INTRODUCTION: Paracetamol is a standard antipyretic and analgesic which is widely used since the 19th century. Currently, paracetamol is the first-line treatment for pain management of different types. Ibuprofen, on the other hand, is an antipyretic and an analgesic. It is safe and has been used in the treatment of a number of conditions including mild to moderate pain, dysmenorrhea, inflammations and fever to name few.
METHODS: This study aimed at developing and validating a simultaneous UV spectrophotometric method for analysis of ibuprofen and paracetamol in fixed-dose combination suspensions. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous equation principle, which involves measurement of absorbance at wavelengths of maximum absorbance for ibuprofen and paracetamol. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision and robustness as per USP and ICH guidelines.
RESULTS: The two molecules showed wavelength of maximum absorbance at 222 nm and 243 nm for ibuprofen and paracetamol respectively, using phosphate buffer as a diluent. The method was also linear (R2≥0.995), precise (RSD ≤ 2), and robust with accuracy ranging between 98.1%-105% and 109.8 %- 134.9% for paracetamol and ibuprofen, in the range of 0.0032 – 0.0048 mg/ml for ibuprofen and 0.004-0.006 mg/ml for paracetamol, respectively.
CONCLUSION: We have developed an accurate and robust method which can be used to analyze quantitatively paracetamol in suspensions which contain both paracetamol and ibuprofen. The limits of quantification of this method cover the concentration range recommended by the USP (80%- 120%), which justifies the application of the method in routine analysis.
{"title":"A UV Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of Ibuprofen and Paracetamol concentration in suspensions","authors":"E. Mugwiza, I. Hahirwa, T. Umumararungu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Paracetamol is a standard antipyretic and analgesic which is widely used since the 19th century. Currently, paracetamol is the first-line treatment for pain management of different types. Ibuprofen, on the other hand, is an antipyretic and an analgesic. It is safe and has been used in the treatment of a number of conditions including mild to moderate pain, dysmenorrhea, inflammations and fever to name few.
 METHODS: This study aimed at developing and validating a simultaneous UV spectrophotometric method for analysis of ibuprofen and paracetamol in fixed-dose combination suspensions. The proposed method is based on the simultaneous equation principle, which involves measurement of absorbance at wavelengths of maximum absorbance for ibuprofen and paracetamol. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision and robustness as per USP and ICH guidelines.
 RESULTS: The two molecules showed wavelength of maximum absorbance at 222 nm and 243 nm for ibuprofen and paracetamol respectively, using phosphate buffer as a diluent. The method was also linear (R2≥0.995), precise (RSD ≤ 2), and robust with accuracy ranging between 98.1%-105% and 109.8 %- 134.9% for paracetamol and ibuprofen, in the range of 0.0032 – 0.0048 mg/ml for ibuprofen and 0.004-0.006 mg/ml for paracetamol, respectively.
 CONCLUSION: We have developed an accurate and robust method which can be used to analyze quantitatively paracetamol in suspensions which contain both paracetamol and ibuprofen. The limits of quantification of this method cover the concentration range recommended by the USP (80%- 120%), which justifies the application of the method in routine analysis.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: Firefighting is a demanding profession that requires physical strength, mental fortitude, and unwavering dedication. While firefighters are known for their bravery and heroism, it is essential to recognize the potential impact of their work on their mental health. This study examined the prevalence of anxiety and depression and contributing factors among firefighter in Turkey.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 250 full-time professional firefighters, and used the Beck anxiety inventory and the Beck depression inventory forms for data collection. The chi-square analysis method was used to compare categorical data. Predictors of anxiety and depression were determined using a univariate binary logistic regression model.
RESULTS: The mean age, BAI score and BDI score of the participants were 43.7±11.4, 5.9±8.1, and 6.2±8.8, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 10.8%, and 9.6%, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety (p=0.007) and depression (p=0.008) among participants with chronic diseases was higher than among participants without chronic diseases. The identified predictors of anxiety were smoking (OR 4.873, 95% CI 1.293-18.419, p=0.019) and depression (OR 11.411, 95% CI 3.861-33.772, p=0.001). The identified predictors of depression were alcohol consumption (OR 2.722, 95% CI 1.072-6.872, p=0.034) and chronic disease (OR 2.582, 95% CI 1.031-6.532, p=0.044).
CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that anxiety and depression as very common psychiatric problems among firefighters, more prevalent among those working in the city center, smokers, alcohol consumers, verbal violence victims, and those with chronic diseases
& # x0D;& # x0D;& # x0D;消防是一项要求很高的职业，需要体力、毅力和坚定不移的奉献精神。虽然消防员以他们的勇敢和英雄主义而闻名，但认识到他们的工作对心理健康的潜在影响是至关重要的。本研究调查了土耳其消防员焦虑和抑郁的患病率及其影响因素。
方法:采用贝克焦虑量表和贝克抑郁量表对250名专职消防员进行横断面研究。采用卡方分析法比较分类资料。使用单变量二元logistic回归模型确定焦虑和抑郁的预测因子。
结果:参与者的平均年龄为43.7±11.4，平均BAI评分为5.9±8.1，平均BDI评分为6.2±8.8。焦虑和抑郁的患病率分别为10.8%和9.6%。慢性疾病患者的焦虑(p=0.007)和抑郁(p=0.008)患病率高于无慢性疾病患者。焦虑的预测因素为吸烟(OR 4.873, 95% CI 1.293-18.419, p=0.019)和抑郁(OR 11.411, 95% CI 3.861-33.772, p=0.001)。确定的抑郁预测因子为饮酒(OR 2.722, 95% CI 1.072-6.872, p=0.034)和慢性疾病(OR 2.582, 95% CI 1.031-6.532, p=0.044)。结论:研究结果显示，焦虑和抑郁是消防员中非常常见的精神问题，在市中心工作人员、吸烟者、酗酒者、言语暴力受害者和慢性病患者中更为普遍
& # x0D;& # x0D;
{"title":"Prevalence of anxiety and depression and associated factors among firefighters: a cross-sectional study in Turkey","authors":"I. Çelebi, E. Gökkaya","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.10","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Firefighting is a demanding profession that requires physical strength, mental fortitude, and unwavering dedication. While firefighters are known for their bravery and heroism, it is essential to recognize the potential impact of their work on their mental health. This study examined the prevalence of anxiety and depression and contributing factors among firefighter in Turkey.
 METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 250 full-time professional firefighters, and used the Beck anxiety inventory and the Beck depression inventory forms for data collection. The chi-square analysis method was used to compare categorical data. Predictors of anxiety and depression were determined using a univariate binary logistic regression model.
 RESULTS: The mean age, BAI score and BDI score of the participants were 43.7±11.4, 5.9±8.1, and 6.2±8.8, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 10.8%, and 9.6%, respectively. The prevalence of anxiety (p=0.007) and depression (p=0.008) among participants with chronic diseases was higher than among participants without chronic diseases. The identified predictors of anxiety were smoking (OR 4.873, 95% CI 1.293-18.419, p=0.019) and depression (OR 11.411, 95% CI 3.861-33.772, p=0.001). The identified predictors of depression were alcohol consumption (OR 2.722, 95% CI 1.072-6.872, p=0.034) and chronic disease (OR 2.582, 95% CI 1.031-6.532, p=0.044).
 CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that anxiety and depression as very common psychiatric problems among firefighters, more prevalent among those working in the city center, smokers, alcohol consumers, verbal violence victims, and those with chronic diseases
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: The potential roles of alcohol consumption and family history of breast cancer in breast cancer etiology have not been widely studied in Nigeria. Moreover, no African study has investigated the relationship between Light Exposure at Night (LEAN), interpregnancy gap, and breast cancer risk. This study investigated the association between LEAN alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer, interpregnancy gap, and breast cancer risk among Nigerian women. METHODS: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 372 cases and 403 controls in five public hospitals in Nigeria. The participants were interviewed in person between October 2016 and May 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
RESULTS: After adjusting for relevant confounders, frequent LEAN (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.21), average interpregnancy gap (AIG) > 3 years (compared to AIG < 1.5 years) (OR 2.21, 95% CI:1.07, 4.57), having a regular history of alcohol consumption (OR 1.67, 95% CI:1.04, 2.69), and family history of breast cancer (OR 2.11, 95% CI:1.14, 3.93) and were significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
CONCLUSION: We hypothesized that LEAN, longer interpregnancy gap, regular alcohol consumption, and family history of breast cancer increase the risk of breast cancer among Nigerian women.
{"title":"Novel breast cancer risk factors in Nigeria: the findings of Nigerian breast cancer risk factor study","authors":"Samuel O. Azubuike, Dori-Michelle Beeler","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: The potential roles of alcohol consumption and family history of breast cancer in breast cancer etiology have not been widely studied in Nigeria. Moreover, no African study has investigated the relationship between Light Exposure at Night (LEAN), interpregnancy gap, and breast cancer risk. This study investigated the association between LEAN alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer, interpregnancy gap, and breast cancer risk among Nigerian women. METHODS: A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant data from 372 cases and 403 controls in five public hospitals in Nigeria. The participants were interviewed in person between October 2016 and May 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
 RESULTS: After adjusting for relevant confounders, frequent LEAN (OR 1.87, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.21), average interpregnancy gap (AIG) > 3 years (compared to AIG < 1.5 years) (OR 2.21, 95% CI:1.07, 4.57), having a regular history of alcohol consumption (OR 1.67, 95% CI:1.04, 2.69), and family history of breast cancer (OR 2.11, 95% CI:1.14, 3.93) and were significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
 CONCLUSION: We hypothesized that LEAN, longer interpregnancy gap, regular alcohol consumption, and family history of breast cancer increase the risk of breast cancer among Nigerian women.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135922926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Shustak, J. M. Uwitonze, J. Kabagema, M. Wojick, B. Asay, A. Louka, L. Wolfe, T. Dushime, S. Jayaraman
INTRODUCTION: In Rwanda, non-communicable diseases accounted for 44% of all reported deaths as of 2016. Yet, there is very limited data on pre-hospital management of emergency medical conditions in LMICs. We evaluated the impact of a pre-hospital medical emergencies training course and train-the-trainers program for Service d’Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU) to address the burden of NCDs.
METHODS: A 100-question baseline assessment was administered to 25 SAMU staff to assess knowledge of basic anatomy, physiology, medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, trauma, and scene safety. A two-day Emergency Medical Care Course (EMCC) was developed. Two cohorts (one for instructors and another one for staff) from ten district and provincial hospitals. EMCC 1 and a one- day educator course were conducted for the instructor core. They then taught the second cohort of trainees (EMCC 2).
RESULTS: In the baseline assessment of 25 SAMU staff, the median score was 56% overall and 54% in medical. EMCC 1 median scores were 43% vs 86% (pre vs post), p<0.001 using matched pair analysis of 18 participants. EMCC 2 median scores were 45% vs 82% (pre vs post), p<0.001 using matched pair analysis of 16 participants. A one-way ANOVA mean square analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts post-training, with similar post- assessment scores.
DISCUSSION: This study showed that the course improved knowledge for an instructor core and staff from district and provincial hospitals, confirming the effectiveness of a train-the-trainers model, which will allow for sustainability in pre-hospital emergency medical training in Rwanda.
{"title":"Managing medical emergencies: Sustainable pre-hospital medical education in Rwanda","authors":"A. Shustak, J. M. Uwitonze, J. Kabagema, M. Wojick, B. Asay, A. Louka, L. Wolfe, T. Dushime, S. Jayaraman","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: In Rwanda, non-communicable diseases accounted for 44% of all reported deaths as of 2016. Yet, there is very limited data on pre-hospital management of emergency medical conditions in LMICs. We evaluated the impact of a pre-hospital medical emergencies training course and train-the-trainers program for Service d’Aide Medicale Urgente (SAMU) to address the burden of NCDs.
 METHODS: A 100-question baseline assessment was administered to 25 SAMU staff to assess knowledge of basic anatomy, physiology, medicine, obstetrics, pediatrics, trauma, and scene safety. A two-day Emergency Medical Care Course (EMCC) was developed. Two cohorts (one for instructors and another one for staff) from ten district and provincial hospitals. EMCC 1 and a one- day educator course were conducted for the instructor core. They then taught the second cohort of trainees (EMCC 2).
 RESULTS: In the baseline assessment of 25 SAMU staff, the median score was 56% overall and 54% in medical. EMCC 1 median scores were 43% vs 86% (pre vs post), p<0.001 using matched pair analysis of 18 participants. EMCC 2 median scores were 45% vs 82% (pre vs post), p<0.001 using matched pair analysis of 16 participants. A one-way ANOVA mean square analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts post-training, with similar post- assessment scores.
 DISCUSSION: This study showed that the course improved knowledge for an instructor core and staff from district and provincial hospitals, confirming the effectiveness of a train-the-trainers model, which will allow for sustainability in pre-hospital emergency medical training in Rwanda.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Muhinda, J. Kabahizi, K. Bazatsinda, N. Dukuze, C. Nsanzabaganwa, G. Murenzi, M. Yotebieng, B. Bagaya, L. Mutesa
INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of acquiring hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection through occupational exposure to blood or body fluids. However, the rates of non- responders after HBV vaccination among HCWs are not well documented. Therefore, we aimed to determine the proportion of immunological non-responders among HCWs who received Hepatitis B vaccine at Rwanda Military Hospital (RMH) and characterize the memory T cell responses to the Hepatitis B vaccine.
METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted at the RMH. HBV vaccinated HCWs were evaluated for immune response by measuring serum Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers and levels of HB core antibodies (HBcAb) on COBAS e411 machine, 6 years post vaccination.RESULTS: Initially 87 employees were included in the study. Four participants were excluded due to incomplete records. 52 (62.7%) participants were female and 31 (37.3%) were male. HWCs’ age ranged between 23 and 66 years with a mean (±SD) age of 38.2 ± 7.3. Of 83 HCWs, 70 (84.3%)showed response to HBV vaccine, non-responders were 11 (13.3%) and 2 (2.4%) showed immunity due to natural infection. There was no significant difference in Th cell frequencies and function between responders and non-responders after stimulation with rHBsAg vaccine.
CONCLUSION: Immunological response six years post HBsAg vaccination was 84.3% in HCWs at RMH and similar to the global prevalence. Anti-HBs levels should be tested in all HCWs following HBsAg vaccination. Personal protective equipment, and a dose of Hepatitis B prophylaxis when exposed should be emphasized.
{"title":"Evaluation of immunological response to hepatitis B vaccine among healthcare workers at Rwanda Military Hospital","authors":"C. Muhinda, J. Kabahizi, K. Bazatsinda, N. Dukuze, C. Nsanzabaganwa, G. Murenzi, M. Yotebieng, B. Bagaya, L. Mutesa","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.8","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of acquiring hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection through occupational exposure to blood or body fluids. However, the rates of non- responders after HBV vaccination among HCWs are not well documented. Therefore, we aimed to determine the proportion of immunological non-responders among HCWs who received Hepatitis B vaccine at Rwanda Military Hospital (RMH) and characterize the memory T cell responses to the Hepatitis B vaccine.
 METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted at the RMH. HBV vaccinated HCWs were evaluated for immune response by measuring serum Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) titers and levels of HB core antibodies (HBcAb) on COBAS e411 machine, 6 years post vaccination.RESULTS: Initially 87 employees were included in the study. Four participants were excluded due to incomplete records. 52 (62.7%) participants were female and 31 (37.3%) were male. HWCs’ age ranged between 23 and 66 years with a mean (±SD) age of 38.2 ± 7.3. Of 83 HCWs, 70 (84.3%)showed response to HBV vaccine, non-responders were 11 (13.3%) and 2 (2.4%) showed immunity due to natural infection. There was no significant difference in Th cell frequencies and function between responders and non-responders after stimulation with rHBsAg vaccine.
 CONCLUSION: Immunological response six years post HBsAg vaccination was 84.3% in HCWs at RMH and similar to the global prevalence. Anti-HBs levels should be tested in all HCWs following HBsAg vaccination. Personal protective equipment, and a dose of Hepatitis B prophylaxis when exposed should be emphasized.
 
 
 
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: The majority of children will experience pain in their childhood. Nurses play a crucial role in caring for children in pain. Pain assessment tools aid nurses in providing effective care for these children. This study aimed to assess the use of pain assessment tools and associated factors among nurses caring for hospitalized children at a selected district hospital in Rwanda. METHOD: This descriptive cross-sectional study occurred at Kabgayi District Hospital in Southern Province, Rwanda. 153 nurses caring for children below 15 years were sampled. Pretested and validated questionnaires, in addition to patients' files, were used as data collection tools. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS: At Kabgayi District Hospital, the majority (60.4%) of nurses used pain assessment tools, mostly the verbal pain rating scale. More than eighty percent (83.8%) cited inadequate resources hindering tool utilization. A high workload for nurses made performing appropriate pain assessment procedures difficult. The use of pain assessment tools was associated with the nurses' working shifts (p=0.022). Day-shift nurses implemented tools more than their night-shift counterparts.
CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that there are still barriers to the use of pain assessment tools among nurses caring for hospitalized children at Kabgayi District Hospital. Reducing a high workload for nurses will improve the effective use of pain assessment tools. Training for nurses in the form of continuing professional development (CPD) using other appropriate types of pain assessment tools, such as Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC), and Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale, should be enhanced.
{"title":"Use of pain assessment tools and associated factors among nurses caring for hospitalized children in District Hospital in Rwanda","authors":"T Mukaziboneye, P. Uwimana, G. Gakende","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.9","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: The majority of children will experience pain in their childhood. Nurses play a crucial role in caring for children in pain. Pain assessment tools aid nurses in providing effective care for these children. This study aimed to assess the use of pain assessment tools and associated factors among nurses caring for hospitalized children at a selected district hospital in Rwanda. METHOD: This descriptive cross-sectional study occurred at Kabgayi District Hospital in Southern Province, Rwanda. 153 nurses caring for children below 15 years were sampled. Pretested and validated questionnaires, in addition to patients' files, were used as data collection tools. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.
 RESULTS: At Kabgayi District Hospital, the majority (60.4%) of nurses used pain assessment tools, mostly the verbal pain rating scale. More than eighty percent (83.8%) cited inadequate resources hindering tool utilization. A high workload for nurses made performing appropriate pain assessment procedures difficult. The use of pain assessment tools was associated with the nurses' working shifts (p=0.022). Day-shift nurses implemented tools more than their night-shift counterparts.
 CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that there are still barriers to the use of pain assessment tools among nurses caring for hospitalized children at Kabgayi District Hospital. Reducing a high workload for nurses will improve the effective use of pain assessment tools. Training for nurses in the form of continuing professional development (CPD) using other appropriate types of pain assessment tools, such as Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability (FLACC), and Wong-Baker Faces pain rating scale, should be enhanced.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E Rutaganda, N. Umugwaneza, F. Shikama, V. Ndayiragije, D. Nyampinga, Z. Ingabire, S. Mukanumviye, P. Ngabitsinze, S. Kibuka, J. M. Nyayisenga, J. Ndahayo, F. Ngabonziza, B. Seminega, V. Dusabejambo
Even if the ingestion of foreign bodies is common, it is not a common practice to remove endoscopically a big foreign body retained in the stomach. We describe a 27 years old schizophrenic woman transferred to the Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK) after four days of ingesting a tablespoon. An erect abdominal X-ray revealed the teaspoon in the abdomen and was confirmed by an endoscopy. The spoon was successfully removed endoscopically using a polypectomy snare. There were no post-procedure complications, and the patient was discharged after two days of observation.
The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a feasible and safe procedure for removing big retained foreign bodies in carefully selected patients.
{"title":"Endoscopic removal of a tablespoon retained in the stomach - A case report","authors":"E Rutaganda, N. Umugwaneza, F. Shikama, V. Ndayiragije, D. Nyampinga, Z. Ingabire, S. Mukanumviye, P. Ngabitsinze, S. Kibuka, J. M. Nyayisenga, J. Ndahayo, F. Ngabonziza, B. Seminega, V. Dusabejambo","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 Even if the ingestion of foreign bodies is common, it is not a common practice to remove endoscopically a big foreign body retained in the stomach. We describe a 27 years old schizophrenic woman transferred to the Kigali University Teaching Hospital (CHUK) after four days of ingesting a tablespoon. An erect abdominal X-ray revealed the teaspoon in the abdomen and was confirmed by an endoscopy. The spoon was successfully removed endoscopically using a polypectomy snare. There were no post-procedure complications, and the patient was discharged after two days of observation.
 The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a feasible and safe procedure for removing big retained foreign bodies in carefully selected patients.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Olowookere, O. F. Awopeju, F. O. Fehintola, O. Arije, T. O. Ojo, O. I. Obe-Adeoye, O. A. Aina, M. O. Gbadamosi, E. G. Adepoju
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study assessed TB burden and its predictors among PLWHA receiving care at the State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted among PLWHA screened clinically for TB from February 2009 till December 2019. Information collected included their socio-demographic characteristics, other variables, TB signs and symptoms, and CD4 count. PLWHA with at least one TB symptom or sign underwent laboratory diagnosis. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
RESULTS: A total of 4057 PLWHA were screened clinically for TB during the study period. They were 982 (24.2%) males and 3075 (75.8%) females. Six hundred and ninety-eight (33.4%) were diagnosed with TB. On logistic regression analysis, predictors of TB included being female (AOR=3.53, 95%CI=2.72-4.59, p<0.001), having lower education (AOR=2.53, 95%CI=2.07-3.10, p<0.001), having low socio-economic status (AOR=34.54, 95%CI=21.10-56.52, p=0.0001), being underweight (AOR=3.28, 95%CI=2.69-4.10, p<0.001) and having CD4 count <200/ml (AOR=3.69, 95%CI=3.04-4.47, p<0.001).
CONCLUSION: PLWHA had a high TB burden with predictors including low socio-economic status, being female, having had lower education, low CD4 count, and being underweight. Addressing these factors may reduce the TB burden among PLWHA.
{"title":"Tuberculosis burden and its predictors among people living with HIV/AIDS at a Nigerian treatment centre: a prospective study","authors":"S. A. Olowookere, O. F. Awopeju, F. O. Fehintola, O. Arije, T. O. Ojo, O. I. Obe-Adeoye, O. A. Aina, M. O. Gbadamosi, E. G. Adepoju","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of death in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study assessed TB burden and its predictors among PLWHA receiving care at the State Specialist Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.METHODS: A prospective study was conducted among PLWHA screened clinically for TB from February 2009 till December 2019. Information collected included their socio-demographic characteristics, other variables, TB signs and symptoms, and CD4 count. PLWHA with at least one TB symptom or sign underwent laboratory diagnosis. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
 RESULTS: A total of 4057 PLWHA were screened clinically for TB during the study period. They were 982 (24.2%) males and 3075 (75.8%) females. Six hundred and ninety-eight (33.4%) were diagnosed with TB. On logistic regression analysis, predictors of TB included being female (AOR=3.53, 95%CI=2.72-4.59, p<0.001), having lower education (AOR=2.53, 95%CI=2.07-3.10, p<0.001), having low socio-economic status (AOR=34.54, 95%CI=21.10-56.52, p=0.0001), being underweight (AOR=3.28, 95%CI=2.69-4.10, p<0.001) and having CD4 count <200/ml (AOR=3.69, 95%CI=3.04-4.47, p<0.001).
 CONCLUSION: PLWHA had a high TB burden with predictors including low socio-economic status, being female, having had lower education, low CD4 count, and being underweight. Addressing these factors may reduce the TB burden among PLWHA.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: Modern obstetrics aims to achieve the best quality of life for both mother and her unborn child. Birth weight is an important predictor of neonatal outcome, and its prenatal estimation plays a significant role in the comprehensive evaluation and management of high- risk pregnancies. This study aims to estimate fetal weight using different clinical methods and ultrasonography and compare these methods with the actual birth weight.
METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional comparative study of 200 full-term pregnant women admitted to the Northern Railway Central Hospital, New Delhi, between June 2014 and June 2015 was conducted. Patients in whom delivery was anticipated and completed within 1 week were included. Fetal weights were estimated clinically using Insler’s and Johnson’s formula and ultrasound using Hadlock’s formula. Estimates were then compared with actual birth weight. RESULTS: Both the clinical methods showed underestimation of fetal weight, while ultrasound estimation of fetal weight showed overestimation. Clinical methods had a lower average error in fetal weight estimation than ultrasonography methods. Reliability statistics showed a better prediction of fetal weight if all three methods were used in conjunction.
CONCLUSION: Clinical methods were found to be better than the ultrasonography method for fetal weight estimation. Clinical methods are easy and cost-effective for the patients, so all relevant health workers should be taught how to undertake this skill competently. However, all the methods must be used in conjunction.
{"title":"Comparative study of fetal weight estimation by various methods at term and its correlation with the actual birth weight","authors":"Anjali Singh, Anjani K. Srivastava, Ankit Singh","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"
 
 
 INTRODUCTION: Modern obstetrics aims to achieve the best quality of life for both mother and her unborn child. Birth weight is an important predictor of neonatal outcome, and its prenatal estimation plays a significant role in the comprehensive evaluation and management of high- risk pregnancies. This study aims to estimate fetal weight using different clinical methods and ultrasonography and compare these methods with the actual birth weight.
 METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional comparative study of 200 full-term pregnant women admitted to the Northern Railway Central Hospital, New Delhi, between June 2014 and June 2015 was conducted. Patients in whom delivery was anticipated and completed within 1 week were included. Fetal weights were estimated clinically using Insler’s and Johnson’s formula and ultrasound using Hadlock’s formula. Estimates were then compared with actual birth weight. RESULTS: Both the clinical methods showed underestimation of fetal weight, while ultrasound estimation of fetal weight showed overestimation. Clinical methods had a lower average error in fetal weight estimation than ultrasonography methods. Reliability statistics showed a better prediction of fetal weight if all three methods were used in conjunction.
 CONCLUSION: Clinical methods were found to be better than the ultrasonography method for fetal weight estimation. Clinical methods are easy and cost-effective for the patients, so all relevant health workers should be taught how to undertake this skill competently. However, all the methods must be used in conjunction.
 
 
","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135923495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ntezamizero Japhet, J. Ntezamizero, E. Hategekimana, E. I. Ineza, I. Mutimamwiza, F. Ndabishimiye
Colonic intussusception is a rare complication of colonic lipoma. This study presents an unusualcase of a symptomatic lipoma of the transverse colon, causing colonic intussusception andlower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A 53 year-old female was admitted to Bushenge ProvincialHospital, Rwanda, with episodes of intermittent pain, vomiting, and bloody mucoid stool. Physicalexamination revealed a distended abdomen, tenderness and bloody mucous from the rectum.Ultrasonography revealed a target sign suggestive of intussusception. The patient underwentsegmental resection of the transverse colon, and histopathology analysis of the specimen revealeda lipoma. The patient was followed up for a year and 8 months after the resection and remainedhealthy. This study serves as a guide for the management of complicated colonic lipoma, especiallyin resource-limited settings.
{"title":"Adult colocolic intussusception and lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to a colonic lipoma","authors":"Ntezamizero Japhet, J. Ntezamizero, E. Hategekimana, E. I. Ineza, I. Mutimamwiza, F. Ndabishimiye","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v80i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v80i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Colonic intussusception is a rare complication of colonic lipoma. This study presents an unusualcase of a symptomatic lipoma of the transverse colon, causing colonic intussusception andlower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. A 53 year-old female was admitted to Bushenge ProvincialHospital, Rwanda, with episodes of intermittent pain, vomiting, and bloody mucoid stool. Physicalexamination revealed a distended abdomen, tenderness and bloody mucous from the rectum.Ultrasonography revealed a target sign suggestive of intussusception. The patient underwentsegmental resection of the transverse colon, and histopathology analysis of the specimen revealeda lipoma. The patient was followed up for a year and 8 months after the resection and remainedhealthy. This study serves as a guide for the management of complicated colonic lipoma, especiallyin resource-limited settings.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41264090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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