However, my analysis of selected sources suggests that such an interpretation cannot be readily defended: in fact, the federation on Keos could have broken up earlier, possibly without any external intervention. In result, it appears that the Athenians did not interfere in the local affairs to such a degree as it is often accepted.
{"title":"Athenian ‘Imperialism’ in the Aegean Sea in the 4th Century BCE: The Case of Keos","authors":"Wojciech Duszyński","doi":"10.4467/20800909EL.20.006.12796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.20.006.12796","url":null,"abstract":"This article concerns the degree of direct involvement in the Athenian foreign policy in the 4th century BC. One of main questions debated by scholars is whether the Second Athenian Sea League was gradually evolving into an arche, to eventually resemble the league of the previous century. The following text contributes to the scholarly debate through a case study of relations between Athens and poleis on the island of Keos in 360s. Despite its small size, Keos included four settlements having the status of polis: Karthaia, Poiessa, Koresia and Ioulis, all members of the Second Athenian League. Around year 363/2 (according to the Attic calendar),anti-Athenian riots, usually described as revolts, erupted on Keos, to be quickly quelled by the strategos Chabrias. It is commonly assumed that the Athenians used the uprising to interfere directly in internal affairs on the island, enforcing the dissolution of the local federation of poleis. However, my analysis of selected sources suggests that such an interpretation cannot be readily defended: in fact, the federation on Keos could have broken up earlier, possibly without any external intervention. In result, it appears that the Athenians did not interfere in the local affairs to such a degree as it is often accepted.","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70979808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4467/20800909EL.20.024.12814
E. Dąbrowa
One might expect that the Romans would have had extensive knowledge of the physical, political and cultural geography of Mesopotamia. After all, for many centuries Rome neighboured with the Parthian state governed by the Arsacid dynasty, and during numerous conflicts between the two states the Roman armies frequently invaded Mesopotamia, sometimes incurring as far as the waters of the Persian Gulf. The information obtained through diplomatic contacts, and in particular during military actions, should therefore have been present in Roman historical and geographical literature, since reports of some campaigns against the Parthians were widely publicised for propaganda purposes by contemporary authors, who were either participants in the events themselves, or wrote about their protagonists. In his book Making Mesopotamia: Geography and Empire in a Romano-Iranian Borderland, Hamish Cameron attempts to prove that this issue is much more complex, presenting his own ideas on the extent of the Romans’ knowledge about the region at various times. Cameron sets himself the task of finding the answer to a series of questions: “how did the Romans imagine the Mesopotamian Borderland? How did they represent the physical reality of this geopolitical space in words? What did they choose to describe, to emphasise, to suggest, to omit? How did they construct their narratives to best explain, justify, rationalise or ignore this edge of Roman power? How did they make ‘Mesopotamia’?” (p. 1). His main sources in the quest for answers are Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, Ammianus Marcelinus and the anonymous author of Expositio totius mundi et gentium—these works contain a collection of data that allow him to compare the changing knowledge of the area in question and to track the ways they were perceived by Roman authors in the period from the 1st century BCE to the 4th century CE (pp. 42–43).1 It is important to note that although the author is interested in the Romans’ notion of Mesopotamia, he generally uses a different term—“Romano-Iranian Borderland,” which essentially comprises a more geographically limited area: “the Mesopotamian Borderland includes the territories that would eventually be encompassed by the Roman provinces of Osrhoena and Mesopotamia as well as adjacent regions of Commagene
{"title":"Hamish Cameron, Making Mesopotamia: Geography and Empire in a Romano-Iranian Borderland (Impact of Empire – 32), Brill, Leiden–Boston 2019, 375 pp. + 27 maps; ISSN 1572-0500; ISBN 978-90-04-38862-8","authors":"E. Dąbrowa","doi":"10.4467/20800909EL.20.024.12814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/20800909EL.20.024.12814","url":null,"abstract":"One might expect that the Romans would have had extensive knowledge of the physical, political and cultural geography of Mesopotamia. After all, for many centuries Rome neighboured with the Parthian state governed by the Arsacid dynasty, and during numerous conflicts between the two states the Roman armies frequently invaded Mesopotamia, sometimes incurring as far as the waters of the Persian Gulf. The information obtained through diplomatic contacts, and in particular during military actions, should therefore have been present in Roman historical and geographical literature, since reports of some campaigns against the Parthians were widely publicised for propaganda purposes by contemporary authors, who were either participants in the events themselves, or wrote about their protagonists. In his book Making Mesopotamia: Geography and Empire in a Romano-Iranian Borderland, Hamish Cameron attempts to prove that this issue is much more complex, presenting his own ideas on the extent of the Romans’ knowledge about the region at various times. Cameron sets himself the task of finding the answer to a series of questions: “how did the Romans imagine the Mesopotamian Borderland? How did they represent the physical reality of this geopolitical space in words? What did they choose to describe, to emphasise, to suggest, to omit? How did they construct their narratives to best explain, justify, rationalise or ignore this edge of Roman power? How did they make ‘Mesopotamia’?” (p. 1). His main sources in the quest for answers are Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, Ammianus Marcelinus and the anonymous author of Expositio totius mundi et gentium—these works contain a collection of data that allow him to compare the changing knowledge of the area in question and to track the ways they were perceived by Roman authors in the period from the 1st century BCE to the 4th century CE (pp. 42–43).1 It is important to note that although the author is interested in the Romans’ notion of Mesopotamia, he generally uses a different term—“Romano-Iranian Borderland,” which essentially comprises a more geographically limited area: “the Mesopotamian Borderland includes the territories that would eventually be encompassed by the Roman provinces of Osrhoena and Mesopotamia as well as adjacent regions of Commagene","PeriodicalId":38045,"journal":{"name":"Electrum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70980071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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