Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.004
Zhuo Sun, Xiaohong Lu, Banghua Yang
Temperature control in friction stir welding (FSW) of thick aluminum plates is critical for structural applications, yet direct temperature-based control targets remain undefined. Optimal temperature control targets for FSW of 18-mm-thick 2219 aluminum alloy were established through systematic analysis of 47 experimental datasets using response surface methodology and Pareto frontier analysis. An optimal temperature window (Tmax: 510.4–514.2 °C, Tmin: 419.5–423.4 °C) achieved balanced mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength exceeding 290 MPa and elongation above 7 %. Validation experiments confirmed predictions with mean absolute percentage errors below 15 %. This framework provides direct temperature targets for industrial FSW control systems.
{"title":"Data-driven optimization of temperature control for thick aluminum plate friction stir welding","authors":"Zhuo Sun, Xiaohong Lu, Banghua Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature control in friction stir welding (FSW) of thick aluminum plates is critical for structural applications, yet direct temperature-based control targets remain undefined. Optimal temperature control targets for FSW of 18-mm-thick 2219 aluminum alloy were established through systematic analysis of 47 experimental datasets using response surface methodology and Pareto frontier analysis. An optimal temperature window (<em>T</em><sub>max</sub>: 510.4–514.2 °C, <em>T</em><sub>min</sub>: 419.5–423.4 °C) achieved balanced mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength exceeding 290 MPa and elongation above 7 %. Validation experiments confirmed predictions with mean absolute percentage errors below 15 %. This framework provides direct temperature targets for industrial FSW control systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 144-147"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.007
Heidar Karimialavijeh , Waris Nawaz Khan , Mohsen Moradi , M. Proëbstle , Etienne Martin
Temperature-induced porosity (TIP) originates from gas entrapment during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing, which evolves into defects during subsequent thermal exposure. In LPBF-A20X alloy, the rapid solidification of the melt pool can trap moisture present in the powder feedstock. During post-processing heat treatment, this moisture promotes oxidation reaction forming Al2O3 and releasing H2, contributing to TIP. Severity of TIP is closely linked to LPBF processing parameters, particularly scan speed. At high scan speeds, increased solidification rate limits the escape of moisture, resulting in notable reduction in relative density (1.0–1.9%) post heat treatment. In contrast, lower scan speeds extend melt pool lifetime, facilitating H2 escape and limiting density reduction (0.2–0.8%). These findings highlight the importance of managing powder moisture and optimizing laser parameters, post-processing heat treatments to mitigate TIP.
{"title":"Temperature induced porosity in laser powder bed fusion fabricated A20X alloy","authors":"Heidar Karimialavijeh , Waris Nawaz Khan , Mohsen Moradi , M. Proëbstle , Etienne Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temperature-induced porosity (TIP) originates from gas entrapment during laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processing, which evolves into defects during subsequent thermal exposure. In LPBF-A20X alloy, the rapid solidification of the melt pool can trap moisture present in the powder feedstock. During post-processing heat treatment, this moisture promotes oxidation reaction forming Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and releasing H<sub>2</sub>, contributing to TIP. Severity of TIP is closely linked to LPBF processing parameters, particularly scan speed. At high scan speeds, increased solidification rate limits the escape of moisture, resulting in notable reduction in relative density (1.0–1.9%) post heat treatment. In contrast, lower scan speeds extend melt pool lifetime, facilitating H<sub>2</sub> escape and limiting density reduction (0.2–0.8%). These findings highlight the importance of managing powder moisture and optimizing laser parameters, post-processing heat treatments to mitigate TIP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 148-151"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.001
Richard Y. Chiou , Tzu-Liang (Bill) Tseng , Md Fashiar Rahman , Yalcin Ertekin
This paper presents the design, construction, and programming of an automated collaborative robot (cobot) work cell in conjunction with machine vision, specifically tailored for educational purposes within STEM fields. The work cell integrates various manufacturing machinery on an educational level into a cohesive learning module, providing students with a practical understanding of the operations involved in a modern manufacturing work environment. The primary objective is to offer engineering students direct exposure to integrated equipment functionalities, including a conveyor belt for part transport, a machine vision system with a photoelectric sensor array for part detection and quality assurance, a 6-degree-of-freedom cobot, and a 3D printer, which is replaceable to facilitate easy transitions between different technologies. Additionally, the project is designed to be adaptable, accommodating ongoing technological advancements and thus expanding the range of topics and experiences available to students. This setup serves as a versatile educational tool, enhancing learning experience by bridging theoretical knowledge with hands-on practice in manufacturing processes.
{"title":"Educational automated manufacturing cobot work cell in conjunction with machine vision","authors":"Richard Y. Chiou , Tzu-Liang (Bill) Tseng , Md Fashiar Rahman , Yalcin Ertekin","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the design, construction, and programming of an automated collaborative robot (cobot) work cell in conjunction with machine vision, specifically tailored for educational purposes within STEM fields. The work cell integrates various manufacturing machinery on an educational level into a cohesive learning module, providing students with a practical understanding of the operations involved in a modern manufacturing work environment. The primary objective is to offer engineering students direct exposure to integrated equipment functionalities, including a conveyor belt for part transport, a machine vision system with a photoelectric sensor array for part detection and quality assurance, a 6-degree-of-freedom cobot, and a 3D printer, which is replaceable to facilitate easy transitions between different technologies. Additionally, the project is designed to be adaptable, accommodating ongoing technological advancements and thus expanding the range of topics and experiences available to students. This setup serves as a versatile educational tool, enhancing learning experience by bridging theoretical knowledge with hands-on practice in manufacturing processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 152-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.005
Yanyuan Zhou , Zhenqiang Wang , Su Zhao , Fengchun Jiang
Electropulsing was employed to assist the ultrasonic consolidation of Cu/Al heterogeneous lamellar structures, which effectively optimizes the microstructure by reducing dislocation density and facilitating recrystallization and recovery, particularly within the Al layer. Due to the relatively high electrical resistivity of aluminum and the skin effect associated with electropulsing, electrical energy was preferentially concentrated near the Al interface, thereby promoting significant grain recrystallization and enhancing the interfacial bonding strength of the Cu/Al structure.
{"title":"Electropulsing-enhanced interfacial recrystallization in ultrasonic consolidation of Cu/Al heterogeneous lamellar structure","authors":"Yanyuan Zhou , Zhenqiang Wang , Su Zhao , Fengchun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electropulsing was employed to assist the ultrasonic consolidation of Cu/Al heterogeneous lamellar structures, which effectively optimizes the microstructure by reducing dislocation density and facilitating recrystallization and recovery, particularly within the Al layer. Due to the relatively high electrical resistivity of aluminum and the skin effect associated with electropulsing, electrical energy was preferentially concentrated near the Al interface, thereby promoting significant grain recrystallization and enhancing the interfacial bonding strength of the Cu/Al structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 139-143"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145614325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a novel spring-loaded fixture for microwave-assisted compression moulding (MACM) of sustainable flax fiber-reinforced bio-based Polybutylene Succinate (bio-PBS) composites. Unlike conventional screw fixtures, the spring system ensures continuous, uniform pressure during rapid microwave curing, preventing relaxation and enhancing fiber–matrix bonding. As a result, composites exhibited superior densification and void reduction (19.50 % to 2.69 % (7.25 times)), confirmed by X-ray micro-CT. The improved consolidation yielded significantly improved mechanical properties. The optimum composite at 0.5 MPa achieved tensile strength of 76 MPa, tensile modulus of 5.75 GPa, flexural strength of 109.5 MPa, and flexural modulus of 15 GPa, improvements of 4.4, 3.3, 2.6, and 3.2 times, respectively, over conventional samples. Overall, the spring-loaded fixture offers a scalable, energy-efficient approach to producing high-performance, low-void fiber reinforced composites, advancing MACM for sustainable manufacturing.
{"title":"Microwave-Assisted compression moulding of Flax/Bio-PBS composites using an Innovative Spring-Loaded fixture for sustainable manufacturing","authors":"Adil Irshad , Sunny Zafar , Himanshu Pathak , Rajneesh Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel spring-loaded fixture for microwave-assisted compression moulding (MACM) of sustainable flax fiber-reinforced bio-based Polybutylene Succinate (bio-PBS) composites. Unlike conventional screw fixtures, the spring system ensures continuous, uniform pressure during rapid microwave curing, preventing relaxation and enhancing fiber–matrix bonding. As a result, composites exhibited superior densification and void reduction (19.50 % to 2.69 % (7.25 times)), confirmed by X-ray micro-CT. The improved consolidation yielded significantly improved mechanical properties. The optimum composite at 0.5 MPa achieved tensile strength of 76 MPa, tensile modulus of 5.75 GPa, flexural strength of 109.5 MPa, and flexural modulus of 15 GPa, improvements of 4.4, 3.3, 2.6, and 3.2 times, respectively, over conventional samples. Overall, the spring-loaded fixture offers a scalable, energy-efficient approach to producing high-performance, low-void fiber reinforced composites, advancing MACM for sustainable manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"47 ","pages":"Pages 1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.002
Rumena Begum , Nour Hamado , Faisal Aqlan , Richard Zhao , Hui Yang , Jason Saleem , Marci DeCaro , Karen Murphy
The rapid evolution of manufacturing technologies and the demand for a skilled workforce highlight the need for innovative training methods. Traditional approaches often lack flexibility for virtual training, especially during disruptions like pandemics, and do not effectively integrate sensor-based tracking for studying problem-solving. To address these gaps, this study developed a collaborative virtual learning factory to advance manufacturing education and analyze both human–human teaming and human–machine interaction. The virtual factory simulates the physical assembly of toy cars in a virtual reality environment, reflecting manufacturing paradigms such as craft production, mass production, mass customization, and personalized production. It offers an immersive, interactive space where learners gain hands-on experience, collaborate, and build problem-solving skills. Collaborative features include a voice system for communication, team-based performance requirements, and interdependencies along the production line, fostering teamwork and communication. While the broader goal of the virtual learning factory is to support modern manufacturing training, this paper focuses specifically on evaluating usability, workload, and team collaboration as critical foundations for educational impact. A study involving 30 participants engaged them in assembly tasks within the virtual factory, while their interactions and collaboration were recorded. Data collected included physiological signals (e.g., heart rate, electrodermal activity) and performance measures such as perceived workload and system usability. Analysis revealed that higher physiological synchrony among group members was linked to better task performance, underscoring the importance of physiological alignment in team effectiveness. Additionally, a significant negative correlation (r = –.60, p < 0.05) was found between workload and system usability. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of virtual learning factories to improve user experience by enhancing system usability and reducing cognitive workload, offering promising avenues for modern manufacturing training.
制造技术的快速发展和对熟练劳动力的需求突出了对创新培训方法的需求。传统方法通常缺乏虚拟培训的灵活性，特别是在流行病等中断期间，并且不能有效地集成基于传感器的跟踪来研究问题解决。为了解决这些差距，本研究开发了一个协作式虚拟学习工厂，以推进制造业教育，并分析人与人之间的团队合作和人机交互。虚拟工厂在虚拟现实环境中模拟玩具汽车的物理组装，反映了工艺生产、批量生产、大规模定制、个性化生产等制造范式。它提供了一个身临其境的互动空间，让学习者获得实践经验，合作，并建立解决问题的能力。协作特性包括用于通信的语音系统，基于团队的性能需求，以及沿着生产线的相互依赖性，促进团队合作和通信。虽然虚拟学习工厂更广泛的目标是支持现代制造业培训，但本文特别关注评估可用性、工作量和团队协作，将其作为教育影响的关键基础。一项涉及30名参与者的研究让他们在虚拟工厂内完成组装任务，同时记录他们的互动和协作。收集的数据包括生理信号（如心率、皮电活动）和性能指标，如感知工作量和系统可用性。分析显示，团队成员之间较高的生理同步性与更好的任务绩效有关，强调了生理一致性对团队效率的重要性。此外，显著负相关(r = -。60, p < 0.05)。总体而言，本研究证明了虚拟学习型工厂通过提高系统可用性和减少认知工作量来改善用户体验的潜力，为现代制造业培训提供了有前途的途径。
{"title":"Collaborative virtual learning factory for advanced manufacturing: investigating user experience and team dynamics","authors":"Rumena Begum , Nour Hamado , Faisal Aqlan , Richard Zhao , Hui Yang , Jason Saleem , Marci DeCaro , Karen Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid evolution of manufacturing technologies and the demand for a skilled workforce highlight the need for innovative training methods. Traditional approaches often lack flexibility for virtual training, especially during disruptions like pandemics, and do not effectively integrate sensor-based tracking for studying problem-solving. To address these gaps, this study developed a collaborative virtual learning factory to advance manufacturing education and analyze both human–human teaming and human–machine interaction. The virtual factory simulates the physical assembly of toy cars in a virtual reality environment, reflecting manufacturing paradigms such as craft production, mass production, mass customization, and personalized production. It offers an immersive, interactive space where learners gain hands-on experience, collaborate, and build problem-solving skills. Collaborative features include a voice system for communication, team-based performance requirements, and interdependencies along the production line, fostering teamwork and communication. While the broader goal of the virtual learning factory is to support modern manufacturing training, this paper focuses specifically on evaluating usability, workload, and team collaboration as critical foundations for educational impact. A study involving 30 participants engaged them in assembly tasks within the virtual factory, while their interactions and collaboration were recorded. Data collected included physiological signals (e.g., heart rate, electrodermal activity) and performance measures such as perceived workload and system usability. Analysis revealed that higher physiological synchrony among group members was linked to better task performance, underscoring the importance of physiological alignment in team effectiveness. Additionally, a significant negative correlation (r = –.60, p < 0.05) was found between workload and system usability. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of virtual learning factories to improve user experience by enhancing system usability and reducing cognitive workload, offering promising avenues for modern manufacturing training.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 128-132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.10.020
Reihane Arabpoor, Azadeh Haghighi
Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) is a versatile, non-contact technique for fabricating fine-feature electronics on various substrates, yet its application to complex 3D geometries remains underexplored. Here, we investigate how substrate curvature affects line morphology and electrical performance in AJP-printed lines. By printing on concave and convex surfaces with systematically varied slope magnitudes, and characterizing line width, thickness, overspray, and resistivity, we reveal trends in these parameters. Our findings provide one of the first quantitative insights into conformal AJP deposition, laying the groundwork for process optimization on non-planar surfaces and opening new avenues for directly integrating printed electronics on 3D parts.
{"title":"Experimental insights into aerosol jet printing on 3D curved surfaces: line morphology and resistivity","authors":"Reihane Arabpoor, Azadeh Haghighi","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.10.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.10.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) is a versatile, non-contact technique for fabricating fine-feature electronics on various substrates, yet its application to complex 3D geometries remains underexplored. Here, we investigate how substrate curvature affects line morphology and electrical performance in AJP-printed lines. By printing on concave and convex surfaces with systematically varied slope magnitudes, and characterizing line width, thickness, overspray, and resistivity, we reveal trends in these parameters. Our findings provide one of the first quantitative insights into conformal AJP deposition, laying the groundwork for process optimization on non-planar surfaces and opening new avenues for directly integrating printed electronics on 3D parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 133-137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.10.018
Israa Azzam , Khalid Bello , Farid El Breidi , Faisal Aqlan
Extended Reality (XR) technology has shown promise in enhancing manufacturing training by providing realistic simulations in safe and controlled environments. Although many XR tools focus on single-user experiences to build individual skills, collaborative training plays a role in promoting teamwork and reinforcing production outcomes. Multi-user XR systems facilitate training on collaborative tasks and support the development of teamwork and communication skills. This study explores the use of a multi-user Mixed Reality (MR) training module in manufacturing education. The proposed MR module supports a multi-user experience, allowing trainees to work collaboratively in a shared virtual environment. The goal of this research is to assess how collaboration in MR-based training affects learning, particularly regarding how quickly tasks are completed and how effectively problems are solved. The study included 103 participants who experienced the collaborative MR module to design and assemble a hydraulic bike. The shared MR setup connected multiple HoloLens 2 headsets, allowing users to interact in the same virtual workspace and complete assigned tasks. To evaluate teamwork and problem-solving abilities, a survey focusing on team dynamics and collaboration was utilized. Participants’ experiences were also assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Simulation Task Load Index (SIM-TLX) to understand the system usability and the mental and physical effort required during the training activity.
{"title":"Collaborative problem-solving in mixed reality manufacturing environments","authors":"Israa Azzam , Khalid Bello , Farid El Breidi , Faisal Aqlan","doi":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.10.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mfglet.2025.10.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extended Reality (XR) technology has shown promise in enhancing manufacturing training by providing realistic simulations in safe and controlled environments. Although many XR tools focus on single-user experiences to build individual skills, collaborative training plays a role in promoting teamwork and reinforcing production outcomes. Multi-user XR systems facilitate training on collaborative tasks and support the development of teamwork and communication skills. This study explores the use of a multi-user Mixed Reality (MR) training module in manufacturing education. The proposed MR module supports a multi-user experience, allowing trainees to work collaboratively in a shared virtual environment. The goal of this research is to assess how collaboration in MR-based training affects learning, particularly regarding how quickly tasks are completed and how effectively problems are solved. The study included 103 participants who experienced the collaborative MR module to design and assemble a hydraulic bike. The shared MR setup connected multiple HoloLens 2 headsets, allowing users to interact in the same virtual workspace and complete assigned tasks. To evaluate teamwork and problem-solving abilities, a survey focusing on team dynamics and collaboration was utilized. Participants’ experiences were also assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and the Simulation Task Load Index (SIM-TLX) to understand the system usability and the mental and physical effort required during the training activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38186,"journal":{"name":"Manufacturing Letters","volume":"46 ","pages":"Pages 118-122"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145466637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号