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Neo-Thomism and Evolutionary Biology: Arintero and Donat on Darwin 新托马斯主义与生物进化论:阿林特罗和多纳特论达尔文
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050579
Gonzalo Luis Recio, Ignacio Enrique Del Carril
Pope Leo XIII’s publication of Aeterni Patris (1879) was a major factor in the great revival of Thomistic thought in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Among the authors that took up the challenge implicit in the Pope’s document of bringing Aquinas and his thought into the intellectual debates of the times we find two interesting proposals. The first is that of Juan González Arintero, a Spanish Dominican, and the second one is that of Josef Donat, a Jesuit born and raised in the Austrian Empire. Arintero is mostly known in Catholic circles for his influential works on mysticism, but in fact he devoted much of his early work to the subject of evolution, and how it could interact with the Catholic faith in general, and with Thomism in particular. Donat is the author of a Summa Philosophiae Christianae, a collection that was widely read in Catholic seminaries well into the 20th century. In this paper we will focus on the differing ways in which these authors tackled the problems and questions presented by Darwinian evolutionism to the post-Aeterni Patris Thomism.
教皇利奥十三世出版的《爱国者》(Aeterni Patris,1879 年)是 19 世纪末和 20 世纪上半叶托马斯思想伟大复兴的一个重要因素。在接受教皇文件中隐含的挑战,将阿奎那及其思想带入时代思想辩论的作者中,我们发现了两个有趣的建议。第一位是西班牙多明我会的胡安-冈萨雷斯-阿林特罗,第二位是约瑟夫-多纳特,一位出生并成长于奥地利帝国的耶稣会士。在天主教界,阿林特罗大多因其具有影响力的神秘主义著作而闻名,但事实上,他早期的大部分作品都是关于进化论的,以及进化论如何与天主教信仰,特别是托马斯主义相互作用。多纳特是《基督教哲学总论》(Summa Philosophiae Christianae)的作者,这本文集一直到 20 世纪都在天主教神学院被广泛阅读。在本文中,我们将重点讨论这些作者如何以不同的方式解决达尔文进化论给后Aeterni Patris时代的托马斯主义带来的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Contributions of the Synodal Process to the Religious Life of Adult Believers in Christian Communities 宗教会议进程对基督教团体中成年信徒宗教生活的贡献
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050580
Nikola Vranješ
Synodality, as a determinant of the mentality and style of pastoral activity, has proven to be one of the key themes of Church life in the last few years. The synodal dimension of the Church is seen as the fundamental backbone of all the other important components of pastoral engagement. Religious life and practice of adult believers, on the other hand, remains one of the most challenging pastoral tasks. This claim is so current that concerning many church environments one can legitimately ask whether a mature and developed practice of faith exists at all. The synodal process that is ongoing in the Catholic Church, especially until the fall of 2024, helps to improve so many pastoral activities and most of them concern the practice of faith of adult believers. This paper is dedicated to the theological–pastoral study of the main components of the improvement of this practice in light of the contributions of the synodal process.
作为牧民活动的心态和风格的决定因素,主教会议已被证明是过去几年教会生活的关键主题之一。教会的宗教会议层面被视为牧民工作所有其他重要组成部分的根本支柱。另一方面,成年信徒的宗教生活和实践仍然是最具挑战性的牧民任务之一。这种说法是如此的时髦,以至于在许多教会环境中,人们可以理直气壮地问,是否存在成熟而发达的信仰实践。天主教会正在进行的主教会议进程,尤其是在2024年秋季之前的进程,有助于改善许多牧民活动,其中大部分涉及成年信徒的信仰实践。本文将根据主教会议进程的贡献,对改善信仰实践的主要内容进行神学牧灵研究。
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引用次数: 0
Toyok (Tuyugou) Cave 20: A Pure Land Cave Temple in the Desert with the Earliest Illustrations of the Visualization Sūtra 东岳(吐峪沟)石窟 20:沙漠中的净土石窟寺与最早的观想经插图
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050576
Yi Zhao
In this paper, I examine the iconography, religious function and text–image relationship of one of the earliest illustrations of the apocryphal Visualization Sūtra, namely, the mural painting on the left (south) wall of Cave 20 at the Toyok Grottoes in Turfan created in the late sixth century. I study this mural with a structuralist approach to situate it within the overall pictorial program of the cave temple. I argue that this wall painting was designed as a visual and verbal cue to assist the meditating monks in situ to separately visualize the different individual visions constituting the “Thirteen Visualizations” taught in the sutra, excluding the five visions directly related to the Amitāyus Triad, namely, the eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh and thirteenth visualizations. These five visualizations were likely facilitated by icons of the Amitāyus Triad placed in the center of the cave. The meditators started from the contemplations of the impure represented on the right (north) wall as preparational practices to eliminate their sins, improve their karma and thereby enhance their spiritual purity to a level appropriate for performing the Pure Land visualizations. They then turned to the left wall to perform the Pure Land visualizations represented there that end with the twelfth visualization: imagining oneself being reborn in Sukhāvatī. Continuing from the twelfth visualization, the meditators, in a state of meditational concentration, turned their faces to the rear wall to enter the Western Pure Land via the various lotus ponds represented on the rear wall.
在本文中,我研究了天启视觉经最早的插图之一,即创作于六世纪晚期的吐鲁番托育石窟第 20 窟左(南)壁壁画的图像学、宗教功能和文本图像关系。我采用结构主义方法研究了这幅壁画,将其置于石窟寺的整体绘画计划中。我认为,这幅壁画被设计成一种视觉和语言提示,以帮助现场打坐的僧侣分别观想构成佛经中讲授的 "十三观想 "的不同观想,但不包括与阿弥陀佛三昧耶直接相关的五个观想,即第八、第九、第十、第十一和第十三观想。这五个观想很可能是由放置在洞穴中央的阿弥陀佛三圣像促成的。禅修者从右侧(北侧)墙壁上的不净观开始,作为消除罪孽、改善业力的准备练习,从而提高他们的精神纯净度,使其达到适合进行净土观想的水平。然后,他们转向左侧的墙壁,在那里进行净土观想,以第十二次观想结束:想象自己往生到须迦瓦提(Sukhāvatī)。从第十二个观想开始,禅修者在专注的禅修状态下将脸转向后墙,通过后墙上的各种莲花池进入西方净土。
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引用次数: 0
Transition, Emulation and Dispute over Authority in the Bábí/Bahá’í Faith 巴比/巴哈伊信仰中的过渡、效仿与权威之争
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050577
Siarhei A. Anoshka
This text attempts to analyze the competition for the leadership role in the young Bábí religious community after the execution of their leader, Báb (1819–1850). With the elimination of many leaders, a small group stood out who were willing to replace the absent leader. Two preferences arose within the Babi community: forceful and pacifist. Motivated by the hunger to settle scores, supporters of the first option wanted to fight and reach the victory predicted in the Shiʻite tradition. The second option’s followers, however, rejected all acts of violence, preferring to look at the Báb’s texts, calling their worshipers to lofty ideals as a method of luring other people to the new religion. Presently, after the sentencing to punishment of the Prophet Báb, several people emerged among the former Shiʻites’ group who made claims to authority in the community. Nevertheless, quite quickly, the main confrontation came down to a conflict between two outstanding personalities. Mírzá Yaḥyá Núrí (1831–1912), representing the radical trend of Babism, nicknamed Ṣubḥ-i Azal, was fighting for leadership with Mírzá Ḥusajn-‘Alí Núrí (1817–1892), his half-brother, belonging to the peaceful Bábí party. This article describing the rivalry between two relatives for the leadership position also allows us to see the process of writing down, codifying and spreading the young Bayán religion.
本文试图分析年轻的巴比教派在其领袖巴卜(1819-1850 年)被处决后对领导角色的竞争。随着许多领导人被淘汰,一小部分人脱颖而出,他们愿意取代缺席的领导人。巴比教内部出现了两种倾向:武力派和和平派。第一种选择的支持者出于算账的渴望,希望战斗并取得什叶派传统中预言的胜利。而第二种选择的追随者则拒绝一切暴力行为,他们更倾向于研究巴卜的经文,号召他们的崇拜者树立崇高的理想,以此吸引其他人加入新的宗教。目前,在先知巴卜被判处刑罚后,前什叶派团体中出现了一些人,他们声称自己是团体中的权威。然而,很快,主要的对抗就变成了两个杰出人物之间的冲突。米尔扎-亚希亚-努里(1831-1912 年)代表巴比教激进派,绰号Ṣubḥ-i Azal,他与同父异母的弟弟米尔扎-Ḥusajn-'Alí Núrí(1817-1892 年)争夺领导权,后者属于和平的巴比党。这篇文章描述了两个亲戚对领导地位的争夺,也让我们看到了年轻的巴扬宗教的写作、编纂和传播过程。
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引用次数: 0
The Effectiveness of Spirituality-Centered Cognitive Therapy on Body Image, Sexual Function, Illness Perception and Intrusive Thoughts in Iranian Women after Mastectomy 以精神为中心的认知疗法对乳房切除术后伊朗妇女的身体形象、性功能、疾病感知和侵入性思维的影响
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050578
Mehdi Sharifi, Harold G. Koenig, M. Dadfar, Yahya Turan, Alireza Ghorbani
Spirituality-centered cognitive therapy refers to the way in which people search for and express the meaning and purpose of their lives, as well as experience connection with themselves, others, nature, and spirituality. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of spirituality-centered cognitive therapy on body image, sexual function, disease perception, and disturbing thoughts in women after mastectomy. This was semi-experimental research, which was conducted via a pre-test–post-test method and had a control group. The samples included 85 women with breast cancer who had undergone mastectomy, and, based on the inclusion criteria, 78 individuals were randomly selected and were then divided into two groups (39 individuals in the intervention group and 39 individuals in the control group). The intervention group received eight 120 min sessions of spirituality-centered cognitive therapy, and the control group did not receive any training. Data were collected using questionnaires on illness perception, body image, sexual function, and rumination and were then analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measurements using SPSS-24. Before the training, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the scores obtained by the scales. After the intervention, the mean scores in all scales except sexual function were significantly different from the control group. Therefore, spirituality-centered cognitive therapy may be useful for improving negative psychological symptoms among women in Iran with breast cancer after mastectomy surgery.
以灵性为中心的认知疗法是指人们寻找和表达自己生命的意义和目的,以及体验与自己、他人、自然和灵性之间联系的方式。本研究旨在确定以灵性为中心的认知疗法对乳房切除术后妇女的身体形象、性功能、疾病感知和干扰想法的有效性。本研究为半实验研究,通过前测-后测的方法进行,并设有对照组。样本包括 85 名接受过乳房切除术的乳腺癌妇女,根据纳入标准,随机抽取 78 人,然后分为两组(干预组 39 人,对照组 39 人)。干预组接受 8 次 120 分钟的以灵性为中心的认知治疗,对照组不接受任何培训。通过疾病认知、身体形象、性功能和反刍等方面的问卷收集数据,然后使用 SPSS-24 进行重复测量的多元方差分析。培训前,干预组和对照组的量表得分无明显差异。干预后,除性功能外,所有量表的平均得分均与对照组有显著差异。因此,以灵性为中心的认知疗法可能有助于改善伊朗乳腺癌妇女在乳房切除手术后的负面心理症状。
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引用次数: 0
The Reception History of The Seven Victories and the Localization of The Seven Victories Spiritual Cultivation 七战功》的接受史与《七战功》的本土化精神培养
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050575
Siyi Han, Chen Liu, Yaping Zhou
The Seven Victories is one of the most influential works in Catholic literature from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. The seven victories spiritual cultivation contained therein is the result of the localization of the practice of the Christian faith in the West. It is still a living tradition in the Christian religion and even in Western culture. Since the end of the Ming Dynasty, The Seven Victories has aroused significant repercussions in the ecclesiastical and academic worlds. Some scholars converted to Catholicism because of The Seven Victories and wrote preambles in response to it; some scholars wrote essays criticizing the ethical ideas of The Seven Victories; and some scholars were inspired by The Seven Victories to write about Confucian ideas of sin, the work of reform, and the liturgy of repentance. Together, these constitute the history of the reception of The Seven Victories in China. Through Confucian culture integration, Chinese Christian scholars have developed a localized interpretation of the seven victories spiritual cultivation, resulting in a localized Chinese spiritual cultivation of sin.
七胜经》是明末清初天主教文学中最具影响力的作品之一。其中包含的七胜精神修炼是基督教信仰在西方本土化实践的结果。它至今仍是基督教乃至西方文化中生生不息的传统。明末以来,《七胜经》在教界和学术界引起了很大反响。有的学者因《七战功》而皈依天主教,并撰写序文予以回应;有的学者撰文批判《七战功》的伦理思想;有的学者受《七战功》的启发,撰文论述儒家的罪过、改过之功、悔过礼仪等思想。这些共同构成了《七战功》在中国的接受史。通过儒家文化的整合,中国基督教学者对七胜灵修进行了本土化的阐释,形成了中国本土化的罪的灵修。
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引用次数: 0
Islamic Insights on Religious Disagreement: A New Proposal 伊斯兰教对宗教分歧的见解:新建议
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050574
Jamie B. Turner
In this article, I consider how the epistemic problem of religious disagreement has been viewed within the Islamic tradition. Specifically, I consider two religious epistemological trends within the tradition: Islamic Rationalism and Islamic Traditionalism. In examining the approaches of both trends toward addressing the epistemic problem, I suggest that neither is wholly adequate. Nonetheless, I argue that both approaches offer insights that might be relevant to building a more adequate response. So, I attempt to combine insights from both by drawing a distinction between inferential and noninferential reflective responsibility. Given this distinction, I argue that it may be possible for a theist to remain steadfast in upholding their tradition-specific theistic belief, without having to hold that belief by way of inference; but nevertheless, having to be sufficiently reflectively responsible in forming their theistic belief noninferentially.
在本文中,我将探讨伊斯兰传统是如何看待宗教分歧这一认识论问题的。具体而言,我将探讨伊斯兰传统中的两种宗教认识论趋势:伊斯兰理性主义和伊斯兰传统主义。在研究这两种趋势解决认识论问题的方法时,我认为这两种方法都不完全适当。尽管如此,我认为这两种方法都提供了一些见解,这些见解可能与制定更适当的对策有关。因此,我试图通过区分推论性反思责任和非推论性反思责任,将两者的见解结合起来。鉴于这一区别,我认为有神论者有可能坚定不移地坚持其传统特定的有神论信仰,而不必通过推论的方式持有这一信仰;但在形成其有神论信仰的过程中,必须充分地反思,承担非推论的责任。
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引用次数: 0
Religious Filter Bubbles? The Influence of Religion on Mediated Public Spheres 宗教过滤泡沫?宗教对媒介化公共领域的影响
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050573
Mónika Andok, Ákos Kovács
In recent decades, a series of comprehensive monographs have been published that delve into the intricate relationship between religion and the media, showcasing the burgeoning diversity and expansion of research in this field [...]
近几十年来,出版了一系列综合性专著,深入探讨宗教与媒体之间错综复杂的关系,展示了这一领域研究的蓬勃多样性和扩展性 [...] 。
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引用次数: 0
Toward a Generalizable Understanding of Rightist Movements: Utilizing the Revolutionary Right’s Value Wars in Iran (1995–2009) as a Case Study 实现对右派运动的普遍理解:以伊朗革命右翼的价值战(1995-2009 年)为案例研究
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050525
A. Teimouri
Bringing rightist movement studies into the Iranian context, this study advances a generalizable understanding of the ideological, moral, and cultural activism of Islamist movements and their rightist counterparts. While numerous studies have discussed the economic explanation of rightist movements, I integrate Islamist movements in the Muslim world and rightist movements in the West to develop a generalizable cultural and moral explanation of rightist movements. Value and ideological conflicts, as well as moral outrage, drive this integrated understanding of rightist movements. The rise of innovative and contentious forms of millennialism in Iran—especially the increasing salience of the Jamkaran mosque, the rise of new media outlets and millennial discourses, and pertinent policies—provide evidence for proposing this generalizable understanding. I argue that the rise of performative contentions surrounding millennialism, known as Mahdaviat, within the pro-regime revolutionary rightist movement in Iran was Islamists’ ideological response to liberal threat perceptions. These threat perceptions were activated before the liberal Reform era (1997–2005). After the ascent of Ahmadinejad to power in 2005, ideological millennialism became the dominant discursive field in Iran’s state politics. Drawing on narratives of prominent Islamist figures and media personalities in Iran and events surrounding Mahdaviat, this paper advances a generalizable argument of the moral and cultural explanation of rightist movements.
本研究将右派运动研究引入伊朗的背景中,推进了对伊斯兰运动及其右派运动的意识形态、道德和文化活动的普遍理解。许多研究讨论了右派运动的经济解释,而我则将穆斯林世界的伊斯兰运动和西方的右派运动结合起来,对右派运动进行了可推广的文化和道德解释。价值和意识形态冲突以及道德义愤推动了对右派运动的综合理解。伊朗千禧年主义的创新和争议形式的兴起--尤其是贾姆卡兰清真寺的日益突出、新媒体和千禧年话语的兴起以及相关政策的出台--为提出这种可普遍化的理解提供了证据。我认为,在伊朗亲政权的革命右派运动中,围绕千禧年主义(被称为 "马赫达维特")的表演性争论的兴起是伊斯兰教徒对自由主义威胁观念的意识形态回应。这些威胁观念在自由派改革时代(1997-2005 年)之前就已被激活。2005 年艾哈迈迪-内贾德上台后,意识形态千年主义成为伊朗国家政治的主导话语领域。本文根据伊朗伊斯兰教知名人士和媒体人士的叙述以及围绕 "马赫达维特 "发生的事件,提出了右翼运动的道德和文化解释这一具有普遍意义的论点。
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引用次数: 0
Sickness and the Power of Healing Prayer in 2 Kings 20:1–11 and Isaiah 38:1–22 列王记下》20:1-11 和《以赛亚书》38:1-22 中的疾病与治愈祷告的力量
IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3390/rel15050526
M. Udoekpo
2 Kings 20:1–11; Isaiah 38:1–22 and 2 Chronicles 32:24–26 discuss Hezekiah’s sickness and the power of healing prayer. They are called Hezekiah-Isaiah narratives since they deal not only with (a) the threats and salvation of Jerusalem from Assyria, (b) the disease and the miraculous recovery or healing (ḥāyâ/rāքā’) of Hezekiah and description of the representatives from Babylon, but share a common narrative pattern in which Hezekiah is healed with a poultice/lump of fig tree (dəbelet təʾnim), having received advise and healing support from God’s messenger, Isaiah. Past scholars have approached this text differently, searching for its dating, literary growths, differences, originality with the desire to reveal the history of the various traditional components and relationship among parallel texts, as well the prophetic and kingly images of Isaiah and Hezekiah. Built on this past scholarship and African cultural perspectives and experiences, this work contextually, historically and theologically study, develop and analyze the story of Hezekiah’s sickness and healing.
列王记下》20:1-11;《以赛亚书》38:1-22 和《历代志下》32:24-26 讨论了希西家的疾病和医治祷告的力量。它们被称为希西家-以赛亚叙事,因为它们不仅涉及 (a) 耶路撒冷受到亚述的威胁和拯救,(b) 希西家的疾病和奇迹般的康复或医治(ḥāyâ/rāքā'),以及对来自巴比伦的代表的描述、但有一个共同的叙事模式,即希西家从上帝的使者以赛亚那里得到了建议和医治,用无花果树的果实(dəbelet təʾnim)治好了病。过去的学者对这一文本的研究方法不同,他们寻找其年代、文学发展、差异和原创性,希望揭示各种传统成分的历史和平行文本之间的关系,以及以赛亚和希西家的先知和国王形象。这部作品以过去的学术研究和非洲文化视角和经验为基础,从背景、历史和神学角度研究、发展和分析了希西家的疾病和医治故事。
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