The sciatic nerve (SN) presented with unusual patterns in which five smaller fibers instead of one or two nerves at the level of the Piriformis muscle. Those five fibers measured 7.5 cm from their origin to where they joined to form the SN. The SN terminated in the popliteal fossa by giving rise to three terminal branches: the tibial nerve, the common peroneal nerve, and another unusual nerve that supplied the medial head of the gastrocnemius. This case is unusual because the SN presents with different positional variations of its two components in relation to the piriformis muscle but not five fibers; in addition, the SN normally bifurcates instead of trifurcating when it reaches in the popliteal fossa. The case presented a Type A pattern of SN to the piriformis muscle. This type of pattern has been documented to be the most common in some parts of Africa. Some authors have reported two patterns of trifurcation of the SN. One is a pattern where the SN gave rise to the tibial, superficial, and deep peroneal nerves at the popliteal fossa, and another is a trifurcation pattern where it gave rise to the tibial, common peroneal, and sural nerves. The case is different as it presents an unusual unreported pattern where the SN trifurcates by giving rise to the tibial, common peroneal, and nerve that supplies the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The current variation has never been reported elsewhere.
坐骨神经（SN）呈现出不寻常的形态，在梨状肌水平有五条较小的纤维，而不是一条或两条神经。这五条纤维从起源到连接形成坐骨神经的位置长达 7.5 厘米。腓总神经在腘窝处产生三个末端分支：胫神经、腓总神经和另一条供应腓肠肌内侧头的不寻常神经。该病例之所以不寻常，是因为SN的两个组成部分相对于梨状肌有不同的位置变化，但没有五根纤维；此外，SN到达腘窝时通常会分叉，而不是三叉。该病例呈现的是腹股沟肌到梨状肌的 A 型模式。据记载，这种模式在非洲一些地区最为常见。一些作者报告了两种SN三叉模式。一种是腓肠神经在腘窝处产生胫神经、腓浅神经和腓深神经，另一种是腓肠神经在腘窝处产生胫神经、腓总神经和鞍神经。本病例与众不同，因为它呈现了一种未曾报道过的不寻常模式，即腓肠神经三叉化，产生胫神经、腓总神经和供应腓肠肌内侧头的神经。目前的变异从未在其他地方报道过。
{"title":"An unusual variation in the formation and termination of the sciatic nerve - a case report","authors":"S. Habumuremyi, V. Archibong, J. Gashegu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.21","url":null,"abstract":"The sciatic nerve (SN) presented with unusual patterns in which five smaller fibers instead of one or two nerves at the level of the Piriformis muscle. Those five fibers measured 7.5 cm from their origin to where they joined to form the SN. The SN terminated in the popliteal fossa by giving rise to three terminal branches: the tibial nerve, the common peroneal nerve, and another unusual nerve that supplied the medial head of the gastrocnemius. This case is unusual because the SN presents with different positional variations of its two components in relation to the piriformis muscle but not five fibers; in addition, the SN normally bifurcates instead of trifurcating when it reaches in the popliteal fossa. The case presented a Type A pattern of SN to the piriformis muscle. This type of pattern has been documented to be the most common in some parts of Africa. Some authors have reported two patterns of trifurcation of the SN. One is a pattern where the SN gave rise to the tibial, superficial, and deep peroneal nerves at the popliteal fossa, and another is a trifurcation pattern where it gave rise to the tibial, common peroneal, and sural nerves. The case is different as it presents an unusual unreported pattern where the SN trifurcates by giving rise to the tibial, common peroneal, and nerve that supplies the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The current variation has never been reported elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"43 182","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Kubwimana, E. Sindikubwabo, J. Rugambwa, J. Gashegu
A persistent sciatic artery is an anatomical variation as the artery running in the posterior thigh compartment should have regressed at the embryological level. Its persistence should be looked into the window of potential complications such as aneurysms and limb ischemia. A number of cases have previously been documented in international journals, but none locally. We present findings of a monthly resident dissection course whereby an adult male cadaver was dissected on the gluteal and posterior thigh, and we found a persistent sciatic artery arising on the lateral circumflex femoral artery, and distally, it was joining the normal popliteal artery. Persistent sciatic artery is a variation worth knowing for surgeons and anesthesiologists approaching the posterior thigh. We should foster awareness of such variations through research.
{"title":"Persistent primitive sciatic artery: a case report and review of the literature","authors":"O. Kubwimana, E. Sindikubwabo, J. Rugambwa, J. Gashegu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"A persistent sciatic artery is an anatomical variation as the artery running in the posterior thigh compartment should have regressed at the embryological level. Its persistence should be looked into the window of potential complications such as aneurysms and limb ischemia. A number of cases have previously been documented in international journals, but none locally. We present findings of a monthly resident dissection course whereby an adult male cadaver was dissected on the gluteal and posterior thigh, and we found a persistent sciatic artery arising on the lateral circumflex femoral artery, and distally, it was joining the normal popliteal artery. Persistent sciatic artery is a variation worth knowing for surgeons and anesthesiologists approaching the posterior thigh. We should foster awareness of such variations through research.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"55 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Rugambwa, J. Umuhire, D. Nkusi, O. Kubwimana, J. Gashegu
The gluteal region is an important anatomical and clinical area that contains muscles and vital neurovascular bundles. The gluteus maximus is the largest and most powerful muscle in the human body. While there can be some anatomical variations in the gluteus maximus, they are generally minor and do not significantly affect its function; however, its proximity to the sciatic nerve necessitates attention. Hence, a thorough understanding of the gluteal region's anatomy is crucial. In the gluteal region of an adult male cadaver dissection for the postgraduate surgical trainees' regular cadaver dissection course, we discovered a variation of the gluteus maximus muscle that was duplicated with a superficial big portion and a deep small muscle component. The little portion was attached to the hip bone by two tendinous slips connected by a tendinous arch under which the sciatic nerve runs. With this type of anatomical disposition, the sciatic nerve may become entrapped if a small portion of the gluteus muscle hypertrophies, resulting in sciatica. Since the gluteus maximus can entrap the sciatic nerve, understanding the anatomy of the gluteal region is crucial for both anatomical and clinical reasons. Clinicians should be aware of this anatomy for successful surgeries of the gluteal region, intramuscular injections, and dealing with complaints of sciatica. Additional investigation and dissections of the gluteal region are urged for a better comprehension of human anatomy and its variability.
{"title":"Duplicated gluteus maximus muscle: rare variant anatomy: a case report - a case report","authors":"J. Rugambwa, J. Umuhire, D. Nkusi, O. Kubwimana, J. Gashegu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.20","url":null,"abstract":"The gluteal region is an important anatomical and clinical area that contains muscles and vital neurovascular bundles. The gluteus maximus is the largest and most powerful muscle in the human body. While there can be some anatomical variations in the gluteus maximus, they are generally minor and do not significantly affect its function; however, its proximity to the sciatic nerve necessitates attention. Hence, a thorough understanding of the gluteal region's anatomy is crucial. In the gluteal region of an adult male cadaver dissection for the postgraduate surgical trainees' regular cadaver dissection course, we discovered a variation of the gluteus maximus muscle that was duplicated with a superficial big portion and a deep small muscle component. The little portion was attached to the hip bone by two tendinous slips connected by a tendinous arch under which the sciatic nerve runs. With this type of anatomical disposition, the sciatic nerve may become entrapped if a small portion of the gluteus muscle hypertrophies, resulting in sciatica. Since the gluteus maximus can entrap the sciatic nerve, understanding the anatomy of the gluteal region is crucial for both anatomical and clinical reasons. Clinicians should be aware of this anatomy for successful surgeries of the gluteal region, intramuscular injections, and dealing with complaints of sciatica. Additional investigation and dissections of the gluteal region are urged for a better comprehension of human anatomy and its variability.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"74 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Archibong, A. Mohammed, A. Afodun, A. Okesina, S. Olurunnado, A. Ivan, K. Okesina, J. Gashegu
INTRODUCTION: Body donation is the willingness of a person to donate his body or organ to a person or organization after death. Medical schools in Western countries depend solely on human donations for medical education. However, the trend is different in Africa due to limited literature. This study aimed to measure the level of knowledge and attitude toward body donation among students at the Huye campus, University of Rwanda METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 120 students at the Huye campus of the University of Rwanda. Data was collected using a Google format questionnaire. Knowledge and attitude were assigned scores of 0 and 1 for wrong and correct options, respectively. Knowledge of body donation was calculated as the sum of the scores of all knowledge questions, and Attitude was assessed as the mean of the sum of attitude scores. The association of age, knowledge, and attitude was assessed in bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test. The threshold for statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: 49.2% of the respondents had a very good knowledge score, 43.3% had a good knowledge score, 6.7% had a fair knowledge score, and 0.8% had a poor knowledge score. The positive attitude score was 85.8%, and the negative attitude score was 14.2%. However, 66.7% of the respondents showed an unwillingness towards body donation, and 84.2% showed a willingness towards organ donation. CONCLUSION: The unwillingness to donate body organs observed in this study calls for the introduction of sensitization programs or courses on body donation at the tertiary level of education in Rwanda.
{"title":"Knowledge and attitude towards body donation among students in Huye campus, University of Rwanda","authors":"V. Archibong, A. Mohammed, A. Afodun, A. Okesina, S. Olurunnado, A. Ivan, K. Okesina, J. Gashegu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.17","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Body donation is the willingness of a person to donate his body or organ to a person or organization after death. Medical schools in Western countries depend solely on human donations for medical education. However, the trend is different in Africa due to limited literature. This study aimed to measure the level of knowledge and attitude toward body donation among students at the Huye campus, University of Rwanda METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 120 students at the Huye campus of the University of Rwanda. Data was collected using a Google format questionnaire. Knowledge and attitude were assigned scores of 0 and 1 for wrong and correct options, respectively. Knowledge of body donation was calculated as the sum of the scores of all knowledge questions, and Attitude was assessed as the mean of the sum of attitude scores. The association of age, knowledge, and attitude was assessed in bivariate analysis with the Chi-square test. The threshold for statistical significance was P ≤ 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: 49.2% of the respondents had a very good knowledge score, 43.3% had a good knowledge score, 6.7% had a fair knowledge score, and 0.8% had a poor knowledge score. The positive attitude score was 85.8%, and the negative attitude score was 14.2%. However, 66.7% of the respondents showed an unwillingness towards body donation, and 84.2% showed a willingness towards organ donation. CONCLUSION: The unwillingness to donate body organs observed in this study calls for the introduction of sensitization programs or courses on body donation at the tertiary level of education in Rwanda.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"80 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: The incidence of insulin resistance is on the increase globally. Earlier reports linked impaired insulin signaling and glucose intolerance to cognitive decline, suggesting that improving insulin signaling could enhance neuronal survival. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) is an active component of cinnamon and has many pharmacological importance. However, the effects of TCA on insulin resistance-induced neurodegenerative changes are unclear. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating the effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde on hippocampal histoarchitecture in insulin-resistant rats. METHODS: Twenty adult Wistar rats were fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then injected with a low dose of STZ (30 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally). 60mg/kg of TCA was orally administered once daily for 4 weeks. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the ameliorative potentials of TCA on the hippocampus of Wistar Rats. RESULTS: TCA administration to insulin-resistant rats histologically and immunohistochemically reduced pyknosis, astrogliosis, and neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus when compared with untreated insulin-resistant rats. CONCLUSION: TCA prospect as a novel therapy in insulin-resistant subjects with neurogenerative diseases could be further explored.
{"title":"Histological and immunohistochemical study of the neuroprotective potentials of trans-cinnamaldehyde in Wistar rat model of insulin resistance","authors":"S. Olorunnado, O. Akinola","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.16","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: The incidence of insulin resistance is on the increase globally. Earlier reports linked impaired insulin signaling and glucose intolerance to cognitive decline, suggesting that improving insulin signaling could enhance neuronal survival. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TCA) is an active component of cinnamon and has many pharmacological importance. However, the effects of TCA on insulin resistance-induced neurodegenerative changes are unclear. This study, therefore, aimed at evaluating the effects of trans-cinnamaldehyde on hippocampal histoarchitecture in insulin-resistant rats. METHODS: Twenty adult Wistar rats were fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then injected with a low dose of STZ (30 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally). 60mg/kg of TCA was orally administered once daily for 4 weeks. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the ameliorative potentials of TCA on the hippocampus of Wistar Rats. RESULTS: TCA administration to insulin-resistant rats histologically and immunohistochemically reduced pyknosis, astrogliosis, and neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus when compared with untreated insulin-resistant rats. CONCLUSION: TCA prospect as a novel therapy in insulin-resistant subjects with neurogenerative diseases could be further explored.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Atere Adedeji, A. Kosamat Yekeen, O. Oluwatuyi Precious, E. Chukwuemeka Cinderella
INTRODUCTION: Malaria during pregnancy remains a public health issue. The most deadly plasmodium, Plasmodium falciparum, kills about 40% of the world's population, especially pregnant women and children under five. In pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum, MDA, CAT, H2O2, SOD, and GPx were measured as oxidative stress markers and SAA and CRP as acute-phase proteins. METHODS: A total of 90 subjects were recruited for this study, which was subdivided into 30 pregnant women infected with malaria (PWM), 35 pregnant women not infected with malaria (PWN), and 25 healthy women without pregnancy (WWP) who served as the control groups. 5mls of venous blood was collected and dispensed into appropriate bottles for malaria parasite assessment using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and MDA, CAT, H2O2, SOD, GPx, SAA, and CRP analysis using conventional laboratory techniques. Statistical analysis was done, and P values under 0.05 were significant. RESULTS: The PWM and PWN groups had significantly higher MDA and H2O2 values, but SOD, GPx, and CAT values were significantly lower (p<0.05). When comparing CRP and SAA levels between PWM, PWN, and control groups, both groups with pregnancy had significantly greater levels (p<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.442, p<0.05) was found between MDA and SAA, while positive correlations were seen between CAT and CRP, and SOD and SAA in pregnant women with malaria. CONCLUSION: This study found that malaria during pregnancy increases oxidants and decreases antioxidant enzymes, causing oxidative stress. This study showed that CRP and SAA may indicate malaria infections.
{"title":"Antioxidant status and acute phase reactants in pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum","authors":"D. Atere Adedeji, A. Kosamat Yekeen, O. Oluwatuyi Precious, E. Chukwuemeka Cinderella","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Malaria during pregnancy remains a public health issue. The most deadly plasmodium, Plasmodium falciparum, kills about 40% of the world's population, especially pregnant women and children under five. In pregnant women infected with Plasmodium falciparum, MDA, CAT, H2O2, SOD, and GPx were measured as oxidative stress markers and SAA and CRP as acute-phase proteins. \u0000METHODS: A total of 90 subjects were recruited for this study, which was subdivided into 30 pregnant women infected with malaria (PWM), 35 pregnant women not infected with malaria (PWN), and 25 healthy women without pregnancy (WWP) who served as the control groups. 5mls of venous blood was collected and dispensed into appropriate bottles for malaria parasite assessment using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and MDA, CAT, H2O2, SOD, GPx, SAA, and CRP analysis using conventional laboratory techniques. Statistical analysis was done, and P values under 0.05 were significant. \u0000RESULTS: The PWM and PWN groups had significantly higher MDA and H2O2 values, but SOD, GPx, and CAT values were significantly lower (p<0.05). When comparing CRP and SAA levels between PWM, PWN, and control groups, both groups with pregnancy had significantly greater levels (p<0.05). A negative correlation (r = -0.442, p<0.05) was found between MDA and SAA, while positive correlations were seen between CAT and CRP, and SOD and SAA in pregnant women with malaria. \u0000CONCLUSION: This study found that malaria during pregnancy increases oxidants and decreases antioxidant enzymes, causing oxidative stress. This study showed that CRP and SAA may indicate malaria infections.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"85 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140706956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sciatic nerve is the thickest in the human body; however, it is susceptible to a wide range of anatomical variations with potential clinical implications. Some variations are very rare and unreported in the existing literature We present a case of a middle-aged male cadaver with a sciatic nerve giving a loop where 3 perforator arteries from the profunda femoris artery pass; the loop bundles were reforming the main nerve distally. A sciatic nerve loop engulfing muscular perforator arteries is a scarce anatomical variation worth knowing for clinical, academic, and research interests.
{"title":"Sciatic nerve loop engulfing perforator arteries - a case report","authors":"O. Kubwimana, J. Rugambwa, J. Gashegu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The sciatic nerve is the thickest in the human body; however, it is susceptible to a wide range of anatomical variations with potential clinical implications. Some variations are very rare and unreported in the existing literature We present a case of a middle-aged male cadaver with a sciatic nerve giving a loop where 3 perforator arteries from the profunda femoris artery pass; the loop bundles were reforming the main nerve distally. A sciatic nerve loop engulfing muscular perforator arteries is a scarce anatomical variation worth knowing for clinical, academic, and research interests.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"72 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: Introduction: ZipGrade is a free online app, and that helps to grade student assessments in multiple-choice formats. It is an effective tool to analyze the student’s performance within a short time. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Zipgrade app in electronic marking and data analysis. METHODS: The study used the Anatomy III answer sheets of 71 students from Pharmacy Level 2. The Zipgrade App was used to prepare and mark the answer sheets at the end of the assessment. Within 15 minutes, 69 out of the 71 answer sheets were scanned and marked electronically on the mobile Zipgrade app using a smartphone. The Zipgrade mobile app analyzes the performance of the students on each question. RESULTS: The Zipgrade App provided results in the form of percentages, tables, and graphs. The minimum score was 38/80 (47.5%), while the maximum score was 71/80 (88.8%). The average score was 58.4/80 (73.1%). The median is 60 (75%), while the standard deviation was found to be 0.09. Six students scored 85-90%, ten students scored 80-85%, nineteen scored 75-80%, and seventeen students obtained 70-75%. Seven students got 65-70%, and three students scored 6065%. Five students scored between 50 and 60%, and two students failed the assessment by scoring 45-49%. Item analysis of questions showed that question 63 was the easiest, where 100% of students passed, and the most difficult was question 10, where only 10.1% of students passed the question. CONCLUSION: Zipgrade is an important technology in marking and grading, and it is a more efficient tool for a data-driven education system in today’s world.
{"title":"Effectiveness of the Zipgrade app in marking and data analysis in the Human Anatomy Department of the School of Medicine and Pharmacy at the University of Rwanda","authors":"P. Ndahimana, V. Archibong, J. Gashegu","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.23","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Introduction: ZipGrade is a free online app, and that helps to grade student assessments in multiple-choice formats. It is an effective tool to analyze the student’s performance within a short time. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Zipgrade app in electronic marking and data analysis. METHODS: The study used the Anatomy III answer sheets of 71 students from Pharmacy Level 2. The Zipgrade App was used to prepare and mark the answer sheets at the end of the assessment. Within 15 minutes, 69 out of the 71 answer sheets were scanned and marked electronically on the mobile Zipgrade app using a smartphone. The Zipgrade mobile app analyzes the performance of the students on each question. RESULTS: The Zipgrade App provided results in the form of percentages, tables, and graphs. The minimum score was 38/80 (47.5%), while the maximum score was 71/80 (88.8%). The average score was 58.4/80 (73.1%). The median is 60 (75%), while the standard deviation was found to be 0.09. Six students scored 85-90%, ten students scored 80-85%, nineteen scored 75-80%, and seventeen students obtained 70-75%. Seven students got 65-70%, and three students scored 6065%. Five students scored between 50 and 60%, and two students failed the assessment by scoring 45-49%. Item analysis of questions showed that question 63 was the easiest, where 100% of students passed, and the most difficult was question 10, where only 10.1% of students passed the question. CONCLUSION: Zipgrade is an important technology in marking and grading, and it is a more efficient tool for a data-driven education system in today’s world.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"26 102","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
INTRODUCTION: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has commonly been used for many years as an alternative nutritional status index in field settings, yet estimates of percentile range for healthy children and adolescents have not been documented in Nigeria. We construct reference curves for MUAC and its derived measures of upper arm muscle area (UAMA), upper arm fat area (UAFA) and present sex- and age-specific MUAC, UAMA and UAFA values for children and adolescents. METHODS: Natural cubic splines were fitted by maximum penalized likelihood to develop centile curves for MUAC, UAMA and UAFA and the LMS coefficients necessary to estimate the z-score specific to each age and gender were presented. MUAC, UAMA and UAFA reference curves of US children and adolescents were used for comparison. RESULTS: The centiles of MUAC, UAMA and UAFA increased with age. However, these centile curves show significant sex-specific differences for boys and girls aged ≥ 10, ≥ 14.5 and ≥ 4.5 years of age, respectively. Compared to the US reference, the percentiles of MUAC, UAMA and MUAC are generally lower. CONCLUSION: In this study, we have presented a reference set of curves and tables for MUAC and its measures for healthy children and adolescents.
{"title":"Reference percentiles for mid-upper arm circumference, upper arm muscle and fat areas of Nigerian children and adolescent population aged 0 – 19 years","authors":"M. Nwankwo, B. Danborno, S. A. Musa, A. S. Akuyam","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION: Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has commonly been used for many years as an alternative nutritional status index in field settings, yet estimates of percentile range for healthy children and adolescents have not been documented in Nigeria. We construct reference curves for MUAC and its derived measures of upper arm muscle area (UAMA), upper arm fat area (UAFA) and present sex- and age-specific MUAC, UAMA and UAFA values for children and adolescents. \u0000METHODS: Natural cubic splines were fitted by maximum penalized likelihood to develop centile curves for MUAC, UAMA and UAFA and the LMS coefficients necessary to estimate the z-score specific to each age and gender were presented. MUAC, UAMA and UAFA reference curves of US children and adolescents were used for comparison. \u0000RESULTS: The centiles of MUAC, UAMA and UAFA increased with age. However, these centile curves show significant sex-specific differences for boys and girls aged ≥ 10, ≥ 14.5 and ≥ 4.5 years of age, respectively. Compared to the US reference, the percentiles of MUAC, UAMA and MUAC are generally lower. \u0000CONCLUSION: In this study, we have presented a reference set of curves and tables for MUAC and its measures for healthy children and adolescents.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"96 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140707613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Habumuremyi, C. Niyibigira, V. Archibong, J. Gashegu, Mr. Schadrack Habumuremyi
Variations in the ureteral patterning, venous, and arterial of the kidneys are common; however, concomitant involvement with two systems is rare. The current case was discovered during a routine dissection course that took place in the Human Anatomy laboratory of the University of Rwanda. While dissecting the retroperitoneal space of one specimen, it was realized that the right kidney was mal-rotated with a ureter connected to the anterior side. That right kidney also had two aberrant arteries in addition to the main renal artery, those two aberrant arteries emerged from the inferior pole of the kidney. Renal arterial variants may be grouped as supernumerary, multiple, and aberrant, in the current case it is aberrant. It is expected that the kidney rotates from anterior to medial around the longitudinal axis during development, and the renal hilum turns toward the medial direction. However, in the current case, the hilum faced anteriorly.
{"title":"Kidney malrotation with aberrant renal arteries and extra-renal calyces - case report","authors":"S. Habumuremyi, C. Niyibigira, V. Archibong, J. Gashegu, Mr. Schadrack Habumuremyi","doi":"10.4314/rmj.v81i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/rmj.v81i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Variations in the ureteral patterning, venous, and arterial of the kidneys are common; however, concomitant involvement with two systems is rare. The current case was discovered during a routine dissection course that took place in the Human Anatomy laboratory of the University of Rwanda. While dissecting the retroperitoneal space of one specimen, it was realized that the right kidney was mal-rotated with a ureter connected to the anterior side. That right kidney also had two aberrant arteries in addition to the main renal artery, those two aberrant arteries emerged from the inferior pole of the kidney. Renal arterial variants may be grouped as supernumerary, multiple, and aberrant, in the current case it is aberrant. It is expected that the kidney rotates from anterior to medial around the longitudinal axis during development, and the renal hilum turns toward the medial direction. However, in the current case, the hilum faced anteriorly.","PeriodicalId":38181,"journal":{"name":"Rwanda Medical Journal","volume":"2 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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