In recent years, numerous sites of the Eneolithic Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) have been identified in the Rzeszów Foothills (south-eastern Poland). Among them, a large settlement in Skołoszów 16 seems to be particularly significant due to its internal characteristics. In order to determine its extent, spatial arrangement and chronology, an interdisciplinary investigation (including excavations and a noninvasive geophysical survey) was carried out in 2017–2018. As a consequence of two seasons of field work campaigns, we have recognized numerous morphologically diverse features (mainly pits) and the settlement (cultural) layer. Excavations documented the intense usage of the settlement’s space which encouraged carrying out a geophysical survey over the wider area of the site. The magnetic anomaly distribution reflects many presumable anthropogenic features. Several particular concentrations of features visible on the magnetometry image seem to be related with the FBC, thus delimiting the spatial extent of the site. Based on the geophysical picture, it was possible to estimate that the site measured at least 65×40 m, while the excavations conducted revealed that the settlement was comprised of numerous pits and one settlement layer. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 121–128 Dariusz Król, Jakub Niebieszczański: Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey 122 2. Location of settlement The settlement in Skołoszów 16 is located in the northeastern region of the Rzeszów Foothills (Figure 1) on a loess zone in the south-eastern part of the Sandomierz Basin (Kondracki, 1988). It is situated on a slightly flattened small hill, on the right bank of the valley of the Łęg Rokietnicki River, about 380 m away from its present-day riverbed and Figure 1. Distribution of the FBC in the Rzeszów Foothills. a – Skołoszów 16 settlement; b – others sites in the studied area; c – others sites in the neighbouring areas. 0 5 km Figure 2. Skołoszów 16, Subcarpathian voivodeship. A 3D model of the settlement location. Red spot – settlement; blue spots – non-outflowing ponds. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 121–128 Dariusz Król, Jakub Niebieszczański: Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey 123 approx. 13 m above its bottom. In its nearest surroundings, there are also two non-outflowing ponds (Figure 2). This topographic-hydrological configuration of the environment is typical of this part of the Rzeszów Foothills. These conditions favoured the development of the FBC settlement network in south-eastern Poland (cf. Kruk, 1973; 1980; Kruk et al., 1996). Within a radius of 5 km from the site, up to 30 functionally diverse FBC sites, including one cemetery with two non-megalithic long barrow
{"title":"Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey","authors":"D. Król, J. Niebieszczański","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, numerous sites of the Eneolithic Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) have been identified in the Rzeszów Foothills (south-eastern Poland). Among them, a large settlement in Skołoszów 16 seems to be particularly significant due to its internal characteristics. In order to determine its extent, spatial arrangement and chronology, an interdisciplinary investigation (including excavations and a noninvasive geophysical survey) was carried out in 2017–2018. As a consequence of two seasons of field work campaigns, we have recognized numerous morphologically diverse features (mainly pits) and the settlement (cultural) layer. Excavations documented the intense usage of the settlement’s space which encouraged carrying out a geophysical survey over the wider area of the site. The magnetic anomaly distribution reflects many presumable anthropogenic features. Several particular concentrations of features visible on the magnetometry image seem to be related with the FBC, thus delimiting the spatial extent of the site. Based on the geophysical picture, it was possible to estimate that the site measured at least 65×40 m, while the excavations conducted revealed that the settlement was comprised of numerous pits and one settlement layer. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 121–128 Dariusz Król, Jakub Niebieszczański: Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey 122 2. Location of settlement The settlement in Skołoszów 16 is located in the northeastern region of the Rzeszów Foothills (Figure 1) on a loess zone in the south-eastern part of the Sandomierz Basin (Kondracki, 1988). It is situated on a slightly flattened small hill, on the right bank of the valley of the Łęg Rokietnicki River, about 380 m away from its present-day riverbed and Figure 1. Distribution of the FBC in the Rzeszów Foothills. a – Skołoszów 16 settlement; b – others sites in the studied area; c – others sites in the neighbouring areas. 0 5 km Figure 2. Skołoszów 16, Subcarpathian voivodeship. A 3D model of the settlement location. Red spot – settlement; blue spots – non-outflowing ponds. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 121–128 Dariusz Król, Jakub Niebieszczański: Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey 123 approx. 13 m above its bottom. In its nearest surroundings, there are also two non-outflowing ponds (Figure 2). This topographic-hydrological configuration of the environment is typical of this part of the Rzeszów Foothills. These conditions favoured the development of the FBC settlement network in south-eastern Poland (cf. Kruk, 1973; 1980; Kruk et al., 1996). Within a radius of 5 km from the site, up to 30 functionally diverse FBC sites, including one cemetery with two non-megalithic long barrow","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"60 1","pages":"121-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78534771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Significant archaeological research has been conducted on chipped stone tools recovered from prehistoric sites throughout Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The limited number of obsidian geological sources in the region, combined with the relatively homogeneous nature of obsidian and the increased use of new techniques for conducting compositional analysis in the field, has facilitated an accurate sourcing of obsidian artefacts from sites in the region. This article presents the compositional results of 203 obsidian artefacts recovered from seven Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE) sites from the Great Hungarian Plain. Compositional results of the archaeological specimens obtained with a Bruker portable X-ray fluorescence device (p-XRF) were compared with obsidian geological compositional data to determine artefact provenance. By sourcing the obsidian chipped stone tools, it is possible to reconstruct prehistoric patterns of exploitation/exchange and to note how these patterns vary throughout the Plain. The results illustrate that the majority of the studied artefacts originated from the Carpathian 1 source and only a limited number of samples came from the Carpathian 2E and Carpathian 2T sources. Based on this preliminary study, the variation in geological source exploitation may be linked to socio-cultural practices that differentiated the Tisza and Herpály archaeological units during the Late Neolithic. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● Online First Danielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural Implications Online First Nandris, 1977; Williams Thorpe, 1978; Williams Thorpe et al., 1984). Four major sources are known in the region: Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian 3 (Figure 1). While technology has significantly improved making it possible to inexpensively carry out compositional analysis in the field, p-XRF analysis of obsidian from prehistoric sites in Hungary has not been published previously. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, to identify if different patterns of obsidian exploitation occurred during the Late Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain and if so, what social implications can be discerned from the variability. Secondly, while site-specific studies are essential, it is necessary to contextualize the sites and their assemblages within a regional framework. Through p-XRF analysis of obsidian, it is possible to use the analytical results to begin reconstructing regional systems of interaction and model socio-cultural developments in the past. As part of an ongoing research project that is investigating the extent to which regional interactions impacts socio-cultural boundaries in the past, obsidian specimens from seven Late Neolithic sites located on the Great Hungarian Plain were selected for p-XRF compositional analysis. The following results are preliminary in scope but illustrate the success
对从东欧和巴尔干地区的史前遗址中发现的碎石制工具进行了重要的考古研究。该区域的黑曜石地质来源数量有限，加上黑曜石的性质相对均匀，以及在实地进行成分分析的新技术的使用增加，促进了从该区域各遗址准确地获取黑曜石人工制品。本文介绍了在匈牙利平原的7个新石器时代晚期(公元前5000 - 4500年)遗址中发现的203件黑曜石文物的成分结果。用Bruker便携式x射线荧光仪(p-XRF)获得的考古标本的成分结果与黑曜石地质成分数据进行了比较，以确定人工制品的来源。通过寻找黑曜石凿成的石器，有可能重建史前的开发/交换模式，并注意到这些模式在整个平原上的变化。结果表明，研究的人工制品大部分来自喀尔巴阡山脉1期，只有少数样品来自喀尔巴阡山脉2期和2期。根据这一初步研究，地质资源开发的变化可能与新石器时代晚期Tisza和Herpály考古单位的社会文化实践有关。Danielle J. Riebe:从匈牙利平原新石器时代晚期的遗址中寻找黑曜石:初步的p-XRF成分结果和社会文化含义。威廉姆斯·索普，1978;Williams Thorpe et al.， 1984)。该地区已知有四个主要的黑曜岩来源:喀尔巴阡山脉1号、喀尔巴阡山脉2E号、喀尔巴阡山脉2T号和喀尔巴阡山脉3号(图1)。虽然技术有了显著的进步，使得在现场进行廉价的成分分析成为可能，但对匈牙利史前遗址的黑曜岩进行p-XRF分析之前尚未发表。因此，本文的目的是双重的:首先，确定在新石器时代晚期，大匈牙利平原上是否发生了不同的黑曜石开采模式，如果是这样，从这种变化中可以看出什么社会含义。第二，虽然具体地点的研究是必要的，但有必要将这些地点及其组合置于区域框架内。通过对黑曜石的p-XRF分析，可以利用分析结果开始重建过去的相互作用区域系统和模拟社会文化发展。作为一项正在进行的研究项目的一部分，该项目正在调查过去区域相互作用对社会文化边界的影响程度，研究人员选择了位于大匈牙利平原的七个新石器时代晚期遗址的黑曜石标本进行p-XRF成分分析。以下结果是初步的，但说明了成分分析在重建新石器时代晚期区域相互作用方面的成功，包括大匈牙利平原上的物质开发和交换。
{"title":"Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural Implications","authors":"D. Riebe","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Significant archaeological research has been conducted on chipped stone tools recovered from prehistoric sites throughout Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The limited number of obsidian geological sources in the region, combined with the relatively homogeneous nature of obsidian and the increased use of new techniques for conducting compositional analysis in the field, has facilitated an accurate sourcing of obsidian artefacts from sites in the region. This article presents the compositional results of 203 obsidian artefacts recovered from seven Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE) sites from the Great Hungarian Plain. Compositional results of the archaeological specimens obtained with a Bruker portable X-ray fluorescence device (p-XRF) were compared with obsidian geological compositional data to determine artefact provenance. By sourcing the obsidian chipped stone tools, it is possible to reconstruct prehistoric patterns of exploitation/exchange and to note how these patterns vary throughout the Plain. The results illustrate that the majority of the studied artefacts originated from the Carpathian 1 source and only a limited number of samples came from the Carpathian 2E and Carpathian 2T sources. Based on this preliminary study, the variation in geological source exploitation may be linked to socio-cultural practices that differentiated the Tisza and Herpály archaeological units during the Late Neolithic. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● Online First Danielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural Implications Online First Nandris, 1977; Williams Thorpe, 1978; Williams Thorpe et al., 1984). Four major sources are known in the region: Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian 3 (Figure 1). While technology has significantly improved making it possible to inexpensively carry out compositional analysis in the field, p-XRF analysis of obsidian from prehistoric sites in Hungary has not been published previously. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, to identify if different patterns of obsidian exploitation occurred during the Late Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain and if so, what social implications can be discerned from the variability. Secondly, while site-specific studies are essential, it is necessary to contextualize the sites and their assemblages within a regional framework. Through p-XRF analysis of obsidian, it is possible to use the analytical results to begin reconstructing regional systems of interaction and model socio-cultural developments in the past. As part of an ongoing research project that is investigating the extent to which regional interactions impacts socio-cultural boundaries in the past, obsidian specimens from seven Late Neolithic sites located on the Great Hungarian Plain were selected for p-XRF compositional analysis. The following results are preliminary in scope but illustrate the success ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"48 1","pages":"113-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75044566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andreas G Heiss, A. Galik, M. Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, S. Ladstätter
Bioarchaeological research in Austria has largely been characterised by the lack of institutionalisation for nearly a century. In contrast to the long tradition of biological anthropology research facilities, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological positions only became established in a period from the 1970s till the early 1990s. Forming a cornerstone of the Austrian Archaeological Institute’s integration process into the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the establishment of ÖAI’s Department for Bioarchaeology in 2016 marks the first time in 40 years that such a bioarchaeological research unit has been successfully established as new. The department unites researchers in archaeobotany, archaeozoology and biological anthropology under the same roof, and is embedded into the research infrastructure of the country’s largest non-university research institution. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 167–175 Andreas G. Heiss, Alfred Galik, Michelle Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, Sabine Ladstätter: The Department for Bioarchaeology at the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) 168 disciplinary and methodological borders. Aside from the positive effects on communication and cooperation between the Department for Bioarchaeology and all historical-cultural units of the institute, synergies with the Department for Restoration and Conservation have proven to be extremely beneficial, due to the exchange of ideas, the possibility of supporting bioarchaeological work and archiving with the latest material knowledge, and the general optimization of workflows. This fact ensures a high degree of efficiency in the development and implementation of bioarchaeological and prehistorical and historical research aspects and strategies. Cross-disciplinary collaborations within the institute have led to rather unexpected and extremely useful outcomes, one of them being the generation of photogrammetric models of charred organic food remains (Heiss et al., 2019b; 2019c). The Department for Bioarchaeology encompasses three Research Groups (RG): RG Anthropology and Necropoleis, RG Archaeozoology, and RG Archaeobotany. In contrast to other institutions, the department is decidedly not intended as a mere biosciences service centre (or “Core Facility” as termed in Austrian academia). Quite the contrary, aside from the close integration into the ÖAI’s excavations with a focus on classical archaeology, the department’s three research groups have their own distinct diachronic and interdisciplinary research agendas. While there is more information on the ÖAI website regarding the research groups (see below for links), we will present some of the research underway at the Department for Bioarchaeology by geographical area. 3. Geographical areas of research 3.1 Central Europe A major highlight is the role of the ÖAI in the joint efforts to reinstate the Austrian research of prehistoric lakeshore settlements (UNESCO World Heritage “Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps”),
近一个世纪以来，奥地利的生物考古研究在很大程度上以缺乏制度化为特征。与生物人类学研究设施的悠久传统相比，考古植物学和考古职位只是在20世纪70年代至90年代初才建立起来的。作为奥地利考古研究所融入奥地利科学院进程的基石，2016年建立的ÖAI生物考古部门标志着40年来第一次成功建立这样一个新的生物考古研究单位。该部门将考古植物学、考古动物学和生物人类学的研究人员聚集在同一个屋檐下，并嵌入到该国最大的非大学研究机构的研究基础设施中。IANSA 2019●X/2●167-175 Andreas G. Heiss, Alfred Galik, Michelle Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, Sabine Ladstätter:奥地利考古研究所生物考古学系(ÖAI)，奥地利科学院(ÖAW) 168学科和方法边界。除了对生物考古部与研究所所有历史文化单位之间的交流与合作产生积极影响外，由于思想交流，支持生物考古工作和最新材料知识存档的可能性以及工作流程的总体优化，与恢复和保护部的协同作用已被证明是非常有益的。这一事实确保了生物考古、史前和历史研究方面和战略的发展和实施的高度效率。该研究所的跨学科合作产生了意想不到的、非常有用的成果，其中之一是烧焦有机食品残留物的摄影测量模型的生成(Heiss等人，2019b;2019 c)。生物考古部门包括三个研究小组(RG): RG人类学和墓地，RG考古动物学和RG考古植物学。与其他机构相比，该部门显然不打算仅仅作为生物科学服务中心(或奥地利学术界称为“核心设施”)。恰恰相反，除了与ÖAI的发掘紧密结合，以古典考古学为重点，该系的三个研究小组有自己独特的历时性和跨学科的研究议程。虽然在ÖAI网站上有更多关于研究小组的信息(见下面的链接)，但我们将按地理区域介绍生物考古部门正在进行的一些研究。3.一个主要亮点是ÖAI在恢复奥地利史前湖岸定居点研究(联合国教科文组织世界遗产“阿尔卑斯山周围的史前堆屋”)的共同努力中的作用，由Pfahlbauten博物馆和上奥地利联邦博物馆促进和指导(Heiss和Jakobitsch, 2018)。在“Zeitensprung”和“Beyond Lake Villages”(FWF I-1693)项目的框架内，正在分析水下挖掘和腹地定居点的植物遗骸，目的是重建新石器时代定居者的定居活动、经济、营养和土地利用模式(Jakobitsch等人，2019a)。这项研究还得到了对奥地利、瑞士和德国西南部湖岸定居点新石器时代晚期食物遗迹的调查的补充(Heiss, 2017b;Heiss等人，2017a;Heiss等人，提交)，以及对同一地区新石器时代渔业经济的广泛研究(Galik, 2009)。后者长期以来一直是人们所渴望的，因为史前捕鱼的证据仍然很少，迫切需要新的数据(Galik, 1999;2008年;2008 b;2013;Galik et al.， 2015;Galik and k<e:1> chelmann, 2008;Galik et al.， 2011;Haidvogl等，2013;Ilon等人，2017;Yurtseva et al.， 2013;Yurtseva et al.， 2015)。最近启动的一个项目将考古植物学、考古鱼类学和古卫生学研究结合起来，对斯洛文尼亚卢布尔雅斯科巴耶河(Ljubljansko barje) Črnelnik和Stare gmajne新石器时代堆居点堆屋的狗粪便进行调查，突出了鱼在家养狗饮食中的作用(Tolar和Galik, 2019)。渔业和捕鱼的历史通常标志着对a . Galik工作的强烈研究兴趣。这是一个深受方法选择影响的主题，因为在挖掘中只使用手工挑选而不是干燥湿筛沉淀物样本时，通常非常小的鱼骨经常被忽略(Bartosiewicz, 1988;De Cupere et al.， 1995;Schmölcke and Heinrich, 2006)。
{"title":"The Department for Bioarchaeology at the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW)","authors":"Andreas G Heiss, A. Galik, M. Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, S. Ladstätter","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Bioarchaeological research in Austria has largely been characterised by the lack of institutionalisation for nearly a century. In contrast to the long tradition of biological anthropology research facilities, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological positions only became established in a period from the 1970s till the early 1990s. Forming a cornerstone of the Austrian Archaeological Institute’s integration process into the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the establishment of ÖAI’s Department for Bioarchaeology in 2016 marks the first time in 40 years that such a bioarchaeological research unit has been successfully established as new. The department unites researchers in archaeobotany, archaeozoology and biological anthropology under the same roof, and is embedded into the research infrastructure of the country’s largest non-university research institution. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 167–175 Andreas G. Heiss, Alfred Galik, Michelle Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, Sabine Ladstätter: The Department for Bioarchaeology at the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) 168 disciplinary and methodological borders. Aside from the positive effects on communication and cooperation between the Department for Bioarchaeology and all historical-cultural units of the institute, synergies with the Department for Restoration and Conservation have proven to be extremely beneficial, due to the exchange of ideas, the possibility of supporting bioarchaeological work and archiving with the latest material knowledge, and the general optimization of workflows. This fact ensures a high degree of efficiency in the development and implementation of bioarchaeological and prehistorical and historical research aspects and strategies. Cross-disciplinary collaborations within the institute have led to rather unexpected and extremely useful outcomes, one of them being the generation of photogrammetric models of charred organic food remains (Heiss et al., 2019b; 2019c). The Department for Bioarchaeology encompasses three Research Groups (RG): RG Anthropology and Necropoleis, RG Archaeozoology, and RG Archaeobotany. In contrast to other institutions, the department is decidedly not intended as a mere biosciences service centre (or “Core Facility” as termed in Austrian academia). Quite the contrary, aside from the close integration into the ÖAI’s excavations with a focus on classical archaeology, the department’s three research groups have their own distinct diachronic and interdisciplinary research agendas. While there is more information on the ÖAI website regarding the research groups (see below for links), we will present some of the research underway at the Department for Bioarchaeology by geographical area. 3. Geographical areas of research 3.1 Central Europe A major highlight is the role of the ÖAI in the joint efforts to reinstate the Austrian research of prehistoric lakeshore settlements (UNESCO World Heritage “Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps”), ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"21 1","pages":"167-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85963823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article offers thoughts on how current trends are changing the traditional objective of aerial prospection – prehistoric and ancient sites detection and the photographic record – into a more complex aim, namely, the integration of a variety of modern digitally-based, remote-sensing techniques applicable to archaeology into a process that focuses on the study of diachronic developments and synchronic patterns of past settlements. The author presents an evaluation of the current position of remote sensing in the study of the past, mainly from a central European (Czech) perspective, based on his long-term involvement in air survey and landscape archaeology in the Czech Republic. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 155–164 Martin Gojda: Current Development in Archaeological Remote Sensing: A Central European Experience and Evaluation 156 generally allows us to reflect on its complexity. This is true at least when looking at such an intricate component of the world like the Earth’s surface. Its infinitely long evolution has been continually influenced by natural (geologic, climatic, biological) processes, and which human impact has then transformed from what used to be entirely natural into a cultural landscape. These processes have shaped the surface of the Earth and continuously transformed its seemingly stable and unchanging character. The role of archaeology in contemporary Europe has shifted from the more traditional stress on investigation through the excavation of individual sites potentially rich in artefacts/structures/features towards the identification, documentation, mapping and protection of archaeological landscapes for both research objectives and public interest. This orientation corresponds well to the “landscape stream”, one of the most fascinating phenomena, that has attracted recent populations, at least on a European scale. Several works summarising the academic approaches to landscape, and defining the principles of landscape archaeology, have been published since the beginning of this century (e.g., Doneus, 2013, pp.29–38; Fairclough, Møller, eds., 2008; Gojda, 2007; Darvill, Gojda, eds., 2001). This archaeological practice has been more common in Western European countries, but thanks to the increasing number of pan-European projects operating in EU schemes, and due to a certain number of large-scale, state-funded, national research projects in some post-communist countries, it has recently been spreading over this part of Europe as well. Consequently it is non-invasive methods of archaeological research which, since the turn of the 21st century, have taken over the main role in theoretically-motivated (research) projects based on data collected from sites that are not endangered by development. This was explicitly proclaimed as a postulate in the early 1990s when the priority of non-invasive methods was stressed as a point of archaeological ethics at the Valetta Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe. Never
本文提供了一些关于当前趋势如何将传统的航空勘探目标——史前和古代遗址探测和摄影记录——转变为更复杂的目标的想法，即将各种适用于考古学的现代数字化遥感技术整合到一个专注于研究过去定居点的历时发展和共时模式的过程中。作者主要从中欧(捷克)的角度，根据他长期参与捷克共和国的空中调查和景观考古工作，对遥感在过去研究中的当前地位进行了评价。IANSA 2019●X/2●155-164 Martin Gojda:考古遥感的当前发展:中欧经验和评估156一般让我们反思其复杂性。至少在观察地球表面这样一个复杂的组成部分时，这是正确的。它无限漫长的演变一直受到自然(地质、气候、生物)过程的不断影响，而人类的影响又使它从过去完全自然的地方变成了文化景观。这些过程塑造了地球的表面，并不断地改变着它看似稳定不变的特性。在当代欧洲，考古学的角色已经从传统上强调通过挖掘可能富含人工制品/结构/特征的个别遗址进行调查，转向为研究目标和公众利益而识别、记录、绘制和保护考古景观。这种方向与“景观流”非常吻合，这是最迷人的现象之一，吸引了最近的人口，至少在欧洲范围内是这样。自本世纪初以来，已经出版了几部总结景观学术方法并定义景观考古学原则的作品(例如，Doneus, 2013, pp.29-38;费尔克劳，m . ller，编。, 2008;Gojda, 2007;达维尔，戈伊达，编。, 2001)。这种考古实践在西欧国家更为普遍，但由于越来越多的泛欧项目在欧盟计划中运作，以及由于一些后共产主义国家中有一定数量的大型，国家资助的国家研究项目，它最近也在欧洲的这一部分蔓延开来。因此，自21世纪以来，它是非侵入性的考古研究方法，在基于从未受开发威胁的遗址收集的数据的理论动机(研究)项目中占据了主要地位。20世纪90年代初，在《保护欧洲考古遗产瓦莱塔公约》(Valetta Convention for the Protection of archaeological Heritage)中，非侵入性方法的优先地位被强调为考古伦理的一个要点，这一点被明确地宣布为一项假设。然而，尽管全球趋势表明非侵入性勘探和实地技术占主导地位，但在欧洲中心地区，挖掘仍然是最常用的考古方法，主要是作为对自1990年以来不断大规模威胁考古遗产的永久性建筑活动的法律支持。关于非侵入性方法，从历史的角度来看，ARS可能是最重要的。它是为数不多的对研究和理解人类过去的古代和历史(中世纪、后中世纪、工业、早期现代)时期做出贡献的技术之一。例如，人们将ARS纳入沉降过程研究的重要性与用于研究外层空间的望远镜的发明相提并论。在收集/处理/解释考古数据的方法中，RS具有很高的意义，与放射性碳测年、数字数据库、DNA分析和GIS齐名。在20世纪60年代末和70年代初，利奥·迪尔(Leo Deuel)在他的名著《飞向昨天》(Flights into Yesterday)中谈到了空中考古，他声称“……考古学中没有任何其他技术进步能如此接近于实现恢复复杂的文化背景、瞥见整个史前景观和通过时间的流逝捕捉人类存在的结构的目标”(Deuel, 1973，第26页)。2.2 1990年代至2000年代的转变:从航空考古到考古遥感最近的技术发展影响了几个考古分支，很明显，考古研究所从现代技术中获益良多:在过去三十年中发明和生产的创新仪器、装置和技术。正是在这一时期，作者在波希米亚建立了空中考古学，并推动将这一学科纳入捷克考古学。 能够使用复杂的软件和数字图像
{"title":"Current Development in Archaeological Remote Sensing: A Central European Experience and Evaluation","authors":"M. Gojda, Poland Warszawa","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers thoughts on how current trends are changing the traditional objective of aerial prospection – prehistoric and ancient sites detection and the photographic record – into a more complex aim, namely, the integration of a variety of modern digitally-based, remote-sensing techniques applicable to archaeology into a process that focuses on the study of diachronic developments and synchronic patterns of past settlements. The author presents an evaluation of the current position of remote sensing in the study of the past, mainly from a central European (Czech) perspective, based on his long-term involvement in air survey and landscape archaeology in the Czech Republic. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 155–164 Martin Gojda: Current Development in Archaeological Remote Sensing: A Central European Experience and Evaluation 156 generally allows us to reflect on its complexity. This is true at least when looking at such an intricate component of the world like the Earth’s surface. Its infinitely long evolution has been continually influenced by natural (geologic, climatic, biological) processes, and which human impact has then transformed from what used to be entirely natural into a cultural landscape. These processes have shaped the surface of the Earth and continuously transformed its seemingly stable and unchanging character. The role of archaeology in contemporary Europe has shifted from the more traditional stress on investigation through the excavation of individual sites potentially rich in artefacts/structures/features towards the identification, documentation, mapping and protection of archaeological landscapes for both research objectives and public interest. This orientation corresponds well to the “landscape stream”, one of the most fascinating phenomena, that has attracted recent populations, at least on a European scale. Several works summarising the academic approaches to landscape, and defining the principles of landscape archaeology, have been published since the beginning of this century (e.g., Doneus, 2013, pp.29–38; Fairclough, Møller, eds., 2008; Gojda, 2007; Darvill, Gojda, eds., 2001). This archaeological practice has been more common in Western European countries, but thanks to the increasing number of pan-European projects operating in EU schemes, and due to a certain number of large-scale, state-funded, national research projects in some post-communist countries, it has recently been spreading over this part of Europe as well. Consequently it is non-invasive methods of archaeological research which, since the turn of the 21st century, have taken over the main role in theoretically-motivated (research) projects based on data collected from sites that are not endangered by development. This was explicitly proclaimed as a postulate in the early 1990s when the priority of non-invasive methods was stressed as a point of archaeological ethics at the Valetta Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe. Never","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"43 1","pages":"155-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75813632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Braadbaart, A. Sarpaki, H. Veld, B. Os, Tsikalarion Rd. Tsikalaria Souda Crete Greece Independent scholar, Daltonlaan Bk Utrecht Netherlands Deltares, Smallepad Mg Amersfoort Netherlands Archaeology
{"title":"Charred Organic Material, Heated by Anthropogenic Fires and Hot Volcanic Products from the Minoan Eruption, Excavated from the Bronze Age Site of Akrotiri on the Cycladic Island of Thera (Greece)","authors":"F. Braadbaart, A. Sarpaki, H. Veld, B. Os, Tsikalarion Rd. Tsikalaria Souda Crete Greece Independent scholar, Daltonlaan Bk Utrecht Netherlands Deltares, Smallepad Mg Amersfoort Netherlands Archaeology","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"27 1","pages":"129-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88938668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irrespective of the reason for breaking usual burial customs, mass graves represent a valuable archive of population data over a short period, and thus offer a vast amount of information for bioarchaeological research. Herein, we present a selective review of research on past epidemic and famine die-offs and of new interdisciplinary approaches in this field of study. We summarize the discoveries of epidemicand famine-related graves that are temporally and spatially restricted to the medieval/early modern Czech territory, paying special attention to recently unearthed mass burials in Kutná Hora-Sedlec. These burial pits are historically and contextually associated with a famine in the early 14th century and with the Black Death in the mid-14th century. To our knowledge, they represent the largest set of medieval mass graves not only in the Czech Republic but also on a European scale. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 79–87 Hana Brzobohatá, Jan Frolík, Eliška Zazvonilová: Bioarchaeology of Past Epidemicand Famine-Related Mass Burials with Respect to Recent Findings from the Czech Republic 80 samples have shown an increased mortality in non-adults (Geber, 2014), and chronologically younger datasets indicate increased mortality at both extremes of the age spectrum, i.e. children and in elderly persons (Morgan, 2013). As for the epidemic mortality, the most lethal killer – plague – was not selective for sex and male/female ratios of plague burial grounds did not significantly differ from preand post-epidemic cemeteries (Signoli et al., 2002; De Witte, 2009). Less frequently, excess female mortality was documented in both urban and rural contexts (Curtis, Roosen, 2017). Another of the factors explored and potentially impacting plague mortality profiles was ageat-death, and DeWitte (2010a) has shown that older adults showed somewhat higher risks of dying during the epidemic compared to the younger. In general, two different types of mortality can be found in skeletal assemblages: catastrophic and attritional (Margerison, Knüsel, 2002). A high percentage of infant deaths, a low number of adolescent deaths, and an increasing mortality rate throughout adulthood would be consistent with attritional (normal) mortality, while an increased risk of death occurring in all age categories reflects a short-term catastrophe (Gowland, Chamberlain, 2005). If the population was affected by an epidemic, deceased individuals were often buried in mass graves because there was not the time, nor space to bury them individually. If the epidemic killed people indiscriminately regardless of age and sex, then the mass graves would represent an unbiased sample of the population. However, the results of different studies (e.g. DeWitte, 2010b; Galanaud et al., 2015; Crespo, Lawrenz, 2016) have shown that this is not the case, but rather, that susceptibility to death varies during sudden events such as epidemics, which have been referred to as heterogeneity in frailty (Wood et al., 1992). Recent
不管打破通常的埋葬习俗的原因是什么，万人坑代表了短期内人口数据的宝贵档案，从而为生物考古研究提供了大量信息。在此，我们对过去流行病和饥荒死亡的研究以及这一研究领域的新跨学科方法进行了选择性回顾。我们总结了与流行病饥荒有关的坟墓的发现，这些坟墓在时间和空间上都局限于中世纪/现代早期的捷克领土，特别注意最近在库特纳<e:1>霍拉-塞德莱克出土的大规模墓葬。这些埋葬坑在历史上和语境上都与14世纪早期的饥荒和14世纪中期的黑死病有关。据我们所知，它们不仅是捷克共和国，而且是欧洲规模最大的中世纪乱葬坑。Hana brzobohat<e:1>， Jan Frolík, Eliška zazvonilov<e:1>:与捷克共和国最近发现的80个样本相比，过去流行病和饥荒相关的大规模埋葬的生物考古学表明，非成年人的死亡率有所增加(Geber, 2014)，年龄更小的数据集表明，年龄范围的两个极端，即儿童和老年人的死亡率都有所增加(Morgan, 2013)。至于流行病死亡率，最致命的杀手——鼠疫——对性别没有选择性，鼠疫墓地的男女比例与流行病前和后的墓地没有显著差异(Signoli等人，2002;De Witte, 2009)。在不太常见的情况下，城市和农村都记录了过高的女性死亡率(Curtis, Roosen, 2017)。另一个探索并可能影响鼠疫死亡率概况的因素是年龄死亡，DeWitte (2010a)表明，与年轻人相比，老年人在疫情期间的死亡风险更高。一般来说，在骨骼组合中可以发现两种不同类型的死亡:灾难性和减损性(Margerison, kn<s:1> sel, 2002)。婴儿死亡率高，青少年死亡率低，整个成年期死亡率不断上升，这与消耗(正常)死亡率是一致的，而所有年龄组的死亡风险增加反映了短期灾难(Gowland, Chamberlain, 2005年)。如果人口受到流行病的影响，死者往往被埋在乱葬坑里，因为没有时间和空间单独埋葬他们。如果流行病不分年龄和性别不分青红皂白地杀死人，那么万人坑就代表了人口的公正样本。然而，不同的研究结果(如DeWitte, 2010b;Galanaud et al.， 2015;Crespo, Lawrenz, 2016)的研究表明，事实并非如此，而是在流行病等突发事件中，对死亡的易感性有所不同，这被称为脆弱性的异质性(Wood等人，1992)。最近的研究表明，最严重的人口危机之一，黑死病，造成了选择性死亡，并消除了最脆弱的人口(DeWitte, 2016)。脆弱的概念被定义为对压力源抵抗力下降的一种状态(Fried et al.， 2001)，在最近的几项生物考古研究中得到了讨论(DeWitte, Wood, 2008;DeWitte, 2010 b)。在流行病学研究中通常用于评估虚弱的因素通常在骨骼遗骸中无法观察到。在考古种群中，只有骨骼和牙齿的应激指标表明个体的病理状况。Marklein etal .(2016)提出了一种基于评估生物考古种群脆弱性的方法，即骨骼脆弱指数(SFI)。这种方法根据13种骨骼和牙齿指标的存在与否为人群中的每个人提供了一个脆弱评分。这种方法应该能更好地了解过去种群的整体健康状况，而不是简单地测量死亡率(Marklein et al.， 2016)。人口构成和骨骼应力指标对于更好地了解健康和死亡率至关重要。通过比较被埋在普通(正常)和乱葬坑中的个体的应激指标(如眶膜、线性牙釉质发育不全、骨膜新生骨形成)的流行程度，可以确定应激水平和死亡风险。在万人坑中，应激性损伤的患病率预计会更高。然而，应激性损伤与死亡率之间的关系并不直接，这证明了骨学悖论现象(Wood et al.， 1992;DeWitte, Stojanowski, 2015)。应激性病变的存在并不一定意味着个体比没有应激性病变的个体更健康，而是一些没有应激性病变的个体在应激反应到骨骼之前就死亡了。 最容易检测到的骨骼标记需要几个星期才能形成;因此，我们可以假设有病变的个体至少存活了这么长时间。骨骼对压力的反应比软组织慢。因此，压力指标的存在表明严重或长期的压力。与其比较骨骼应力指标的流行程度，不如从死亡率及其对生存率的影响来评估它们(Temple, Goodman, 2014)。在万人坑的情况下，文化或历史背景可以帮助我们了解压力更大的人是否更脆弱。虽然疾病流行人口的人口构成不同于非流行病人口，但一些因素可以影响所检查样本的年龄分布。影响婴儿骨骼遗骸的语音学因素可能使它们在考古记录中不可见，从而影响最终的分布。当历史和文化条件未知，只有人口构成可以作为人口危机的证据时，骨骼保存的差异可能会扭曲结果，类似于消耗死亡率(Margerison, kn<s:1> sel, 2002;Kyle et al.， 2018)。老化在生物考古研究中提出了进一步的问题。保存不良的骨骼，对老年人的系统性低估，或影响骨骼老化的环境，是使成年人死亡年龄估计复杂化的一些因素(Cave, Oxenham, 2016)。此外，使用年龄估计方法的不一致会在比较墓地或其明显的正常死亡率时造成问题(Bramanti等人，2018)。然而，通过结合社会科学和生物科学的方法来研究历史万人坑，我们可以更彻底地解释骨头中保存的信息，并且由于这种跨学科的方法，我们可以更好地重建灾难时期的日常生活。2. 以前对古代疾病发作的研究在很大程度上仅依赖历史和考古数据，如骨骼、木乃伊遗骸、古代文本、教堂记录、埋葬登记册和艺术作品(Mitchell, 2011;Signoli, 2012;Smith et al.， 2012)。然而，这些时代最常见的感染在骨学上是看不见的，书面记录往往是不准确的。因此，不可能参加IANSA 2019●X/1●79-87 Hana brzobohat<e:1>， Jan Frolík, Eliška zazvonilov<e:1>:过去流行病与饥荒相关的集体埋葬的生物考古学与捷克共和国的最新发现81过去许多流行病的现代生物学诊断。到中世纪时期，大多数急性传染病在旧大陆是普遍存在的，并形成了不同的流行病周期，主要影响幼儿(Crawford, 2007年)。考虑到中世纪城镇的关键环境和流行病学因素，几乎所有微生物和病毒的传播途径都因卫生条件差、水污染和人口过多而更加便利。虽然工业化前许多最严重的流行病似乎是由黑死病引起的，但被称为“瘟疫”的流行病的范围要大得多(Alfani, Murphy, 2017)。被同时代人称为“虫害”或“瘟疫”的流行病的原因必须单独调查，因为不能假设一个地方的“瘟疫”与其他地方的“瘟疫”是由相同的特定微生物剂引起的，即使在黑死病期间也是如此(Carmichael, 2008年)。特别是，因营养不良/饥饿而虚弱的人群很容易死于流感、斑疹伤寒、痢疾、天花、伤寒、回复热或另一种高传染性病原体(Smith等人，2012;Andam et al.， 2016;Guellil et al.， 2018)。长期以来，研究历史流行组合的学者们最感兴趣的话题是确定黑死病的致病生物(Beauchamp, 201
{"title":"Bioarchaeology of Past Epidemic- and Famine-Related Mass Burials with Respect to Recent Findings from the Czech Republic","authors":"H. Brzobohatá, J. Frolík, Eliška Zazvonilová","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Irrespective of the reason for breaking usual burial customs, mass graves represent a valuable archive of population data over a short period, and thus offer a vast amount of information for bioarchaeological research. Herein, we present a selective review of research on past epidemic and famine die-offs and of new interdisciplinary approaches in this field of study. We summarize the discoveries of epidemicand famine-related graves that are temporally and spatially restricted to the medieval/early modern Czech territory, paying special attention to recently unearthed mass burials in Kutná Hora-Sedlec. These burial pits are historically and contextually associated with a famine in the early 14th century and with the Black Death in the mid-14th century. To our knowledge, they represent the largest set of medieval mass graves not only in the Czech Republic but also on a European scale. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 79–87 Hana Brzobohatá, Jan Frolík, Eliška Zazvonilová: Bioarchaeology of Past Epidemicand Famine-Related Mass Burials with Respect to Recent Findings from the Czech Republic 80 samples have shown an increased mortality in non-adults (Geber, 2014), and chronologically younger datasets indicate increased mortality at both extremes of the age spectrum, i.e. children and in elderly persons (Morgan, 2013). As for the epidemic mortality, the most lethal killer – plague – was not selective for sex and male/female ratios of plague burial grounds did not significantly differ from preand post-epidemic cemeteries (Signoli et al., 2002; De Witte, 2009). Less frequently, excess female mortality was documented in both urban and rural contexts (Curtis, Roosen, 2017). Another of the factors explored and potentially impacting plague mortality profiles was ageat-death, and DeWitte (2010a) has shown that older adults showed somewhat higher risks of dying during the epidemic compared to the younger. In general, two different types of mortality can be found in skeletal assemblages: catastrophic and attritional (Margerison, Knüsel, 2002). A high percentage of infant deaths, a low number of adolescent deaths, and an increasing mortality rate throughout adulthood would be consistent with attritional (normal) mortality, while an increased risk of death occurring in all age categories reflects a short-term catastrophe (Gowland, Chamberlain, 2005). If the population was affected by an epidemic, deceased individuals were often buried in mass graves because there was not the time, nor space to bury them individually. If the epidemic killed people indiscriminately regardless of age and sex, then the mass graves would represent an unbiased sample of the population. However, the results of different studies (e.g. DeWitte, 2010b; Galanaud et al., 2015; Crespo, Lawrenz, 2016) have shown that this is not the case, but rather, that susceptibility to death varies during sudden events such as epidemics, which have been referred to as heterogeneity in frailty (Wood et al., 1992). Recent ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76042918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interdisciplinary Research at the Department of Archaeology, Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Králové","authors":"Richard Thér","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75470157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Končelová, M. Midgley, J. Rulf, M. Zápotocká, I. Pavlů, Hradec Králové Czech Republic
This article examines the distribution of Neolithic finds in the fillings of features with different functions (settlement pits, rondel ditches, enclosure) in the Bylany 4 microarea, Kutná Hora district, Czech Republic. We investigate the nature of their extinction or the emergence of fills. The vertical structure of archaeological finds (pottery and non-pottery) deposited in the sediments of various features was monitored in terms of five attributes. Based on the different structures of the fills of archaeological features, it is evident that the structure of the horizontal or vertical distribution of findings in their fills can yield information about the creation of the finding assemblages. It also reflects the dynamics of the development of anthropogenic activities in the vicinity of the features. In terms of methodology, the work follows up on the general theory of formative processes, while their natural and cultural transformations are discussed at a more detailed level of specific forms. It is necessary to consistently distinguish between the behaviour of clay sediments and the actual artefacts stored therein. It is further necessary to individually evaluate the specific natural conditions of deposition at a specific site as well as the variable cultural roles of individual features. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 29–51 Markéta Končelová, Magdalena Midgley†, Jan Rulf†, Marie Zápotocká, Ivan Pavlů: The Vertical Structure of Neolithic Finds in the Fills of Archaeological Features 30 were interfering with this large enclosure in its southern part (Figure 2). The entire course of both rondels determined geophysically (Mayer, 1995; Křivánek, 2015) pointed to a close spatial relationship between these two bodies, as on Site I in Kolín (Šumberová, ed., 2012; Řídký et al., 2014; 2019). Large-scale excavation of the ditches in Bylany did not take place until 1990–1993. The goal of the grant project was to explore rondel 4/1 and its chronological and cultural relationship with the local settlement and the biritual cemetery of the Stroked Pottery culture in Miskovice. The research focused on several key areas of the rondel site1 and was supervised by several experts2. The results of the project were subsequently published, with each of the coauthors separately addressing the issue of the functional interpretation of the rondel (Pavlů, Rulf, Zápotocká, 1995, pp.97–98). Interpretation of the rondel phenomenon still 1 The individual excavated areas in the Bylany 4 microarea are identified in the following manner: 1991 – excavation in the southern entrance of Rondel 4/1, 1992a – excavation in the western part of the large enclosure (feature 1830), 1992b – excavation in the western entrance of Rondel 4/1, 1993 – excavation at the northern edge of the microarea. 2 I. Pavlů, (+) J. Rulf and M. Zápotocká cooperated in 1991 and 1992a areas. The research in 1992b and 1993 areas was led by (+) M. Midgley together with students from the University of Edinburgh. In 1991, th
{"title":"The Vertical Structure of Neolithic Finds in the Fills of Archaeological Features","authors":"M. Končelová, M. Midgley, J. Rulf, M. Zápotocká, I. Pavlů, Hradec Králové Czech Republic","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the distribution of Neolithic finds in the fillings of features with different functions (settlement pits, rondel ditches, enclosure) in the Bylany 4 microarea, Kutná Hora district, Czech Republic. We investigate the nature of their extinction or the emergence of fills. The vertical structure of archaeological finds (pottery and non-pottery) deposited in the sediments of various features was monitored in terms of five attributes. Based on the different structures of the fills of archaeological features, it is evident that the structure of the horizontal or vertical distribution of findings in their fills can yield information about the creation of the finding assemblages. It also reflects the dynamics of the development of anthropogenic activities in the vicinity of the features. In terms of methodology, the work follows up on the general theory of formative processes, while their natural and cultural transformations are discussed at a more detailed level of specific forms. It is necessary to consistently distinguish between the behaviour of clay sediments and the actual artefacts stored therein. It is further necessary to individually evaluate the specific natural conditions of deposition at a specific site as well as the variable cultural roles of individual features. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 29–51 Markéta Končelová, Magdalena Midgley†, Jan Rulf†, Marie Zápotocká, Ivan Pavlů: The Vertical Structure of Neolithic Finds in the Fills of Archaeological Features 30 were interfering with this large enclosure in its southern part (Figure 2). The entire course of both rondels determined geophysically (Mayer, 1995; Křivánek, 2015) pointed to a close spatial relationship between these two bodies, as on Site I in Kolín (Šumberová, ed., 2012; Řídký et al., 2014; 2019). Large-scale excavation of the ditches in Bylany did not take place until 1990–1993. The goal of the grant project was to explore rondel 4/1 and its chronological and cultural relationship with the local settlement and the biritual cemetery of the Stroked Pottery culture in Miskovice. The research focused on several key areas of the rondel site1 and was supervised by several experts2. The results of the project were subsequently published, with each of the coauthors separately addressing the issue of the functional interpretation of the rondel (Pavlů, Rulf, Zápotocká, 1995, pp.97–98). Interpretation of the rondel phenomenon still 1 The individual excavated areas in the Bylany 4 microarea are identified in the following manner: 1991 – excavation in the southern entrance of Rondel 4/1, 1992a – excavation in the western part of the large enclosure (feature 1830), 1992b – excavation in the western entrance of Rondel 4/1, 1993 – excavation at the northern edge of the microarea. 2 I. Pavlů, (+) J. Rulf and M. Zápotocká cooperated in 1991 and 1992a areas. The research in 1992b and 1993 areas was led by (+) M. Midgley together with students from the University of Edinburgh. In 1991, th","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74077060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zohreh Jozi, Z. Baluchestan, P. M. Khak, A. Nosrati
IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 65–75 Zohreh Jozi, Parasto Masjedi Khak, Alireza Nosrati: Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method 66 After Hisham, there began a decline of Umayyad rule, such that three caliphs, namely Walid ibn Yazid (746 AD/ 125 AH), Yazid ibn Walid (747 AD/126 AH), and Ibrahim bin Walid (747 AD/126 AH) came to power within only one year. Ultimately, the last Umayyad caliph came to rule, i.e. Marwan ibn Muhammad (748–753 AD/127–132 AH) and this dynasty came to an end after Marwan was defeated by the Abbasids. The last survivor of the Umayyads went to Andalusia (Spain) and founded the branch known as the Spanish Umayyads, which survived from 759 to 1043 AD/ 138 to 422 AH (Hawting, 1986, p.41). 2. Mint of coins in the Umayyad period In the Umayyad period, Muslims used Sassanian and Byzantine coins in their exchanges until the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Ibn KHaldun, 1980). Due to the neglect of governments, impure dinars and dirhams with a high degree of impurity became common ((Ibn Khaldun, 1980, 500), which was followed by Abd al-Malik’s command for minting coins for the first time in 695 AD/ 74 AH (Ibn al-Athir, 1987, p.167; Baladhuri, 1866, p.651). Today, the oldest coins remaining from Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan’s period date back to 699 AD/ 78 AH (Yousef Faraj Allah, 1985, p.37). Abd al-Malik appointed a steady carat for dirham and dinar and, accordingly, he put official currency with its own characteristics into operation and limited the right to mint coins by assigning it only to the state mints (Baladhuri, 1866, p.473). After Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the minting of coins in the periods of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz continued in the same way (Maqrizi, 1967, p.58). During the reign of Yazid bin Abd al-Malik (722–726 AD/ 101–105 AH), plenty of strict rules were applied to the weight of coins (Baladhuri, 1866, p.652). When Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik came to power (726–746 AD/ 105–125 AH), he closed the mints in all cities except Wasit; and dirham coins were minted only in Wasit (Maqrizi, 1967, p.16). This process continued until the period of Walid ibn Yazid and, during Marwan ibn Muhammad’s period (748–753 AD/ 127–132 AH), he – the last Umayyad caliph – also minted some dirhams in the Harran mint in addition to Wasit (Baladhuri, 1866, p.17). 3. Research background Several studies have been carried out in connection with coins pertaining to the early years of the Islamic era. In this regard, Ziad conducted his studies, where he collected a series of Umayyad silver coins that had been minted in the Wasit mint between 87 and 120 AH (708–741 AD), through the XRF method. His findings highlight the high quality of the coins minted in this mint, where he reported an average silver content of 94.71% in the coins. His studies showed that there was a clear tendency towards betterquality dirhams over time, which may be due to the high control and constraints on
Zohreh Jozi, Parasto Masjedi Khak, Alireza Nosrati:通过PIXE方法对倭马亚王朝时期银币的元素分析66希沙姆之后，倭马亚王朝的统治开始衰落，因此三位哈里发，即瓦利德伊本雅兹德(公元746年/ 125年)，雅兹德伊本瓦利德(公元747年/126年)和易卜拉欣本瓦利德(公元747年/126年)在短短一年内掌权。最终，最后一位倭马亚哈里发，即马尔万伊本穆罕默德(公元748-753年/回历127-132年)开始统治，这个王朝在马尔万被阿巴斯王朝击败后结束了。倭马亚人的最后一个幸存者去了安达卢西亚(西班牙)，建立了被称为西班牙倭马亚人的分支，从公元759年到1043年/公元138年到422年(Hawting, 1986年，第41页)。2. 在倭马亚王朝时期，穆斯林在交换中使用萨珊和拜占庭的硬币，直到Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan统治时期(ibn KHaldun, 1980)。由于政府的疏忽，不纯净的第纳尔和高度不纯净的迪拉姆变得普遍((Ibn Khaldun, 1980,500)，随后Abd al-Malik命令在公元695年/伊斯兰教74年首次铸造硬币(Ibn al-Athir, 1987, p.167;Baladhuri, 1866，第651页)。今天，Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan时期现存的最古老的硬币可以追溯到公元699年/伊斯兰历78年(Yousef Faraj Allah, 1985, p.37)。Abd al-Malik为迪拉姆和第纳尔指定了一个稳定的克拉，因此，他将具有自己特点的官方货币投入使用，并通过只指定给国家造币厂来限制铸造硬币的权利(Baladhuri, 1866，第473页)。在Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan之后，Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik和Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz时期的硬币铸造以同样的方式继续进行(Maqrizi, 1967, p.58)。在Yazid bin Abd al-Malik统治期间(公元722-726年/公元101-105年)，对硬币的重量实行了许多严格的规定(Baladhuri, 1866年，第652页)。当Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik掌权(公元726-746年/公元105-125年)时，他关闭了除Wasit以外所有城市的造币厂;迪拉姆硬币只在瓦西特铸造(Maqrizi, 1967，第16页)。这个过程一直持续到瓦利德·伊本·雅兹德时期，在马尔万·伊本·穆罕默德时期(公元748-753年/伊斯兰历127-132年)，他——最后一位倭马亚哈里发——除了在瓦西特之外，还在哈兰造币厂铸造了一些迪拉姆(Baladhuri, 1866年，第17页)。3.关于伊斯兰时代早期的硬币，已经进行了几项研究。在这方面，齐亚德进行了他的研究，他收集了一系列倭马亚银币，这些银币是在公元87年至120年(公元708-741年)在瓦西特造币厂铸造的。他的发现突出了该造币厂铸造的硬币的高质量，他报告说，硬币的平均银含量为94.71%。他的研究表明，随着时间的推移，迪拉姆的质量有明显的提高趋势，这可能是由于统治者对硬币铸造政策的高度控制和约束(Ziad, 1999)。Al-Kofahi和Al-Tarawneh用XRF方法分析了阿尤比时代(西历564-648年)的7枚银迪拉姆和马马力克时代(西历648-865年)的9枚硬币。他们的研究结果表明，阿育边硬币的银含量在8%到52%之间，而马马力克时代的硬币的银含量为12%到55%。阿尤比安和马马利克时期的硬币中铜的含量从5%到79%不等，这些硬币中的高铜含量归因于一些造币厂的伪造(Al-Kofahi, Al-Tarawneh, 2000)。在另一项研究中，Ben Abdelouaheda通过PIXE方法分析了属于伊斯兰时期(从7世纪到15世纪)的28枚银币。他的研究结果表明，倭马亚和阿巴斯时期的硬币有很高的克拉;然而，属于法蒂玛和齐里德时期的硬币并没有享受良好的克拉，因为它们的银含量明显减少，铜含量增加。这一问题归因于这些国家的主导经济条件和监督系统(Ben Abdelouaheda et al.， 2010)。图1所示。本研究中倭马亚铸币厂的位置。Zohreh Jozi, Parasto Masjedi Khak, Alireza Nosrati:通过PIXE方法对倭马亚王朝银币的元素分析67 No. 1: Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan硬币铸造于伊斯兰历82年巴士拉，重量为2.5 g。2号:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan硬币，公元85年在瓦西特铸造，重2.3克。3号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币于伊斯兰历88年在大马士革铸造，重2.8克。4号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币于伊斯兰历88年在瓦西特铸造，重2.8克。No. 5: Walid bin Abd al-Malik硬币于公元90年在瓦西特铸造，重量2.8克。No. 6: Walid bin Abd al-Malik硬币于公元90年在瓦西特铸造，重量2.7克。不。 7:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币于公元92年在瓦西特铸造，重2.8克。8号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币，公元92年在瓦西特铸造，重2.8克。9号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币，公元92年在瓦西特铸造，重2.8克。10号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币，于公元92年在瓦西特铸造，重2.8克。11号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币于伊斯兰历94年在达拉贝格铸造，重2.8克。12号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币，于公元94年在克尔曼铸造，重2.7克。13号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币，伊斯兰历95年在梅夫铸造，重2.8克。第14号:瓦利德·本·阿卜杜勒·马利克硬币，于公元95年在梅尔夫铸造，重2.8克0.3厘米0.3厘米
{"title":"Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method","authors":"Zohreh Jozi, Z. Baluchestan, P. M. Khak, A. Nosrati","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 65–75 Zohreh Jozi, Parasto Masjedi Khak, Alireza Nosrati: Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method 66 After Hisham, there began a decline of Umayyad rule, such that three caliphs, namely Walid ibn Yazid (746 AD/ 125 AH), Yazid ibn Walid (747 AD/126 AH), and Ibrahim bin Walid (747 AD/126 AH) came to power within only one year. Ultimately, the last Umayyad caliph came to rule, i.e. Marwan ibn Muhammad (748–753 AD/127–132 AH) and this dynasty came to an end after Marwan was defeated by the Abbasids. The last survivor of the Umayyads went to Andalusia (Spain) and founded the branch known as the Spanish Umayyads, which survived from 759 to 1043 AD/ 138 to 422 AH (Hawting, 1986, p.41). 2. Mint of coins in the Umayyad period In the Umayyad period, Muslims used Sassanian and Byzantine coins in their exchanges until the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Ibn KHaldun, 1980). Due to the neglect of governments, impure dinars and dirhams with a high degree of impurity became common ((Ibn Khaldun, 1980, 500), which was followed by Abd al-Malik’s command for minting coins for the first time in 695 AD/ 74 AH (Ibn al-Athir, 1987, p.167; Baladhuri, 1866, p.651). Today, the oldest coins remaining from Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan’s period date back to 699 AD/ 78 AH (Yousef Faraj Allah, 1985, p.37). Abd al-Malik appointed a steady carat for dirham and dinar and, accordingly, he put official currency with its own characteristics into operation and limited the right to mint coins by assigning it only to the state mints (Baladhuri, 1866, p.473). After Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the minting of coins in the periods of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz continued in the same way (Maqrizi, 1967, p.58). During the reign of Yazid bin Abd al-Malik (722–726 AD/ 101–105 AH), plenty of strict rules were applied to the weight of coins (Baladhuri, 1866, p.652). When Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik came to power (726–746 AD/ 105–125 AH), he closed the mints in all cities except Wasit; and dirham coins were minted only in Wasit (Maqrizi, 1967, p.16). This process continued until the period of Walid ibn Yazid and, during Marwan ibn Muhammad’s period (748–753 AD/ 127–132 AH), he – the last Umayyad caliph – also minted some dirhams in the Harran mint in addition to Wasit (Baladhuri, 1866, p.17). 3. Research background Several studies have been carried out in connection with coins pertaining to the early years of the Islamic era. In this regard, Ziad conducted his studies, where he collected a series of Umayyad silver coins that had been minted in the Wasit mint between 87 and 120 AH (708–741 AD), through the XRF method. His findings highlight the high quality of the coins minted in this mint, where he reported an average silver content of 94.71% in the coins. His studies showed that there was a clear tendency towards betterquality dirhams over time, which may be due to the high control and constraints on ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72786342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Lisá, A. Bajer, K. Rejšek, V. Vranová, Lenka Vejrostová, A. Wiśniewski, Petr Krištuf
The presence of lamellae (or bands) often promises an interesting sedimentary archive related to the occupation or abandonment history of a site. How exactly might such types of bands be interpreted, and how do their presence change the original primary features preserved within the archaeological structure? For this review, two archaeological sites are introduced, both distinct in many aspects, located in different climatic regions, but with the presence of bands preserved inside of the infill, as well as in the locality’s background. One site is related to the Magdalenian/Epigravettian occupation in south-western Poland, and the second related to the Neolithic occupation in central Bohemia. What connect these two localities are their permeable sandy background, presence of human occupation, and the development of the above-described textural features. Sedimentological observations supported by micromorphology and geochemistry, as well as by magnetic susceptibility, revealed that, in both localities, the presence of dark brown bands was the result of repeated illuviation due to a kind of podsolization process not necessarily related to human presence. The illuvial lamellae/bands at the Kly site probably originated during the Subboreal due to the increased humidity connected with the presence of the disturbed background of the infill in the ditch. The Sowin site displays, at the very least, two phases of origin. One of the phases is pre-dated by glacial conditions, and the second is of late glacial or Holocene origin. The origin of these features in both study sites is due to precipitated water and the movement of clay down the section, but under their different conditions. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 19–28 Lenka Lisá, Aleš Bajer, Klement Rejšek, Valerie Vranová, Lenka Vejrostová, Andrzej Wisniewski, Petr Krištuf: Review of Illuvial Bands Origin; What Might the Presence of Dark Brown Bands in Sandy Infillings of Archaeological Features or Cultural Layers Mean? 20 but their appearance in other soils is not excluded. Several of the best-developed examples of soils with illuvial bands described in Holocene (as well as Pleistocene) soils are the humic podzols of the European Aeolian Sand Belt (Koster, 2009). Gerasimova and Khitrov (2012) classified similar soils located in glacifluvial sand in south western Poland. What is the process whereby the illuvial bands develop? What role does climate, natural processes, or human influence play in the origin of these features? The origin of illuvial bands is generally not well understood and it remains controversial. It seems that some “trigger” (increased precipitation – Pelle et al., 2013) activates the movement of clay, which then stops moving at a certain depth where there is some textural inhomogeneity (Bouabid et al., 1992). Another possibility is that the origin is triggered by the precipitation, but these bands start to form at the limit of the capillary water reach (Van Reeuwijk and de Villiers, 1985), or on
片层(或带)的存在往往预示着一个有趣的沉积档案，与一个遗址的占领或遗弃历史有关。如何准确地解释这种类型的条带，它们的存在如何改变考古结构中保存的原始主要特征?在这篇综述中，介绍了两个考古遗址，它们在许多方面都是不同的，位于不同的气候区域，但在填充物内部以及当地的背景中都保留了条带。其中一个遗址与波兰西南部的马格达莱尼亚/埃皮格拉韦提占领有关，另一个遗址与波希米亚中部的新石器时代占领有关。连接这两个地方的是它们的可渗透的沙质背景，人类居住的存在以及上述纹理特征的发展。微形态学、地球化学和磁化率支持的沉积学观测表明，在这两个地方，深棕色带的存在是由于一种与人类存在不一定相关的灰化化过程引起的反复光照的结果。由于沟渠填充物的扰动背景导致湿度的增加，在亚北纬时期，Kly站点的覆膜片带可能形成。索温遗址至少显示了两个起源阶段。其中一个阶段是由冰川条件提前确定的，第二个阶段是晚冰期或全新世起源的。这两个研究地点的这些特征的起源是由于降水和粘土沿剖面向下移动，但在它们不同的条件下。IANSA 2019●X/1●19-28 Lenka lis， alesti Bajer, Klement Rejšek, Valerie vranov， Lenka vejrostov， Andrzej Wisniewski, peter Krištuf: Illuvial Bands起源综述;在具有考古特征或文化层的沙质填充物中出现深棕色带可能意味着什么?但也不排除它们在其他土壤中的出现。在全新世(以及更新世)土壤中描述的几个最发达的带洪积带土壤的例子是欧洲风成沙带的腐殖质灰土(Koster, 2009)。Gerasimova和Khitrov(2012)对位于波兰西南部冰川河沙中的类似土壤进行了分类。淤泥带形成的过程是什么?气候、自然过程或人类影响在这些特征的起源中起了什么作用?沉积带的起源通常不被很好地理解，它仍然存在争议。似乎是某种“触发因素”(降水增加——Pelle et al.， 2013)激活了粘土的运动，然后在某些质地不均匀的深度停止运动(Bouabid et al.， 1992)。另一种可能性是，起源是由降水触发的，但这些条带开始形成于毛细管水到达的极限(Van Reeuwijk和de Villiers, 1985)，或在向更钙化的区域过渡时，即在pH值明显变化的点上(Schaetzl, 1992)。Stefanovits(1971)认为，淤泥带是气候引发的不利条件的结果。另一方面，同一作者以及Tsigirintsev(1968)和Ugla and Ugla(1979)提出，河积带是森林植被影响的结果。他们的假设是，黏土的移动是由针叶树的酸性“废物”引发的pH值变化所激活的。在这种情况下，人类对植被的积极维护可能在这些特征的产生或缺失中发挥作用。与上述不同的另一个触发因素是当地水文(见Ibrahim, 2011年的综述)。在这里，地下水正在输送一定量的铁化合物，这些铁化合物可能在某个时间点(和地点)发生变化，从而形成淤泥带。铁的原始沉积聚集，以及这些聚集后来的土壤改造，也可能在这些带的发育中发挥作用(Schaetzl, 2001)。本文旨在回顾导致沉积带起源的可能的形成过程，此外，微形态学和地球化学方法工具如何帮助解释这些形成过程。主要的触发因素可能是什么?对于解释人类的存在和一个地点的环境，虚幻带的存在究竟意味着什么?
{"title":"Review of Illuvial Bands Origin; What Might the Presence of Dark Brown Bands in Sandy Infillings of Archaeological Features or Cultural Layers Mean?","authors":"L. Lisá, A. Bajer, K. Rejšek, V. Vranová, Lenka Vejrostová, A. Wiśniewski, Petr Krištuf","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of lamellae (or bands) often promises an interesting sedimentary archive related to the occupation or abandonment history of a site. How exactly might such types of bands be interpreted, and how do their presence change the original primary features preserved within the archaeological structure? For this review, two archaeological sites are introduced, both distinct in many aspects, located in different climatic regions, but with the presence of bands preserved inside of the infill, as well as in the locality’s background. One site is related to the Magdalenian/Epigravettian occupation in south-western Poland, and the second related to the Neolithic occupation in central Bohemia. What connect these two localities are their permeable sandy background, presence of human occupation, and the development of the above-described textural features. Sedimentological observations supported by micromorphology and geochemistry, as well as by magnetic susceptibility, revealed that, in both localities, the presence of dark brown bands was the result of repeated illuviation due to a kind of podsolization process not necessarily related to human presence. The illuvial lamellae/bands at the Kly site probably originated during the Subboreal due to the increased humidity connected with the presence of the disturbed background of the infill in the ditch. The Sowin site displays, at the very least, two phases of origin. One of the phases is pre-dated by glacial conditions, and the second is of late glacial or Holocene origin. The origin of these features in both study sites is due to precipitated water and the movement of clay down the section, but under their different conditions. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 19–28 Lenka Lisá, Aleš Bajer, Klement Rejšek, Valerie Vranová, Lenka Vejrostová, Andrzej Wisniewski, Petr Krištuf: Review of Illuvial Bands Origin; What Might the Presence of Dark Brown Bands in Sandy Infillings of Archaeological Features or Cultural Layers Mean? 20 but their appearance in other soils is not excluded. Several of the best-developed examples of soils with illuvial bands described in Holocene (as well as Pleistocene) soils are the humic podzols of the European Aeolian Sand Belt (Koster, 2009). Gerasimova and Khitrov (2012) classified similar soils located in glacifluvial sand in south western Poland. What is the process whereby the illuvial bands develop? What role does climate, natural processes, or human influence play in the origin of these features? The origin of illuvial bands is generally not well understood and it remains controversial. It seems that some “trigger” (increased precipitation – Pelle et al., 2013) activates the movement of clay, which then stops moving at a certain depth where there is some textural inhomogeneity (Bouabid et al., 1992). Another possibility is that the origin is triggered by the precipitation, but these bands start to form at the limit of the capillary water reach (Van Reeuwijk and de Villiers, 1985), or on ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82970773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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