Shunt capacitor switching can inject high magnitude, high frequency current transients into the substation ground grid. These current transients produce step and touch potentials that can affect personnel safety. In order to assess the hazards of such switching, measurements of transient step and touch potentials caused by shunt capacitor switching were made at BPA's 500-kV Ostrander Substation near Oregon City, Oregon. The testing was focused on whether or not it is safe for personnel to work on a de-energized group while an adjacent group is being switched. The presence of three grounded-wye, 388 MVAr shunt capacitor groups at this station allowed switching of a single capacitor group as well as back-to-back switching involving two capacitor groups. Measurements included high speed digital records of step potentials, touch potentials, potentials induced on control cables, and potentials with respect to remote earth. The data was analyzed to determine the influence of current limiting reactors, synchronous controlled closing, and peninsula grounding by E. J. Rogers et al. (1974) during shunt capacitor switching.
并联电容器开关可以向变电站地网注入高强度、高频率的瞬变电流。这些电流瞬变会产生影响人身安全的步进和接触电位。为了评估这种开关的危害，在俄勒冈州俄勒冈市附近的BPA 500千伏Ostrander变电站测量了并联电容器开关引起的瞬态步进和触摸电位。测试的重点是，当相邻组正在切换时，工作人员在断电组上工作是否安全。该站存在三个接地方式，388 MVAr并联电容器组，允许切换单个电容器组以及涉及两个电容器组的背靠背切换。测量包括高速数字记录步进电位、触碰电位、控制电缆感应电位和与远地有关的电位。E. J. Rogers等人(1974)对数据进行了分析，以确定限流电抗器、同步控制合闸和半岛接地对并联电容器开关的影响。
{"title":"Hazard Assessment of Transient Step and Touch Potentials Caused by Shunt Capacitor Switching","authors":"J. Hildreth, D. Gillies, S. Perkins","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385639","url":null,"abstract":"Shunt capacitor switching can inject high magnitude, high frequency current transients into the substation ground grid. These current transients produce step and touch potentials that can affect personnel safety. In order to assess the hazards of such switching, measurements of transient step and touch potentials caused by shunt capacitor switching were made at BPA's 500-kV Ostrander Substation near Oregon City, Oregon. The testing was focused on whether or not it is safe for personnel to work on a de-energized group while an adjacent group is being switched. The presence of three grounded-wye, 388 MVAr shunt capacitor groups at this station allowed switching of a single capacitor group as well as back-to-back switching involving two capacitor groups. Measurements included high speed digital records of step potentials, touch potentials, potentials induced on control cables, and potentials with respect to remote earth. The data was analyzed to determine the influence of current limiting reactors, synchronous controlled closing, and peninsula grounding by E. J. Rogers et al. (1974) during shunt capacitor switching.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126637949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exercise of market power is a major concern in deregulating the electric energy business in the U.S. Exploitation of market power can destroy any market efficiencies and award unwarranted profits based solely on the lack of competition rather than on economic merit. There have been several attempts to quantify market power with much of the work focused separately on either real power or reactive power. This paper addresses a new possibility for a market participant to exploit an opportunity to increase revenue by gaming both real and reactive markets.
{"title":"Real and Reactive Power Prices and Market Power","authors":"HyungSeon Oh, R. Thomas","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385599","url":null,"abstract":"The exercise of market power is a major concern in deregulating the electric energy business in the U.S. Exploitation of market power can destroy any market efficiencies and award unwarranted profits based solely on the lack of competition rather than on economic merit. There have been several attempts to quantify market power with much of the work focused separately on either real power or reactive power. This paper addresses a new possibility for a market participant to exploit an opportunity to increase revenue by gaming both real and reactive markets.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114917975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper develops a dynamic model and designs a control system for autonomous operation of a stand-alone distributed resource (DR). A stand-alone DR includes a distributed resource and a local load which are interfaced electronically. The DR is represented by a DC voltage source in series with a three-phase voltage-sourced inverter and an R filter, and the local load is modeled by a parallel (S) network. A state-space dynamic model is developed for the DR including the (S) network. Based on dynamic model of the DR, a controller is designed to maintain stability and control voltage and frequency of the stand-alone DR. Performance of the stand-alone DR for various scenarios of operation is evaluated based on digital time-domain simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. The simulation results verify effectiveness of the designed control system in terms of maintaining voltage, frequency and stability of the stand-alone DR.
{"title":"A Linear Quadratic Gaussian Controller for a Stand-alone Distributed Resource Unit-Simulation Case Studies","authors":"H. Karimi, H. Nikkhajoei, R. Iravani","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385446","url":null,"abstract":"This paper develops a dynamic model and designs a control system for autonomous operation of a stand-alone distributed resource (DR). A stand-alone DR includes a distributed resource and a local load which are interfaced electronically. The DR is represented by a DC voltage source in series with a three-phase voltage-sourced inverter and an R filter, and the local load is modeled by a parallel (S) network. A state-space dynamic model is developed for the DR including the (S) network. Based on dynamic model of the DR, a controller is designed to maintain stability and control voltage and frequency of the stand-alone DR. Performance of the stand-alone DR for various scenarios of operation is evaluated based on digital time-domain simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. The simulation results verify effectiveness of the designed control system in terms of maintaining voltage, frequency and stability of the stand-alone DR.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"188 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115181897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Congestion management has emerged as a challenge for the efficient, fair and secure operation of the competitive power markets. The selection of generators to reschedule their output for effective management of congestion is a crucial task for the system operator (SO). In this paper, an active and reactive power flow tracing based approach has been applied for selecting the most appropriate generators to reschedule their active and reactive power output based on their power flow contribution on the congested line. The cost of reactive power rescheduling has been calculated by taking into account generator reactive power capability curve and a reactive power- bidding framework. The study has been carried for pool and mix of pool with bilateral and multilateral transactions and their impact on congestion cost. The study has been carried out on 39-bus New England system.
{"title":"Power Flow Contribution Factors based Congestion Management with Real and Reactive Power Bids in Competitive Electricity Markets","authors":"S. Chanana, A. Kumar","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385561","url":null,"abstract":"Congestion management has emerged as a challenge for the efficient, fair and secure operation of the competitive power markets. The selection of generators to reschedule their output for effective management of congestion is a crucial task for the system operator (SO). In this paper, an active and reactive power flow tracing based approach has been applied for selecting the most appropriate generators to reschedule their active and reactive power output based on their power flow contribution on the congested line. The cost of reactive power rescheduling has been calculated by taking into account generator reactive power capability curve and a reactive power- bidding framework. The study has been carried for pool and mix of pool with bilateral and multilateral transactions and their impact on congestion cost. The study has been carried out on 39-bus New England system.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116408753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper will deal with improvement of lightning induced voltage performance of distribution network by optimizing the surge arrester location on the distribution network. The optimization of the location is made by using a novel formulation based on genetic algorithms. Here is described the implementation of this methodology by using sophisticate software which has been used for lightning induced voltage analysis. It is also described the capabilities and the limitations of this novel formulation. The performance of the network is evaluated by means of a probability distribution curve obtained from a statistical evaluation of the lightning induced voltages on the distribution line.
{"title":"Optimizing the Surge Arresters Location for Improving Lightning Induced Voltage Performance of Distribution Network","authors":"E. Pérez, A. Delgadillo, D. Urrutia, H. Torres","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385697","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will deal with improvement of lightning induced voltage performance of distribution network by optimizing the surge arrester location on the distribution network. The optimization of the location is made by using a novel formulation based on genetic algorithms. Here is described the implementation of this methodology by using sophisticate software which has been used for lightning induced voltage analysis. It is also described the capabilities and the limitations of this novel formulation. The performance of the network is evaluated by means of a probability distribution curve obtained from a statistical evaluation of the lightning induced voltages on the distribution line.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116530541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L.B. Shi, N. Chang, D. Zhao, H. Zhao, H.F. Zhou, P.T.C. Tam, Y. Ni, F. Wu
A real time dynamic security assessment and early warning (DSAEW) system for the purpose of keeping interconnected power systems operating in security region, monitoring dynamic security margin constantly and ensuring system operation reliability is proposed in this paper. The framework of the DSAEW system is designed in accordance with client/server and browser/server models based on the TCP/IP protocol. In this paper, the overall system architecture, function design and technology used of such tool including transient stability assessment (TSA), voltage stability assessment (VSA) is presented. Furthermore, the calculation of some operation limits involving the bus voltage limits, the branch/corridor transfer power limits and the P-load limit of the whole system is introduced in this paper as well. On one hand, the DSAEW system can easily and conveniently integrate with existing energy management system (EMS) to implement the real time dynamic security assessment. On the other hand, the DSAEW system can make intensive dynamic analysis related to the specified case study as an off-line simulation platform.
{"title":"Implementation of a Power System Dynamic Security Assessment and Early Warning System","authors":"L.B. Shi, N. Chang, D. Zhao, H. Zhao, H.F. Zhou, P.T.C. Tam, Y. Ni, F. Wu","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385468","url":null,"abstract":"A real time dynamic security assessment and early warning (DSAEW) system for the purpose of keeping interconnected power systems operating in security region, monitoring dynamic security margin constantly and ensuring system operation reliability is proposed in this paper. The framework of the DSAEW system is designed in accordance with client/server and browser/server models based on the TCP/IP protocol. In this paper, the overall system architecture, function design and technology used of such tool including transient stability assessment (TSA), voltage stability assessment (VSA) is presented. Furthermore, the calculation of some operation limits involving the bus voltage limits, the branch/corridor transfer power limits and the P-load limit of the whole system is introduced in this paper as well. On one hand, the DSAEW system can easily and conveniently integrate with existing energy management system (EMS) to implement the real time dynamic security assessment. On the other hand, the DSAEW system can make intensive dynamic analysis related to the specified case study as an off-line simulation platform.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"260 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122934216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. R. Pratico, C. Wegner, E. Larsen, R. Piwko, D. Wallace, D. Kidd
A variable frequency transformer (VFT) is being installed at AEP's Laredo substation, where it will be used to exchange up to 100 MW of power between the asynchronous power grids of ERCOT (Texas) and CFE (Mexico). Functionally, the VFT is similar to a back-to-back HVDC converter. The core technology of the VFT is a rotary transformer with three-phase windings on both rotor and stator. A motor and drive system are used to adjust the rotational position of the rotor relative to the stator, thereby controlling the magnitude and direction of the power flowing through the VFT. The world's first VFT was installed at Hydro-Quebec's Langlois substation. Some additional control features have been included in the Laredo VFT design, related to tie flow regulation, power runback, reactive power control, and black start capability. This paper describes the VFT application at Laredo and includes simulation tests of performance during severe grid disturbances.
{"title":"VFT Operational Overview - The Laredo Project","authors":"E. R. Pratico, C. Wegner, E. Larsen, R. Piwko, D. Wallace, D. Kidd","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386187","url":null,"abstract":"A variable frequency transformer (VFT) is being installed at AEP's Laredo substation, where it will be used to exchange up to 100 MW of power between the asynchronous power grids of ERCOT (Texas) and CFE (Mexico). Functionally, the VFT is similar to a back-to-back HVDC converter. The core technology of the VFT is a rotary transformer with three-phase windings on both rotor and stator. A motor and drive system are used to adjust the rotational position of the rotor relative to the stator, thereby controlling the magnitude and direction of the power flowing through the VFT. The world's first VFT was installed at Hydro-Quebec's Langlois substation. Some additional control features have been included in the Laredo VFT design, related to tie flow regulation, power runback, reactive power control, and black start capability. This paper describes the VFT application at Laredo and includes simulation tests of performance during severe grid disturbances.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122571135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, a novel model to optimize the design of local energy networks with respect to operation and investment cost and environmental consequences is demonstrated. The chosen case study is based on a real case from a Norwegian municipality. Several alternatives to supply energy to a new suburb with detached houses are considered: Electrical boilers, ground source heat pumps, gas boilers and a simplified demonstration alternative of hydrogen fuel cell based on renewable energy. The alternatives are ranked with respect to operational and investment cost. Emissions from each alternative are also accounted for. Due to an integrated optimization of diurnal operation and investments, each design alternative can be inspected in the full-graphical user interface to verify the utilization of individual components during peak load and low load periods.
{"title":"Planning of Distributed Energy Supply to Suburb","authors":"B. Bakken, H. Skjelbred","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385786","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a novel model to optimize the design of local energy networks with respect to operation and investment cost and environmental consequences is demonstrated. The chosen case study is based on a real case from a Norwegian municipality. Several alternatives to supply energy to a new suburb with detached houses are considered: Electrical boilers, ground source heat pumps, gas boilers and a simplified demonstration alternative of hydrogen fuel cell based on renewable energy. The alternatives are ranked with respect to operational and investment cost. Emissions from each alternative are also accounted for. Due to an integrated optimization of diurnal operation and investments, each design alternative can be inspected in the full-graphical user interface to verify the utilization of individual components during peak load and low load periods.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122886453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lin Wang, T. Mander, H. Cheung, F. Nabhani, R. Cheung
Concerns for utility computer networks' security and reliability are growing rapidly due to increasing utility devices with connections to external networks. This aggravates vulnerability of utility networks to cyber-attacks through external connections. Though encryption can provide security for user data transmissions, encryption itself could not provide protections against traffic-analysis attacks. Techniques against traffic-analysis attacks through statistically controlling the transmission rate of padded and encrypted frames are unsuited for power system applications. This paper proposes three security operation modes for the newly developed security layer, located below DNP3 data-link layer, to strengthen encryption and authentication operations against the effectiveness of traffic-analysis and cryptanalysis attacks. The security modes use padding to disguise the amount of user data transmitted and disguise the user data-link layer frame amongst a group of manufactured frames similar to statistically controlling data transmission rate. The proposed security operations have been successfully applied to enhance power system security controls.
{"title":"Security Operation Modes for Enhancement of Utility Computer Network Cyber-Security","authors":"Lin Wang, T. Mander, H. Cheung, F. Nabhani, R. Cheung","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.386185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.386185","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns for utility computer networks' security and reliability are growing rapidly due to increasing utility devices with connections to external networks. This aggravates vulnerability of utility networks to cyber-attacks through external connections. Though encryption can provide security for user data transmissions, encryption itself could not provide protections against traffic-analysis attacks. Techniques against traffic-analysis attacks through statistically controlling the transmission rate of padded and encrypted frames are unsuited for power system applications. This paper proposes three security operation modes for the newly developed security layer, located below DNP3 data-link layer, to strengthen encryption and authentication operations against the effectiveness of traffic-analysis and cryptanalysis attacks. The security modes use padding to disguise the amount of user data transmitted and disguise the user data-link layer frame amongst a group of manufactured frames similar to statistically controlling data transmission rate. The proposed security operations have been successfully applied to enhance power system security controls.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121890905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A review of permanent-magnet machines for distributed power generation is presented. Radial-flux, linear and axial-flux machine configurations are discussed with reference to generation that utilize energy resources such as wind, wave energy, and natural gas. Isolated operation and grid-connected operation are considered. Some of the authors' research work on a surface-inset permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for autonomous power system application is also included.
{"title":"Permanent-Magnet Machines for Distributed Power Generation: A Review","authors":"T. Chan, L. Lai","doi":"10.1109/PES.2007.385575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2007.385575","url":null,"abstract":"A review of permanent-magnet machines for distributed power generation is presented. Radial-flux, linear and axial-flux machine configurations are discussed with reference to generation that utilize energy resources such as wind, wave energy, and natural gas. Isolated operation and grid-connected operation are considered. Some of the authors' research work on a surface-inset permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for autonomous power system application is also included.","PeriodicalId":380613,"journal":{"name":"2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121977263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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