This paper uses the composition and spatial distribution of carbonised archaeobotanical material from postholes to identify and delineate agrarian and household activities within settlements. The paper presents the analyses of seven houses/farmsteads dating to the 3rd–6th century AD, which were excavated on four separate sites: Flensted, Skovby Nygård and Gedved Vest in east-central Jutland, and Odensevej on the island of Funen. To infer settlement activities from the distributions of carbonised plant macro remains, the paper defines the various stages of plant processing and carbonisation circumstances. It also discusses assumptions about plant processing sequences and the formation of charred plant assemblages that were made during the analysis. The results show that the distribution of charred plant macro-remains can assist in the identification and delineation of spaces with different functions. The presented cases identify the locations of dwelling spaces, spaces where processed crops were stored and/or used, and spaces where fine sieving of grain was performed. The results also show a similarity between the analysed houses, which suggests the existence of a regional tradition of ordering household space. These patterns also confirm assumptions about mid-1st millennium houses previously made on the basis of other archaeological evidence. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 47–62 Radoslaw Grabowski: Burnt grain and crop cleaning residues: an archaeobotanical contribution to the understanding of 3rd–6th century AD longhouses in Jutland and Funen (Denmark) 48 they are often assumed to have been used for agriculture or crafts and are commonly termed “economy buildings” (DK: økonomibygning) (Hedeager and Kristiansen, 1988, p.142; Hvass et al., 1988; Ethelberg, 2003, p.226; Jensen, 2003, p.214; Mikkelsen and Nørbach, 2003, p.23; Herschend, 2009, p.236). From the earlier Scandinavian Iron Age (c. 500 BC– AD 100) a significant number of houses with preserved floor layers, pavements and artefact spreads have been encountered over the last hundred years; especially in the west of the country where a combination of less intensive agriculture and aeolian movement of sand have acted as factors for excellent preservation. Through these finds, detailed inferences about the use of domestic space have been possible (see comprehensive summary in Webley, 2008). For the later Iron Age, the paucity of artefacts, preserved floor layers, and architectural traces indicative of function makes interpretation of the internal arrangement of late Iron Age houses more difficult, especially in the many cases where no hearths or animal stall walls are present. This has, over the years, led to attempts at using various natural scientific approaches, such as soil phosphate mapping and plant macrofossil analysis, to provide additional insights. The use of these methods is still at a stage of evaluation by the broader archaeological community. This makes the dissemination of promising example
{"title":"Burnt grain and crop cleaning residues: an archaeobotanical contribution to the understanding of 3rd–6th century AD longhouses in Jutland and Funen (Denmark)","authors":"R. Grabowski","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses the composition and spatial distribution of carbonised archaeobotanical material from postholes to identify and delineate agrarian and household activities within settlements. The paper presents the analyses of seven houses/farmsteads dating to the 3rd–6th century AD, which were excavated on four separate sites: Flensted, Skovby Nygård and Gedved Vest in east-central Jutland, and Odensevej on the island of Funen. To infer settlement activities from the distributions of carbonised plant macro remains, the paper defines the various stages of plant processing and carbonisation circumstances. It also discusses assumptions about plant processing sequences and the formation of charred plant assemblages that were made during the analysis. The results show that the distribution of charred plant macro-remains can assist in the identification and delineation of spaces with different functions. The presented cases identify the locations of dwelling spaces, spaces where processed crops were stored and/or used, and spaces where fine sieving of grain was performed. The results also show a similarity between the analysed houses, which suggests the existence of a regional tradition of ordering household space. These patterns also confirm assumptions about mid-1st millennium houses previously made on the basis of other archaeological evidence. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 47–62 Radoslaw Grabowski: Burnt grain and crop cleaning residues: an archaeobotanical contribution to the understanding of 3rd–6th century AD longhouses in Jutland and Funen (Denmark) 48 they are often assumed to have been used for agriculture or crafts and are commonly termed “economy buildings” (DK: økonomibygning) (Hedeager and Kristiansen, 1988, p.142; Hvass et al., 1988; Ethelberg, 2003, p.226; Jensen, 2003, p.214; Mikkelsen and Nørbach, 2003, p.23; Herschend, 2009, p.236). From the earlier Scandinavian Iron Age (c. 500 BC– AD 100) a significant number of houses with preserved floor layers, pavements and artefact spreads have been encountered over the last hundred years; especially in the west of the country where a combination of less intensive agriculture and aeolian movement of sand have acted as factors for excellent preservation. Through these finds, detailed inferences about the use of domestic space have been possible (see comprehensive summary in Webley, 2008). For the later Iron Age, the paucity of artefacts, preserved floor layers, and architectural traces indicative of function makes interpretation of the internal arrangement of late Iron Age houses more difficult, especially in the many cases where no hearths or animal stall walls are present. This has, over the years, led to attempts at using various natural scientific approaches, such as soil phosphate mapping and plant macrofossil analysis, to provide additional insights. The use of these methods is still at a stage of evaluation by the broader archaeological community. This makes the dissemination of promising example","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"11 1","pages":"47-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74921117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Lisá, P. Staněk, Antonín Zůbek, L. Nejman, Bezručova Archaia, Czech Republic Brno
{"title":"Floor Maintenance as a Possible Cultural Behavioural Status? Preliminary Interpretations of Floor Formation Processes from Medieval Brno, Czech Republic","authors":"L. Lisá, P. Staněk, Antonín Zůbek, L. Nejman, Bezručova Archaia, Czech Republic Brno","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"232 1","pages":"63-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80131024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tereza Šálková, Tomáš Hiltscher, D. Dreslerová, Lenka Kovačiková, J. Jiřík
The contamination of archaeological find assemblages at multi-period (and other) sites can sometimes go undetected. In this article we seek to highlight this problem through analysis of the fill of settlement features from a site at Rakovice, South Bohemia, Czech Republic. After a detailed spatial evaluation of different categories of finds, an analysis of plant macroremains, and radiocarbon dating, what had originally appeared to be a clear-cut archaeological situation of the superposition of two features from the Roman and Early Mediaeval periods was shown to be much more complex. This discovery confirmed the value of a multi-disciplinary approach and especially of radiocarbon dating even in apparently simple contexts. What we are especially concerned about is the risk of assigning particular periods to multi-period sites that have been insufficiently radiocarbon dated. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 21–31 Tereza Šálková, Tomáš Hiltscher, Dagmar Dreslerová, Lenka Kovačiková, Jaroslav Jiřík: The Benefits of Using Radiocarbon Dating and an Interdisciplinary Approach for Identifying Contamination of Archaeological Find Assemblages. A Case Study from the Multi-period Settlement Site at Rakovice, Czech Republic 22 In this article we aim to demonstrate that: (a) the earlier residuality and later intrusion of plant remains can be crucial for archaeological interpretation even in a situation that appears stratigraphically clear and in which each archaeological feature comprises only artefacts (mostly ceramics) dated to specific periods; (b) the true formation history and “contamination” cannot be recognized without radiocarbon dating of several specimens and without detailed knowledge of the local archaeology and the spectrum of plants cultivated in a particular period. Our objective is to highlight the dangers of unrecognized contamination and the subsequent misinterpretation of archaeological contexts, and to suggest that such contamination can only be revealed by a multi-disciplinary approach and by including radiocarbon
在多时期(和其他)遗址的考古发现组合的污染有时不会被发现。在本文中，我们试图通过分析捷克共和国南波希米亚Rakovice的一个站点的沉降特征填充来突出这个问题。在对不同类别的发现进行了详细的空间评估、对植物宏观遗骸进行了分析，并进行了放射性碳定年之后，原本似乎是明确的罗马和中世纪早期两个特征叠加的考古情况被证明要复杂得多。这一发现证实了多学科方法的价值，尤其是放射性碳定年法，即使在表面上很简单的情况下也是如此。我们特别担心的是，对放射性碳年代测定不充分的多时期遗址进行特定时期测定的风险。Tereza Šálková， Tomáš Hiltscher, Dagmar dreslerov， Lenka kova ikov， Jaroslav Jiřík:使用放射性碳测年和跨学科方法识别考古发现组合的污染的益处。捷克共和国Rakovice多时期聚落遗址的案例研究22在本文中，我们旨在证明:(A)即使在地层清晰且每个考古特征仅包含特定时期的人工制品(主要是陶瓷)的情况下，早期残留和后来入侵的植物遗骸对于考古解释也是至关重要的;(b)如果没有对若干标本进行放射性碳定年，没有对当地考古和特定时期种植的植物光谱的详细了解，就无法识别真实的形成历史和“污染”。我们的目标是强调未被识别的污染和随后对考古背景的误解的危险，并建议这种污染只能通过多学科方法和包括放射性碳来揭示
{"title":"The Benefits of Using Radiocarbon Dating and an Interdisciplinary Approach for Identifying Contamination of Archaeological Find Assemblages. A Case Study from the Multi-period Settlement Site at Rakovice, Czech Republic","authors":"Tereza Šálková, Tomáš Hiltscher, D. Dreslerová, Lenka Kovačiková, J. Jiřík","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The contamination of archaeological find assemblages at multi-period (and other) sites can sometimes go undetected. In this article we seek to highlight this problem through analysis of the fill of settlement features from a site at Rakovice, South Bohemia, Czech Republic. After a detailed spatial evaluation of different categories of finds, an analysis of plant macroremains, and radiocarbon dating, what had originally appeared to be a clear-cut archaeological situation of the superposition of two features from the Roman and Early Mediaeval periods was shown to be much more complex. This discovery confirmed the value of a multi-disciplinary approach and especially of radiocarbon dating even in apparently simple contexts. What we are especially concerned about is the risk of assigning particular periods to multi-period sites that have been insufficiently radiocarbon dated. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 21–31 Tereza Šálková, Tomáš Hiltscher, Dagmar Dreslerová, Lenka Kovačiková, Jaroslav Jiřík: The Benefits of Using Radiocarbon Dating and an Interdisciplinary Approach for Identifying Contamination of Archaeological Find Assemblages. A Case Study from the Multi-period Settlement Site at Rakovice, Czech Republic 22 In this article we aim to demonstrate that: (a) the earlier residuality and later intrusion of plant remains can be crucial for archaeological interpretation even in a situation that appears stratigraphically clear and in which each archaeological feature comprises only artefacts (mostly ceramics) dated to specific periods; (b) the true formation history and “contamination” cannot be recognized without radiocarbon dating of several specimens and without detailed knowledge of the local archaeology and the spectrum of plants cultivated in a particular period. Our objective is to highlight the dangers of unrecognized contamination and the subsequent misinterpretation of archaeological contexts, and to suggest that such contamination can only be revealed by a multi-disciplinary approach and by including radiocarbon","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"415 1","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74981279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents a case study from the research of the High Medieval Peťuša Castle (Zvolen District) in Central Slovakia. Its aim is to present documentation and analytical procedures based on the application of 3D techniques in archaeology. During the archaeological excavation of the Peťuša Castle, several methods were used to document the castle hill, archaeological contexts and artefacts. The aim of the paper is to reference the possibilities of 3D visualization, which serves not only as an interesting presentation of archaeological results to the general public, but also for the work of the archaeologists themselves. The primary goal is to use 3D technology in the analysis and subsequent interpretation in a way that is not common in archaeological procedures. These methods are applied in the interpretation of the architecture of the castle, walking ground level and the surrounding environment. The main contribution is the clarification of spatial relations, visualization of the examined structures, and the opening of polemics within the interpretation levels. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 73–87 Matej Styk, Noémi Beljak Pažinová: 3D Reconstruction as a Form of Interpretation: Example of Excavation of the Medieval Peťuša Castle (Central Slovakia) 74 terraces and the south side of the castle is ca. 40 metres (in shortest direct line). The location of the Peťuša Castle – on a ridge in a narrow valley above the flow of the Gran River with a good view over the southern part of the Pliešovská basin (and thus the northwest part of the historical Zvolen county) – leads us to the logical assumption that this castle served as a guard post with its main task to control the local roads and waterways. This assumption is supported by its location in the near vicinity of a medieval ford on the Gran River, called Szellősrév (Maliniak, 2009, pp.216–218), closely beyond the edge of the medieval Zvolen land area, whose citizens had been freed from paying tolls throughout the Kingdom of Hungary (Ragač, 1998, pp.13–14). The castle is also located near old pathways (and former stopping points) used as trade roads (represented by visible carriage marks) leading from the south (from Pliešovská basin) to the town of Zvolen (Pažinová, et al. 2013, p.160, pic. 4 and 8; Slamová, et al., 2014; 2016). From the crossroads of trade roads located 450 m away from Peťuša Castle, a possible access path leads to the southern terrace above the castle ditch, the path being identified with the use of datasets from a point cloud obtained from the scanning technology LiDAR (light detection and ranging; source: National Forest Centre Zvolen, average height 700 m). The main goal of the Peťuša Castle excavation is to uncover the process of its construction and the subsequent use of the area, including the functional division of interior space. Among the main research questions belong the finding of its functionality, the duration and usage of the castle, and its involvement in an historical cont
{"title":"3D Reconstruction as a Form of Interpretation: Example of Excavation of the Medieval Peťuša Castle (Central Slovakia)","authors":"M. Styk, Noémi Beljak Pažinová","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a case study from the research of the High Medieval Peťuša Castle (Zvolen District) in Central Slovakia. Its aim is to present documentation and analytical procedures based on the application of 3D techniques in archaeology. During the archaeological excavation of the Peťuša Castle, several methods were used to document the castle hill, archaeological contexts and artefacts. The aim of the paper is to reference the possibilities of 3D visualization, which serves not only as an interesting presentation of archaeological results to the general public, but also for the work of the archaeologists themselves. The primary goal is to use 3D technology in the analysis and subsequent interpretation in a way that is not common in archaeological procedures. These methods are applied in the interpretation of the architecture of the castle, walking ground level and the surrounding environment. The main contribution is the clarification of spatial relations, visualization of the examined structures, and the opening of polemics within the interpretation levels. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 73–87 Matej Styk, Noémi Beljak Pažinová: 3D Reconstruction as a Form of Interpretation: Example of Excavation of the Medieval Peťuša Castle (Central Slovakia) 74 terraces and the south side of the castle is ca. 40 metres (in shortest direct line). The location of the Peťuša Castle – on a ridge in a narrow valley above the flow of the Gran River with a good view over the southern part of the Pliešovská basin (and thus the northwest part of the historical Zvolen county) – leads us to the logical assumption that this castle served as a guard post with its main task to control the local roads and waterways. This assumption is supported by its location in the near vicinity of a medieval ford on the Gran River, called Szellősrév (Maliniak, 2009, pp.216–218), closely beyond the edge of the medieval Zvolen land area, whose citizens had been freed from paying tolls throughout the Kingdom of Hungary (Ragač, 1998, pp.13–14). The castle is also located near old pathways (and former stopping points) used as trade roads (represented by visible carriage marks) leading from the south (from Pliešovská basin) to the town of Zvolen (Pažinová, et al. 2013, p.160, pic. 4 and 8; Slamová, et al., 2014; 2016). From the crossroads of trade roads located 450 m away from Peťuša Castle, a possible access path leads to the southern terrace above the castle ditch, the path being identified with the use of datasets from a point cloud obtained from the scanning technology LiDAR (light detection and ranging; source: National Forest Centre Zvolen, average height 700 m). The main goal of the Peťuša Castle excavation is to uncover the process of its construction and the subsequent use of the area, including the functional division of interior space. Among the main research questions belong the finding of its functionality, the duration and usage of the castle, and its involvement in an historical cont","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"39 1","pages":"73-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74696843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivana Šitnerová, J. Beneš, Ivana Trpáková, J. Bumerl, V. Komárková, Tereza Majerovičová, Lenka Hrabáková, Kristina Janečková
The historical field system of Valštejn represents one of the most extensive historical landscape complexes in the Czech Republic. Archaeological excavation of a former agricultural terrace (now a meadow) revealed the elaborate construction of a wall and stone foundation under the former arable field. This construction probably served for drainage and for soil protection. Archaeobotanical sampling facilitated the use of the charred plant material for radiocarbon dating of the soil profile, supported by the measurement of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs activity in order to estimate the age and stratigraphic integrity of the soil. An interesting record was obtained by archaeobotanical analyses of the lowermost layer, where wood charcoal and needles of fir (Abies alba) were identified and dated by AMS 14C. A discrepancy between the younger needle and much older charcoal could indicate an example of the old wood effect in archaeological chronology. The study has brought comprehensive results using environmental archaeology methods and sheds light on one of the stages of historical landscape transformation of the Early Modern Ages in central Europe. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 89–101 Ivana Šitnerová, Jaromír Beneš, Ivana Trpáková, Jiří Bumerl, Veronika Komárková, Tereza Majerovičová, Lenka Hrabáková, Kristina Janečková: Landscape Transformed: Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Dating of the Early Modern Field System in Valštejn, Czech Republic 90 a network of paths (Gojda, 2000). The visible parts of this hinterland can be typical field strips and agrarian terraces. The agrarian hinterland of a village came to be defined in central Europe by the traditional concept of German historical geography (in German “die Flur”: Krüger, 1967; Born, 1979; Denecke, 1979; Sperling, 1982). This school defines “die Flur” as the historically-developed structure of a village’s landholding, whose current layout is the result of many changes in dynamics, local economy and property ownership. The term “die Flur” was a big topic in German historical literature of the 19th century, frequently enriched with a certain ethnic significance. Attention has been paid in the last decades to the origins of different types of agrarian hinterland associated with various historical villages. Recent studies omit the ethnical meaning underpinning the historical circumstances of settlement activities (Žemlička, 2014). The German schools of agrarian history and historical geography were followed by ethnographic and historical research in Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic (Pohl, 1934–1935; Dohnal, 2003; Klír, 2003). Transformation of the landscape is observed primarily through the prism of medieval colonization (Klápště, 2005; 2012; Žemlička, 1997; 2014). Field systems and their patterns are, of course, an integral part of medieval and Early Modern villages to which they belong. The archaeology of medieval and Early Modern villages has primarily focused on their residential area, pa
Valštejn的历史景观系统代表了捷克共和国最广泛的历史景观综合体之一。考古发掘的一个以前的农业梯田(现在的草地)揭示了在以前的耕地下面精心建造的一堵墙和石头基础。这个建筑可能是为了排水和保护土壤。考古植物取样有助于利用烧焦的植物材料对土壤剖面进行放射性碳定年，并通过测量放射性核素210Pb和137Cs活性来估计土壤的年龄和地层完整性。通过对最下层的考古植物学分析，获得了一个有趣的记录，在那里，木材木炭和冷杉针(冷杉)被识别出来，并通过AMS 14C确定了年代。更年轻的针和更古老的木炭之间的差异可能表明了考古年代学中老木效应的一个例子。该研究利用环境考古学的方法带来了全面的结果，并揭示了中欧近代早期历史景观转变的一个阶段。这个腹地的可见部分可以是典型的田埂和梯田。在中欧，一个村庄的农业腹地是由德国历史地理的传统概念来定义的(德语“die Flur”:kr格尔，1967;出生,1979;Denecke, 1979;斯珀林,1982)。这所学校将“die Flur”定义为一个村庄土地所有权的历史发展结构，其目前的布局是许多动态，当地经济和财产所有权变化的结果。“die Flur”一词是19世纪德国历史文学中的一个大话题，经常被赋予一定的民族意义。在过去的几十年里，人们一直在关注与各种历史村落相关的不同类型的农业腹地的起源。最近的研究忽略了支持定居活动历史环境的伦理意义(Žemlička, 2014)。继德国农业历史和历史地理学派之后，捷克斯洛伐克和捷克共和国的民族志和历史研究(Pohl, 1934-1935;Dohnal, 2003;Klir, 2003)。景观的转变主要通过中世纪殖民的棱镜来观察(Klápště， 2005;2012;Žemlička, 1997;2014)。当然，田间系统及其模式是它们所属的中世纪和早期现代村庄的一个组成部分。中世纪和早期现代村庄的考古主要集中在他们的居住区，特别是废弃的中世纪定居点和建筑物。这种对内陆农业的兴趣可以追溯到上世纪下半叶。遥感的新方法(戈伊达，约翰编)。, 2013;Holata et al.， 2018)和环境考古学(houfkov et al.， 2015;2019;Hejcman et al.， 2013;2013)对农村农业腹地的研究有很大贡献。由于这项新的研究，现在有可能有效地解决日期、功能和农业背景特征的问题。Z. Smetánka和J. Klápště (Klápště， 1978;)在Kostelec nad Černými lesy地区进行了最早的考古研究，重点是鉴定波西米亚农村腹地。Klápště， Smetánka, 1979;Smetánka, Klápště， 1981)，以及V. Nekuda在摩拉维亚的废弃村庄Pfaffenschlag的作品。1a:捷克共和国在中欧的地图部分，Valštejn(红点)和其他正在研究的野外系统的位置(绿点:在Louny附近的Oblík山周围的野外系统;Malonín靠近Míčovice;在pansk Lhota附近的Rokštejn城堡周围的现场系统;以及Trutnov附近的debrn)。1b: Valštejn村庄在1760年代至1780年代的第一次军事地图上绘制。这个村庄的德语名字叫沃尔斯坦。这幅地图的比例尺是1:28000。资料来源:地理信息学实验室，捷克共和国环境部和维也纳奥地利国家档案馆/军事档案馆。1c和1d: Valštejn周围的当前景观。图片来源:T. Jůnek1 1 b
{"title":"Landscape Transformed: Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Dating of the Early Modern Field System in Valštejn, Czech Republic","authors":"Ivana Šitnerová, J. Beneš, Ivana Trpáková, J. Bumerl, V. Komárková, Tereza Majerovičová, Lenka Hrabáková, Kristina Janečková","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The historical field system of Valštejn represents one of the most extensive historical landscape complexes in the Czech Republic. Archaeological excavation of a former agricultural terrace (now a meadow) revealed the elaborate construction of a wall and stone foundation under the former arable field. This construction probably served for drainage and for soil protection. Archaeobotanical sampling facilitated the use of the charred plant material for radiocarbon dating of the soil profile, supported by the measurement of radionuclides 210Pb and 137Cs activity in order to estimate the age and stratigraphic integrity of the soil. An interesting record was obtained by archaeobotanical analyses of the lowermost layer, where wood charcoal and needles of fir (Abies alba) were identified and dated by AMS 14C. A discrepancy between the younger needle and much older charcoal could indicate an example of the old wood effect in archaeological chronology. The study has brought comprehensive results using environmental archaeology methods and sheds light on one of the stages of historical landscape transformation of the Early Modern Ages in central Europe. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 89–101 Ivana Šitnerová, Jaromír Beneš, Ivana Trpáková, Jiří Bumerl, Veronika Komárková, Tereza Majerovičová, Lenka Hrabáková, Kristina Janečková: Landscape Transformed: Archaeological, Historical and Environmental Dating of the Early Modern Field System in Valštejn, Czech Republic 90 a network of paths (Gojda, 2000). The visible parts of this hinterland can be typical field strips and agrarian terraces. The agrarian hinterland of a village came to be defined in central Europe by the traditional concept of German historical geography (in German “die Flur”: Krüger, 1967; Born, 1979; Denecke, 1979; Sperling, 1982). This school defines “die Flur” as the historically-developed structure of a village’s landholding, whose current layout is the result of many changes in dynamics, local economy and property ownership. The term “die Flur” was a big topic in German historical literature of the 19th century, frequently enriched with a certain ethnic significance. Attention has been paid in the last decades to the origins of different types of agrarian hinterland associated with various historical villages. Recent studies omit the ethnical meaning underpinning the historical circumstances of settlement activities (Žemlička, 2014). The German schools of agrarian history and historical geography were followed by ethnographic and historical research in Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic (Pohl, 1934–1935; Dohnal, 2003; Klír, 2003). Transformation of the landscape is observed primarily through the prism of medieval colonization (Klápště, 2005; 2012; Žemlička, 1997; 2014). Field systems and their patterns are, of course, an integral part of medieval and Early Modern villages to which they belong. The archaeology of medieval and Early Modern villages has primarily focused on their residential area, pa","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"1 1","pages":"89-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89796527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Šantrůčková, Květnové náměstí Průhonice Czech Republic Ornamental Gardening, J. Horák, V. Fanta
{"title":"Soil Chemistry to Support Old Map Analysis of the Built-up Area of an Abandoned Settlement. Case Study from the Romanian Banat","authors":"M. Šantrůčková, Květnové náměstí Průhonice Czech Republic Ornamental Gardening, J. Horák, V. Fanta","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"63 5 1","pages":"103-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77459365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kocić, B. Hanks, Marijana Krstić, M. Bermann, Petra Basar, M. Mlyniec, Knez Mihailova Arts
The development of Neolithic lifeways represented fundamental shifts in social organization and human-environment relationships within local ecological settings. An understanding of this process in the Balkans peninsula has remained intriguing and challenging in the broader context of European prehistory. Evidence for Neolithization processes in the Balkans begins around the seventh millennium BC in the south-east at important tell sites such as Nea Nikomedia and Sesklo where rectangular house structures and other elements of the “Neolithic package” strongly resemble those of the Levant. The northern zone of the Balkans peninsula, however, presents a different situation, with small flat sites with intrusive later occupation making patterns of early Neolithization difficult to discern. This paper reports recent field research in Central Serbia (Šumadija region, Gruža River valley) where Early Neolithic occupation related to the Starčevo culture has been found at the newly identified site of Kneževac through systematic pedestrian survey, artifact spatial analysis, and near surface archaeological geophysics. The results of this research are discussed in the context of other Early Neolithic settlement evidence in the region, along with their implications for understanding early agricultural populations in Central Serbia. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 9–19 Miroslav Kočić, Bryan Hanks, Marija Kaličanin Krstić, Marc Bermann, Petra Basar, Michael Mlyniec: Identifying Early Neolithic Settlements in the Šumadija Region of Serbia Through Combined Pedestrian Survey and Archaeological Geophysical Prospection 10 found exactly above earlier Starčevo “pit-house” features (McPherron and Srejović, 1988). Unfortunately, due to heavy weathering of the early Phase I deposits, and subsequent intrusive occupation of the Divostin II phase, Phase I does not provide much additional information on the organization of early Starčevo culture settlements. Important new information about the Early Neolithic in the Central Balkans was generated in the 1980s by excavations at the site of Blagotin, situated in the Morava River valley (Stanković and Leković, 1993). There were large scale excavations completed in the 1980s at the sites of Paljevine and Grobnice, which are now located in the submerged zone of the Gruža Lake. Unfortunately, these sites (450 square meters of excavated area) were not published and the associated field reports are not available. The most recent archaeological excavation in the Morava River valley is the large-scale project at Drenovac; however, this is a multiperiod site with a very significant Vinča stratigraphic layer overlying the earlier phases/occupations at the site (Perić, 2016). Apart from these sites, other reported Early Neolithic sites are covered by later Vinča phase occupation and have only been subject to very limited excavation. This situation challenges any interpretation of the spatial organization of Early Neolithic sites in central Serbia and a
新石器时代生活方式的发展代表了当地生态环境下社会组织和人与环境关系的根本转变。在更广泛的欧洲史前背景下，对巴尔干半岛这一过程的理解仍然是有趣和具有挑战性的。巴尔干地区新石器时代进程的证据始于公元前七千年左右，在东南部的重要遗址，如Nea Nikomedia和Sesklo，那里的矩形房屋结构和其他“新石器时代的组合”元素与黎凡特非常相似。然而，巴尔干半岛的北部地区呈现出不同的情况，那里有小型的平坦遗址，后来的入侵使得早期新石器时代的模式难以辨别。本文报告了最近在塞尔维亚中部(Šumadija地区，Gruža河谷)进行的实地研究，通过系统的行人调查，人工制品空间分析和近地表考古地球物理，在新确定的Kneževac遗址发现了与star<e:1> evo文化相关的新石器时代早期占领。本研究的结果在该地区其他新石器时代早期定居证据的背景下进行了讨论，以及它们对了解塞尔维亚中部早期农业人口的影响。Miroslav ko<e:1> iki, Bryan Hanks, Marija kali<e:1> anin krstiki, Marc Bermann, Petra Basar, Michael Mlyniec:通过联合行人调查和考古地球物理勘探在塞尔维亚Šumadija地区识别早期新石器时代的定居点10发现了早期star<e:1> evo“坑室”特征(McPherron and srevivic, 1988)。不幸的是，由于第一阶段早期沉积物的严重风化作用，以及随后的Divostin II阶段的侵入性占领，第一阶段并没有提供关于早期star<s:1> evo文化聚落组织的更多信息。20世纪80年代，在位于莫拉瓦河谷的布拉戈廷遗址的发掘中，产生了关于巴尔干中部新石器时代早期的重要新信息(stankoviki and lekoviki, 1993)。20世纪80年代，在Paljevine和Grobnice遗址完成了大规模的挖掘，这些遗址现在位于Gruža湖的淹没区。不幸的是，这些遗址(450平方米的挖掘面积)没有公布，也没有相关的实地报告。莫拉瓦河谷最近的考古发掘是在德雷诺瓦克的大型项目;然而，这是一个多时期的遗址，在遗址的早期阶段/职业上覆盖着非常重要的vin<e:1>地层(periki, 2016)。除了这些遗址外，其他报道的新石器时代早期遗址被后来的vin<e:1>时期占领，只受到非常有限的挖掘。这种情况挑战了对塞尔维亚中部新石器时代早期遗址的空间组织的任何解释，以及重建重要的star<s:1>进化到后来的vin<e:1>过渡的任何尝试。目前，关于塞尔维亚star<e:1> evo社区组织的最佳信息来源之一是Jaričište I遗址的打捞挖掘(mariki, 2013)。通过挖掘，该遗址的一大片区域暴露出来，揭示了同心聚集的地下坑屋及其建造、使用和维护的细节(mariki, 2013)。Jaričište I的遗址表明，star<e:1> evo坑屋是耐用的建筑，支持了这些固定的、永久的职业而不是短暂的营地的解释。因此，这些早期遗址代表了研究巴尔干地区新兴新石器时代趋势的重要早期国内遗址。然而，需要更多的研究来更好地了解这些早期的职业，社区组织和区域定居模式，以及对当地资源的利用。值得注意的是，横跨巴尔干中部的Starčevo-Körös-Criș定居点之间确实有许多相似之处，包括它们的空间组织。重要的实地研究，包括考古地球物理、行人调查和地层挖掘，已经在匈牙利和罗马尼亚的几个早期新石器时代遗址完成，并为解释塞尔维亚中部的早期定居地点提供了重要的比较数据基础(Bánffy, 2000;Green and Lawson, 2018;Banffy, 2013)。然而，也存在着强烈的区域特征和模式，很难将塞尔维亚中部遗址与帕诺尼亚盆地同时期的遗址进行直接比较，因为它们距离400多公里，处于完全不同的地貌带。因此，需要更多的研究来检查塞尔维亚的这种定居模式，并解决有关这些早期新石器时代遗址的许多悬而未决的问题。 为此，2016年，匹兹堡大学和塞尔维亚克拉古耶瓦茨文化古迹保护研究所启动了一项新的合作计划，重点是在塞尔维亚中部Šumadija地区进行系统的行人调查，并结合多方法考古地球物理调查。迄今为止，通过系统的实地行走(ko<e:1> iki, 2019，博士论文研究)，已经调查了102.47平方公里的总面积，并通过Šumadija区域地理空间考古项目(SRGAP)，通过多方法地球物理调查调查了5个新石器时代聚落(共52公顷)。在接下来的章节中，我们将讨论在Kneževac地点的研究，该地点是由M. ko<e:1>伊奇于2017年通过行人调查、地面收集和空间分析确定的。随后，SRGAP于2018年在该遗址进行了多仪器地球物理研究，以进一步表征该遗址的考古潜力。2020年将在Kneževac进行进一步的调查和实地调查。2. 区域尺度行人调查所采用的方法遵循了与北美田野考古传统相关的方法，这些方法长期以来一直受到对世界各地不同地点的定居主义和动植物驯化过程的比较关注的影响。重建聚落模式，作为解释人口过程、集水区和聚落等级的一种方式，一直是这类研究的共同元素(Carneiro, 1970;厄尔,1997)。Šumadija地区的历史财产继承做法导致了地块的分裂，导致几乎没有大片开放的土地可供调查。区域尺度行人调查中使用的现场方法借鉴了以前发表的方法(MacNeish等，1975;Hirth, 1980;Feinman和Nicholas, 1990)，以及最近对地表人工制品密度较高的采样地点的统计方法(drerennan和Peterson, 2011)。调查小组维持每天大约50公顷覆盖范围的客观目标，但这取决于所遇到的地点和相关地面人工制品的密度。大部分调查区域由开放的耕地组成，田野行走是在一个日历年和多个季节进行的。这确保了在最近耕作或整个冬季休耕的田地中，人工制品的表面可视性非常好。调查小组由五名成员组成，他们系统地走在一起，间隔20米。手持式GPS装置被用来记录每个样带的开始和结束。主要收集单位为1公顷的细胞，进一步划分为20×20 m的亚细胞收集单位。通过联合行人调查和考古地球物理勘探11样本确定塞尔维亚Šumadija地区的早期新石器时代定居点，从而限制了需要收集用于空间分析的人工制品的总数(Drennan和Peterson, 2011)。在区域调查期间，总共收集了27,754件文物，其中包括两个大型新石器时代定居点(Grivac和Kusovac，每个约35公顷)，其中有新石器时代早期到晚期的证据(star<e:1> evo和vin<e:1> a)，第三个遗址Kneževac(面积约6公顷)，仅显示了新石器时代早期的占领(star<e:1> evo)(图1)。我们在Kneževac上详细介绍了研究结果，因为这是唯一一个没有后来侵入性新石器时代职业的早期新石器时代遗址。3.Kneževac定居点除了当地村民在田野中
{"title":"Identifying Early Neolithic Settlements in the Šumadija Region of Serbia Through Combined Pedestrian Survey and Archaeological Geophysical Prospection","authors":"M. Kocić, B. Hanks, Marijana Krstić, M. Bermann, Petra Basar, M. Mlyniec, Knez Mihailova Arts","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The development of Neolithic lifeways represented fundamental shifts in social organization and human-environment relationships within local ecological settings. An understanding of this process in the Balkans peninsula has remained intriguing and challenging in the broader context of European prehistory. Evidence for Neolithization processes in the Balkans begins around the seventh millennium BC in the south-east at important tell sites such as Nea Nikomedia and Sesklo where rectangular house structures and other elements of the “Neolithic package” strongly resemble those of the Levant. The northern zone of the Balkans peninsula, however, presents a different situation, with small flat sites with intrusive later occupation making patterns of early Neolithization difficult to discern. This paper reports recent field research in Central Serbia (Šumadija region, Gruža River valley) where Early Neolithic occupation related to the Starčevo culture has been found at the newly identified site of Kneževac through systematic pedestrian survey, artifact spatial analysis, and near surface archaeological geophysics. The results of this research are discussed in the context of other Early Neolithic settlement evidence in the region, along with their implications for understanding early agricultural populations in Central Serbia. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 9–19 Miroslav Kočić, Bryan Hanks, Marija Kaličanin Krstić, Marc Bermann, Petra Basar, Michael Mlyniec: Identifying Early Neolithic Settlements in the Šumadija Region of Serbia Through Combined Pedestrian Survey and Archaeological Geophysical Prospection 10 found exactly above earlier Starčevo “pit-house” features (McPherron and Srejović, 1988). Unfortunately, due to heavy weathering of the early Phase I deposits, and subsequent intrusive occupation of the Divostin II phase, Phase I does not provide much additional information on the organization of early Starčevo culture settlements. Important new information about the Early Neolithic in the Central Balkans was generated in the 1980s by excavations at the site of Blagotin, situated in the Morava River valley (Stanković and Leković, 1993). There were large scale excavations completed in the 1980s at the sites of Paljevine and Grobnice, which are now located in the submerged zone of the Gruža Lake. Unfortunately, these sites (450 square meters of excavated area) were not published and the associated field reports are not available. The most recent archaeological excavation in the Morava River valley is the large-scale project at Drenovac; however, this is a multiperiod site with a very significant Vinča stratigraphic layer overlying the earlier phases/occupations at the site (Perić, 2016). Apart from these sites, other reported Early Neolithic sites are covered by later Vinča phase occupation and have only been subject to very limited excavation. This situation challenges any interpretation of the spatial organization of Early Neolithic sites in central Serbia and a","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"97 1","pages":"9-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85896627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Danielisová, Daniel Bursák, L. Strnad, J. Trubač, Hana Čižmářová, David Daněček, Kamil Smíšek, Archeologický ústav Zelný trh Brno Czech Republic Moravské zemské muzeum, Zámek Roztoky Czech Republic Středočeské muzeum v Roztokách u Prahy
This paper aims to discuss the origin and significance of the so-called spoked-wheel amulets from the late Iron Age (3rd to 1st century BC). The type with eight spokes, which most resembles a real chariot wheel, was discovered to be made of a specific alloy containing a large amount of lead and a significant amount of antimony, plus traces of silver and arsenic. This combination of elements signifies the use of a copper known as fahlore (tetrahedrite). Its use in Bohemia after the early Bronze Age is rarely observed, if at all. These amulets are therefore a conspicuous exception. Research in Bavaria has revealed other objects made from fahlore copper. Another connection to Bavaria may be indicated by coin hoards accompanied by bronze closure rings of a similar alloy design. Other cases may suggest that antimony was added as a separate component. Here we discuss the composition and provenance of these objects from the perspective of compositional and lead isotope analysis. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 33–45 Alžběta Danielisová, Daniel Bursák, Ladislav Strnad, Jakub Trubač, Hana Čižmářová, David Daněček, Kamil Smíšek: Rituals, Hoards and Travellers? Archaeometry of the Iron Age Bronze Wheel Amulets 34 which imitate chariot wheels. They are usually made entirely from lead or from a heavily-leaded alloy (Schwab, 2011). The eight spokes are a regular feature; sometimes there are multiples of eight, as with the sixteen-spoked wheel depicted on a Gundestrup cauldron (Green, 1986). Fourand sixspoked wheels make up a larger and more heterogeneous group. These wheels appear only to suggest rather than imitate chariot wheels and have a simpler design that is perhaps more decorative in the context of late La Tène art. Archaeometric analysis of large assemblages from the La Tène period revealed the recurrence of a particular material composition of the eight-spoked wheels (Danielisová et al., 2018b), which included a large amount of lead, unusually large amounts of antimony, and increased amounts of arsenic and sometimes silver. It was noteworthy that this chemical composition was found only in these amulets and not in the other types of object. West of Bohemia, however, particularly in Bavaria, antimony bronzes have regularly been recorded and associated with the alloying of fahlore copper (Schwab, 2011; 2014a; 2014b). It was not until we detected the same composition in two bronze rings with a rhombic section, used as a closure mechanism in the context of a Celtic coin hoard from Libčice nad Vltavou (Figures 2 and 3), that the connection with Bavaria became worth considering. We therefore decided to give more attention to this matter and to investigate the alloy design and provenance of these objects and to explore the broader socio-cultural or political implications. In addition to “official” commercial Figure 1. Types of wheel amulet from the La Tène period (the oppidum of Stradonice), after Píč, 1903. Figure 2. Map of sites mentioned in the text and main deposits
本文旨在探讨铁器时代晚期(公元前3世纪至公元前1世纪)所谓辐条轮护身符的起源和意义。有8条辐条的车轮，最像真正的战车车轮，被发现是由一种特殊的合金制成的，这种合金含有大量的铅和大量的锑，以及微量的银和砷。这种元素的组合表明使用了一种被称为fahore(四面体)的铜。在早期青铜时代之后的波西米亚，人们很少看到它的使用，如果有的话。因此，这些护身符是一个明显的例外。巴伐利亚州的研究发现了其他由fahore铜制成的物品。与巴伐利亚的另一个联系可能是由带有类似合金设计的青铜封闭环的硬币柜表明的。其他情况可能表明，锑是作为一个单独的成分添加的。本文从元素组成和铅同位素分析的角度探讨了这些遗物的组成和物源。铁器时代的青铜轮护身符，模仿战车的轮子。它们通常完全由铅或重铅合金制成(Schwab, 2011)。八个辐条是一个规则的特征;有时是8的倍数，就像Gundestrup大锅上描绘的16条轮辐车轮(Green, 1986)。四辐条和六辐条车轮组成了一个更大、更异质的群体。这些轮子似乎只是暗示而不是模仿战车的轮子，并且具有更简单的设计，在La t晚期艺术的背景下可能更具装饰性。对La t时期的大型组合进行的考古分析显示，八辐车轮的特定物质组成再次出现(danielisov等人，2018b)，其中包括大量的铅，异常大量的锑，以及增加的砷，有时还有银。值得注意的是，这种化学成分只在这些护身符中发现，而在其他类型的物体中没有发现。然而，在波希米亚西部，特别是在巴伐利亚，锑青铜器经常被记录下来，并与fahore铜的合金化有关(Schwab, 2011;2014年;2014 b)。直到我们在lib ice nad Vltavou的凯尔特硬币窖藏中发现了两个具有方形部分的青铜环的相同成分(图2和3)，我们才开始考虑与巴伐利亚的联系。因此，我们决定对这件事给予更多的关注，调查这些物品的合金设计和来源，并探索更广泛的社会文化或政治含义。除了“官方”商业图1。1903年Píč之后，La t时期(Stradonice的鸦片)的轮子护身符类型。图2。文中提到的地点地图，以及中欧法赫洛尔铜和古石的主要矿床。填充符号:轮子护身符;空心符号:菱形部分的圆环;遗址代表了钱币储藏、奥皮达和低地定居点。铁器时代青铜轮护身符的考古测量图3。a)对选定地点的辐条轮护身符进行分析(参见图2)。图片中的数字与表1中的数字相对应(有些物品没有记录)。图片由D. Bursák和A. danielisov提供。b)在lib冰(LIB1-2)和Manching(485-486)的硬币库中发现的菱形部分的环，以及在star Hradisko (SH 136)的oppidum中发现的相同成分的环。D. Bursák、D. dan ek (LIB1-2)摄;2013年齐格豪斯的Manching rings(485-486)。0 - 5厘米
{"title":"Rituals, Hoards and Travellers? Archaeometry of the Iron Age Bronze Wheel Amulets","authors":"A. Danielisová, Daniel Bursák, L. Strnad, J. Trubač, Hana Čižmářová, David Daněček, Kamil Smíšek, Archeologický ústav Zelný trh Brno Czech Republic Moravské zemské muzeum, Zámek Roztoky Czech Republic Středočeské muzeum v Roztokách u Prahy","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to discuss the origin and significance of the so-called spoked-wheel amulets from the late Iron Age (3rd to 1st century BC). The type with eight spokes, which most resembles a real chariot wheel, was discovered to be made of a specific alloy containing a large amount of lead and a significant amount of antimony, plus traces of silver and arsenic. This combination of elements signifies the use of a copper known as fahlore (tetrahedrite). Its use in Bohemia after the early Bronze Age is rarely observed, if at all. These amulets are therefore a conspicuous exception. Research in Bavaria has revealed other objects made from fahlore copper. Another connection to Bavaria may be indicated by coin hoards accompanied by bronze closure rings of a similar alloy design. Other cases may suggest that antimony was added as a separate component. Here we discuss the composition and provenance of these objects from the perspective of compositional and lead isotope analysis. IANSA 2020 ● XI/1 ● 33–45 Alžběta Danielisová, Daniel Bursák, Ladislav Strnad, Jakub Trubač, Hana Čižmářová, David Daněček, Kamil Smíšek: Rituals, Hoards and Travellers? Archaeometry of the Iron Age Bronze Wheel Amulets 34 which imitate chariot wheels. They are usually made entirely from lead or from a heavily-leaded alloy (Schwab, 2011). The eight spokes are a regular feature; sometimes there are multiples of eight, as with the sixteen-spoked wheel depicted on a Gundestrup cauldron (Green, 1986). Fourand sixspoked wheels make up a larger and more heterogeneous group. These wheels appear only to suggest rather than imitate chariot wheels and have a simpler design that is perhaps more decorative in the context of late La Tène art. Archaeometric analysis of large assemblages from the La Tène period revealed the recurrence of a particular material composition of the eight-spoked wheels (Danielisová et al., 2018b), which included a large amount of lead, unusually large amounts of antimony, and increased amounts of arsenic and sometimes silver. It was noteworthy that this chemical composition was found only in these amulets and not in the other types of object. West of Bohemia, however, particularly in Bavaria, antimony bronzes have regularly been recorded and associated with the alloying of fahlore copper (Schwab, 2011; 2014a; 2014b). It was not until we detected the same composition in two bronze rings with a rhombic section, used as a closure mechanism in the context of a Celtic coin hoard from Libčice nad Vltavou (Figures 2 and 3), that the connection with Bavaria became worth considering. We therefore decided to give more attention to this matter and to investigate the alloy design and provenance of these objects and to explore the broader socio-cultural or political implications. In addition to “official” commercial Figure 1. Types of wheel amulet from the La Tène period (the oppidum of Stradonice), after Píč, 1903. Figure 2. Map of sites mentioned in the text and main deposits","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"69 1","pages":"33-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83879113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Laboratory of Geoarchaeology of Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","authors":"L. Lisá","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2020.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2020.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"80 1","pages":"123-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82362921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Nováčková, Otakara Řebounová, D. Kvítková, M. Omelka, V. Stenzl, Czech Republic Prague
The main aim of this study was to determine genetic kinship and genetic sex of individuals buried either in the same grave, multi-level grave, or neighbourhood grave. Success of genetic analyses is based on the quantity and quality of extracted aDNA, which can be compromised by degradation of DNA and possible contamination by modern DNA. We analysed archaeological skeletal remains from an Early Modern period graveyard belonging to the Church of St. John the Baptist in the former village of Obora, one of the most honourable Early Modern period archaeological sites in the Czech Republic. Most of the 906 excavated anatomically-laid burials are dated to the years 1730s–1770s. The results of 23 analysed individuals (divided into 4 groups) revealed that individuals are not blood relatives. Studies of historical written sources provide information that the parish affiliation at the time of death had a crucial role in choosing the place for burial. Genetic analyses increased success rate of sex determination to 91% compared to 61% determined by morphological methods. We were thus able to determine the genetic sex of children, an evaluation that cannot be made by morphological methods. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 143–152 Jana Nováčková, Otakara Řebounová, Dana Kvítková, Martin Omelka, Vlastimil Stenzl: Genetic Kinship and Sex Determination of Early Modern Period Human Remains from a Defunct Graveyard in the Former Village of Obora (Located on Šporkova Street in Prague’s Lesser Town District) 144 (Deguilloux et al., 2014; Juras et al., 2017; Melchior et al., 2010; Simón et al., 2011). Each marker has its own unique mechanism of heritability from parent to offspring, and can reveal or exclude genetic relationships at different levels. We analysed the skeletal remains from a defunct graveyard of the Church of St. John the Baptist in the former village of Obora, situated at Šporkova Street no. 322/III in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. Genetic kinship and genetic sex was determined from the results of autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers. The site of Obora used to be a village located near Prague castle in the quarter known as Prague’s Lesser Town. The first written record referencing Obora is dated to the years 1278– 1282, but previous excavation has uncovered fragments dated to between the 9th–10th century (Dragoun, 1988a; 1988b; 1991). Obora was assigned to Prague in the 1650s, and its Church of St. John the Baptist was incorporated into the parish district of the Church of St. Wenceslas. The church with its graveyard was closed in 1784, and rebuilt into a residential building (Omelka, 2009). Skeletal remains of 906 anatomically-laid burials or parts thereof, that were dated to the years 1730s–1770s according to their grave goods, were excavated and documented during the archaeological rescue excavation conducted by the Department of Archaeology of the National Heritage Institute in Prague in the year 2002 (study no. 30/02) and 2004 (study no. 30/04)
本研究的主要目的是确定埋葬在同一坟墓、多层坟墓或邻居坟墓中的个体的遗传亲缘关系和遗传性别。遗传分析的成功是基于提取的aDNA的数量和质量，这可能会受到DNA降解和现代DNA可能污染的损害。我们分析了一个早期现代时期墓地的考古骨骼遗骸，该墓地属于施洗者圣约翰教堂，位于前奥博拉村，这是捷克共和国最光荣的早期现代考古遗址之一。906个经解剖解剖出土的墓葬中，大多数可以追溯到1730 - 1770年。23个被分析的个体(分为4组)的结果显示，个体不是血亲。对历史文献资料的研究提供的信息表明，死者死亡时所属的教区在选择埋葬地点方面起着至关重要的作用。遗传分析将性别决定的成功率提高到91%，而形态学方法的成功率为61%。因此，我们能够确定儿童的遗传性别，这是无法通过形态学方法进行的评估。IANSA 2019●X/2●143-152 Jana Nováčková， Otakara Řebounová， Dana Kvítková， Martin Omelka, Vlastimil Stenzl:来自前Obora村(位于布拉格小城区Šporkova街)墓地的早期现代人类遗骸的遗传亲缘关系和性别确定144 (Deguilloux等人，2014;Juras et al.， 2017;Melchior et al.， 2010;Simón et al.， 2011)。每个标记都有自己独特的遗传机制，可以揭示或排除不同层次的遗传关系。我们分析了位于Šporkova街5号的前Obora村圣约翰浸信会教堂墓地的骨骼残骸。322/III在捷克共和国首都布拉格。根据常染色体和y染色体STR标记的结果确定遗传亲缘关系和遗传性别。奥博拉的遗址曾经是布拉格城堡附近的一个村庄，位于被称为布拉格小城镇的地区。有关奥博拉的第一个书面记录可以追溯到1278 - 1282年，但之前的挖掘已经发现了9 - 10世纪之间的碎片(Dragoun, 1988a;1988 b;1991)。17世纪50年代，奥博拉被分配到布拉格，它的施洗约翰教堂被并入圣瓦茨拉夫教堂的教区。教堂及其墓地于1784年关闭，并重建为住宅楼(Omelka, 2009)。在2002年布拉格国家遗产研究所考古部门进行的考古救援挖掘中，发现了906具解剖结构的墓葬遗骸或其部分遗骸，根据其墓葬的物品可以追溯到1730年至1770年。30/02)及2004年(研究编号:30/04) -图1。Šporkova街的考古位置是捷克共和国最有价值的早期现代考古遗址之一，因为它汇集了墓葬物品和保存下来的书面历史资料，为研究提供了很大的可能性:当时市民的丧葬习俗(Omelka， Řebounová， 2017);巴洛克宗教信仰的其他表现形式(Omelka， Řebounová， 2011;2014);以及这一人群的社会和人口结构(Omelka， Řebounová， 2012b)。关于在坟墓中发现的文物，发表了几篇文章(主要是在捷克同行评审的期刊上)，包括戒指(Omelka， Šlancarová， 2007)、珠子(Omelka， Řebounová， 2008)、十字架(Omelka等人，2009;2010)，大头针(Omelka et al.， 2011)，奖章(Omelka, 2006a;Omelka， Řebounová， 2012a;2016)和按钮(Omelka et al.， 2018)。11个个体遗传分析的初步结果在santkt Pölten(奥地利)举行的“Internationale Tagung der Österreichischen Gesellschaft f<e:1> Mittelalterarchäologie 2018”国际会议上发表(Nováčková等人，出版中)。在目前的研究中，我们增加了分析个体的数量，以证实或拒绝一个假设，即早期现代社会的丧葬习俗模式，正如试点研究所表明的那样，将在进一步的研究中得到证实。2. 材料和方法我们共分析了23个个体的46个样本(骨骼和牙齿)(表1)，其中12个个体(第3组和第4组)是新发表的，11个个体(第1组和第2组)是以前发表的(Nováčková et al.， in press)。根据个体在墓地中的地层关系(图2)，将其分为四组(表1)。各组包含男性、女性和儿童的遗传物质，除了组2，其中两个孩子(新生儿和18个月大)被埋在一名成年妇女的上方。 多层墓穴中有成年女性、男性和儿童的骨骼遗骸，因此它们很有可能是一个家庭的成员(例如，图1)。施洗者圣约翰教堂墓地的三阶段挖掘计划和教堂的平面图。考古救援挖掘只在建筑施工的墓地部分进行(Omelka, 2006b，未发表)。由Martin Omelka绘制。
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