This article returns to the surviving texts of Patrick, apostle to Ireland, in order to refine further his floruit in the fifth century. It argues that Patrick's use of a classical scheme relating age to status clarifies the contexts for the autobiographical details of his life, and that these details can be correlated with the limited historical records that survive for this period. In connecting his excommunication of Coroticus to an Easter controversy c. 455, and his controversial elevation to an episcopal see to a dislocation in clerical authority in Britain c. 441, I argue that Patrick's formal clerical career c. 427-455 matches Richard Hanson's sophisticated literary arguments made in the latter third of the twentieth century. I also propose that the uncertainty over the date of Patrick's death (in a context of exile), as represented by various reports in the Irish and Welsh annals c. 457-493, is inconsequential to his formal period of authority.
{"title":"The six ages of Patrick: Yet another return to the dating question","authors":"S. Joyce","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2021.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2021.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article returns to the surviving texts of Patrick, apostle to Ireland, in order to refine further his floruit in the fifth century. It argues that Patrick's use of a classical scheme relating age to status clarifies the contexts for the autobiographical details of his life, and that these details can be correlated with the limited historical records that survive for this period. In connecting his excommunication of Coroticus to an Easter controversy c. 455, and his controversial elevation to an episcopal see to a dislocation in clerical authority in Britain c. 441, I argue that Patrick's formal clerical career c. 427-455 matches Richard Hanson's sophisticated literary arguments made in the latter third of the twentieth century. I also propose that the uncertainty over the date of Patrick's death (in a context of exile), as represented by various reports in the Irish and Welsh annals c. 457-493, is inconsequential to his formal period of authority.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70028767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When Gregory the Great styled himself 'servant of the servants of God' in his correspondence, he was drawing on a long tradition of using service as a metaphor to describe appropriate religious leadership and piety. However, his letters also reveal a church filled with servi, whose service to religion was neither metaphorical nor chosen, and upon whom both religious institutions and individuals were utterly dependent. This article explores the conjunction and disjunction between the rhetoric of service as a religious ideal in Gregory's correspondence, and the reality of service, which his letters indirectly reveal. It argues that the rhetoric and reality of service both shaped each other and that service thereby became a determinative model of behaviour in late antique and early medieval Christianity. Gregory's letters are therefore a useful case-study through which to explore an important issue in the development of the church as a sociallyembedded institution.
{"title":"Servants of god?: Servi in the letters of Gregory the great","authors":"L. Bailey","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2021.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2021.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"When Gregory the Great styled himself 'servant of the servants of God' in his correspondence, he was drawing on a long tradition of using service as a metaphor to describe appropriate religious leadership and piety. However, his letters also reveal a church filled with servi, whose service to religion was neither metaphorical nor chosen, and upon whom both religious institutions and individuals were utterly dependent. This article explores the conjunction and disjunction between the rhetoric of service as a religious ideal in Gregory's correspondence, and the reality of service, which his letters indirectly reveal. It argues that the rhetoric and reality of service both shaped each other and that service thereby became a determinative model of behaviour in late antique and early medieval Christianity. Gregory's letters are therefore a useful case-study through which to explore an important issue in the development of the church as a sociallyembedded institution.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70028834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article poses a thesis that the chroniclers of the First Crusade were tapping into a preexisting literary tradition of religious conflict in the process of shaping an image of an enemy. It centres on an analysis of the symbolic significance of the particular description of a priest's death at the hands of the Turks on the altar during the celebration of mass found in several sources describing the massacre of Christians in Civetot during the First Crusade (Gesta Francorum, Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, Baldric of Dol's Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV, Guibert of Nogent's Gesta Dei per Francos, Robert the Monk's Historia Hierosolymitana, and Oderic Vitalis' Historia ecclesiastica). The article argues that the presented description could be considered an example of a rhetorical strategy employed in the crusading accounts, used for the purpose of depicting the enemy as religious and cultural 'other'. Furthermore, the article discusses the intertextuality and the potential influence of ancient and scriptural motifs on the literary workshop of the chroniclers in their versions of the story.
这篇文章提出了一个论点，即第一次十字军东征的编年史作者在塑造敌人形象的过程中，利用了先前存在的宗教冲突的文学传统。它集中分析了在描述第一次十字军东征期间在奇韦托屠杀基督徒的几个资料来源中发现的一个牧师在弥撒庆典期间死于土耳其人之手的特殊描述的象征意义(Gesta Francorum, Tudebode's Historia de hierosolymitanano itinere, Dol的Baldric 's Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV, Nogent的Guibert 's Gesta Dei per franco，僧侣罗伯特的Historia Hierosolymitana，以及奥德里克·维塔利斯的《教会史》)。文章认为，所呈现的描述可以被认为是十字军叙事中使用的修辞策略的一个例子，用于将敌人描述为宗教和文化的“他者”。此外，本文还讨论了古代和圣经母题的互文性，以及它们在编年史家的故事版本中对文学创作的潜在影响。
{"title":"Death on the altar: The rhetoric of 'otherness' in sources from the early period of the crusades","authors":"T. Pełech","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2021.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2021.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article poses a thesis that the chroniclers of the First Crusade were tapping into a preexisting literary tradition of religious conflict in the process of shaping an image of an enemy. It centres on an analysis of the symbolic significance of the particular description of a priest's death at the hands of the Turks on the altar during the celebration of mass found in several sources describing the massacre of Christians in Civetot during the First Crusade (Gesta Francorum, Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, Baldric of Dol's Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV, Guibert of Nogent's Gesta Dei per Francos, Robert the Monk's Historia Hierosolymitana, and Oderic Vitalis' Historia ecclesiastica). The article argues that the presented description could be considered an example of a rhetorical strategy employed in the crusading accounts, used for the purpose of depicting the enemy as religious and cultural 'other'. Furthermore, the article discusses the intertextuality and the potential influence of ancient and scriptural motifs on the literary workshop of the chroniclers in their versions of the story.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70029005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The values that underpin the Anglo-Saxon concept of honour changed at the beginning of the sixth century. During this period, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms enshrined a new era of cultural and religious fervour, inculcating new practices of honour among the new Christianised Anglo-Saxon elite. This paper demonstrates the transition from pagan to Christian honour systems. Historians have often examined honour through concepts based on comparisons or 'terms of art', for example 'Bushido' in Japan, 'Futuwwa' in Islam, and 'chivalry' in Christianised later-medieval Europe. This paper emulates these examples by examining honour in Anglo-Saxon society through use of the Old English term weoro, an under-studied phenomenon. Unlike Bushido or chivalry, weoro does not imply a mandated way of living. Weoro is instead pervasive, encompassing many modes of Anglo-Saxon life: poetry, giving- and -receiving, burial, kin, and bestowing honours. This paper combines sociological analysis with historical evidence.
{"title":"The value of weoro: A historical sociological analysis of honour in Anglo-Saxon society","authors":"Julian Calcagno","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2021.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2021.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The values that underpin the Anglo-Saxon concept of honour changed at the beginning of the sixth century. During this period, Anglo-Saxon kingdoms enshrined a new era of cultural and religious fervour, inculcating new practices of honour among the new Christianised Anglo-Saxon elite. This paper demonstrates the transition from pagan to Christian honour systems. Historians have often examined honour through concepts based on comparisons or 'terms of art', for example 'Bushido' in Japan, 'Futuwwa' in Islam, and 'chivalry' in Christianised later-medieval Europe. This paper emulates these examples by examining honour in Anglo-Saxon society through use of the Old English term weoro, an under-studied phenomenon. Unlike Bushido or chivalry, weoro does not imply a mandated way of living. Weoro is instead pervasive, encompassing many modes of Anglo-Saxon life: poetry, giving- and -receiving, burial, kin, and bestowing honours. This paper combines sociological analysis with historical evidence.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70028907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines what has come to be called Gothic Arianism among the Germanic peoples of late antiquity and its ultimate failure. Goths were to be found among many different Christian groups besides the Arian. The role of Ulfilas, not as a missionary but as a bishop among the Goths is evaluated. The Arian identity of Gothic people under Gothic rule and the relationship between Catholic and Arians in Gothic and Vandal lands is also investigated. The baptism of the Frankish king, Clovis, and its significant role in the slow conversion to Christianity of the Merovingian Franks and the question of whether Burgundians and Lombards were Arians or pagans converted to Catholicism is also examined.
{"title":"Christianity among the Germanic peoples in the territories of the Roman Empire","authors":"Jan Prostko-Prostyński","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2020.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2020.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines what has come to be called Gothic Arianism among the Germanic peoples of late antiquity and its ultimate failure. Goths were to be found among many different Christian groups besides the Arian. The role of Ulfilas, not as a missionary but as a bishop among the Goths is evaluated. The Arian identity of Gothic people under Gothic rule and the relationship between Catholic and Arians in Gothic and Vandal lands is also investigated. The baptism of the Frankish king, Clovis, and its significant role in the slow conversion to Christianity of the Merovingian Franks and the question of whether Burgundians and Lombards were Arians or pagans converted to Catholicism is also examined.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70028742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Christianisation of Europe","authors":"","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2020.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2020.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70027853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35253/jaema.2020.1.18
T. Pełech
Review(s) of: The French of Outremer: Communities and Communications in the Crusading Mediterranean, by Morreale, Laura K. and Paul, Nicholas L. (eds), Fordham Series in Medieval Studies (New York: Fordham University Press, 2018) hardback, viii + 296 pages, numerous b and w and colour illustrations, RRP USD 60; ISBN: 9780823278169.
{"title":"The French of Outremer: Communities and communications in the Crusading Mediterranean [Book Review]","authors":"T. Pełech","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2020.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2020.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"Review(s) of: The French of Outremer: Communities and Communications in the Crusading Mediterranean, by Morreale, Laura K. and Paul, Nicholas L. (eds), Fordham Series in Medieval Studies (New York: Fordham University Press, 2018) hardback, viii + 296 pages, numerous b and w and colour illustrations, RRP USD 60; ISBN: 9780823278169.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70028578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35253/jaema.2020.1.13
G. Pitt
Review(s) of: Epitaph for an Era: Politics and Rhetoric in the Carolingian World, by De Jong, Mayke, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019) e-book, xvi +262 pages, 1 map, RRP 22.99 pounds; ISBN: 9781108813884.
{"title":"Epitaph for an era: Politics and rhetoric in the Carolingian world [Book Review]","authors":"G. Pitt","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2020.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2020.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Review(s) of: Epitaph for an Era: Politics and Rhetoric in the Carolingian World, by De Jong, Mayke, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019) e-book, xvi +262 pages, 1 map, RRP 22.99 pounds; ISBN: 9781108813884.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70027883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The baptism of Mieszko I was a defining event in the history of the Poles and the emergent monarchy established by Mieszko's forebears. There are not many extant sources that enable the establishment of the chronology of the chain of events that led to Mieszko's conversion to Christianity. The extant annals contain very limited information and the later medieval authors' reconstructions of events offer an ornamented image of the key participants. What seems to be certain is that the baptism of Mieszko and his court commenced a long process of Christianisation of his subjects and that the key enabler of Mieszko's conversion was his marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Bohemia, Dobrava. This article will argue that it is impossible to provide the precise dating of the actual baptism of Mieszko beyond an estimate that it happened somewhere in Wielkopolska between 965 and 968.
{"title":"The baptism of duke Mieszko I in medieval history-writing","authors":"Józef Dobosz","doi":"10.35253/JAEMA.2020.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/JAEMA.2020.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"The baptism of Mieszko I was a defining event in the history of the Poles and the emergent monarchy established by Mieszko's forebears. There are not many extant sources that enable the establishment of the chronology of the chain of events that led to Mieszko's conversion to Christianity. The extant annals contain very limited information and the later medieval authors' reconstructions of events offer an ornamented image of the key participants. What seems to be certain is that the baptism of Mieszko and his court commenced a long process of Christianisation of his subjects and that the key enabler of Mieszko's conversion was his marriage to the daughter of the ruler of Bohemia, Dobrava. This article will argue that it is impossible to provide the precise dating of the actual baptism of Mieszko beyond an estimate that it happened somewhere in Wielkopolska between 965 and 968.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70029015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35253/jaema.2020.1.14
Roderick McDonald
Review(s) of: The Saga of the Jomsvikings: A Translation for Students, by Finlay, Alison and ordis Edda Johannesdottir, The Northern Medieval World (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications/Berlin: de Gruyter, 2018) paperback, 124 pages, 1 b and w + 3 colour illustrations, RRP euro25.95; ISBN: 9781580443135.
{"title":"The saga of the Jomsvikings: A translation for students [Book Review]","authors":"Roderick McDonald","doi":"10.35253/jaema.2020.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35253/jaema.2020.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Review(s) of: The Saga of the Jomsvikings: A Translation for Students, by Finlay, Alison and ordis Edda Johannesdottir, The Northern Medieval World (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications/Berlin: de Gruyter, 2018) paperback, 124 pages, 1 b and w + 3 colour illustrations, RRP euro25.95; ISBN: 9781580443135.","PeriodicalId":38059,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70027975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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