{"title":"Utilisation de la géomatique pour l’analyse des risques liés à la dynamique du trait de côte à Kribi","authors":"Romaric Emmanuel Ouabo, Roberteau Serges Tchoffo, Bryan Ralain Ngatcha","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V14I2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V14I2.3","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114940307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is aimed at assessing digitization and its impact on audiovisual translation in Cameroon. The television, information and communication technologies and new information and communication technologies are gadgets commonly used by digitization and audiovisual translation. Audiovisual translation, which depends on the television and information and communication technologies, will therefore be affected by the introduction of digitization. Any improvement on images and sound via digitization, will positively enhance subtitles and dubbed films or programmes viewed on the television. Digitization is the current trend in broadcasting, both in Cameroon and all over the world. 165 questionnaires were randomly collected from students and workers. Related documentation was also consulted. Findings revealed that: i) although there are lots of advantages associated with digitization, and that a great number of people are aware of it, its implementation level so far is still less than 50%; ii) there is a positive correlation between digitization and audiovisual translation; iii) digitization is an on-going process in the country; and iv) its implementation requires important measures that must be respected by all stakeholders: policy makers, trainers and trainees, users, and the government. Key Words : Digitization, audiovisual translation, analogue television, digital television, digital switchover.
{"title":"Digitization and its impact on Audio-visual Translation in Cameroon","authors":"Lum Suzanne Ayonghe","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V14I2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V14I2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This article is aimed at assessing digitization and its impact on audiovisual translation in Cameroon. The television, information and communication technologies and new information and communication technologies are gadgets commonly used by digitization and audiovisual translation. Audiovisual translation, which depends on the television and information and communication technologies, will therefore be affected by the introduction of digitization. Any improvement on images and sound via digitization, will positively enhance subtitles and dubbed films or programmes viewed on the television. Digitization is the current trend in broadcasting, both in Cameroon and all over the world. 165 questionnaires were randomly collected from students and workers. Related documentation was also consulted. Findings revealed that: i) although there are lots of advantages associated with digitization, and that a great number of people are aware of it, its implementation level so far is still less than 50%; ii) there is a positive correlation between digitization and audiovisual translation; iii) digitization is an on-going process in the country; and iv) its implementation requires important measures that must be respected by all stakeholders: policy makers, trainers and trainees, users, and the government. Key Words : Digitization, audiovisual translation, analogue television, digital television, digital switchover.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"2010 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127356077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
NTFα is a proinflammatory cytokine which acts to worsen disease while IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, which acts to improve healing. Plasmodium falciparum co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis could generate both innate and acquired immunity involving inflammatory responses. This work was designed to determine plasma level of TNF-Alpha and IL-10 in plasmodium co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The test subjects recruited for this study were M. tuberculosis mono-infected patients (30), Plasmodium falciparum mono-infected patients (50) and M. tuberculosis and plasmodium coinfected patients (30) aged 32-73years. M. tuberculosis and plasmodium non-infected subjects (50) were studied as control. All subjects were seronegative to HIV, HCV and HBsAg. TNF-Alpha, IL-10, HIV, HCV and HBsAg were determined in each of the subjects by immunochemical technique using ELISA method. M. tuberculosis was identify in each of the subjects by fluorescence microscopy and sputum culture on Lowenstein–Jensen medium while identification of plasmodium was carried out using thick and thin film technique using Geimsha and leishman staining. The result obtained showed a significantly higher plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in patients who were co-infected with both plasmodium and M. tuberculosis compared with Plasmodium falciparum mono—infected, M. tuberculosis mono-infected patients and also compared with the control subjects (p<0.05). This work reveals a significant increase in plasma value of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in M. tuberculosis and plasmodium co-infections compared with either plasmodium or M.tuberculosis mono-infections. Routine laboratory evaluation of these parameters in M. tuberculosis and plasmodium co-infection will provide useful direction for the management of the disease condition. Keywords: , NTFα IL-10, plasmodium co-infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
{"title":"Plasma Levels of TNF-αl and IL-10 in Plasmodium falciparum co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","authors":"M. Olaniyan, Seun Bolanle Oladunjoye, T. Afolabi","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v14i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v14i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"NTFα is a proinflammatory cytokine which acts to worsen disease while IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, which acts to improve healing. Plasmodium falciparum co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis could generate both innate and acquired immunity involving inflammatory responses. This work was designed to determine plasma level of TNF-Alpha and IL-10 in plasmodium co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The test subjects recruited for this study were M. tuberculosis mono-infected patients (30), Plasmodium falciparum mono-infected patients (50) and M. tuberculosis and plasmodium coinfected patients (30) aged 32-73years. M. tuberculosis and plasmodium non-infected subjects (50) were studied as control. All subjects were seronegative to HIV, HCV and HBsAg. TNF-Alpha, IL-10, HIV, HCV and HBsAg were determined in each of the subjects by immunochemical technique using ELISA method. M. tuberculosis was identify in each of the subjects by fluorescence microscopy and sputum culture on Lowenstein–Jensen medium while identification of plasmodium was carried out using thick and thin film technique using Geimsha and leishman staining. The result obtained showed a significantly higher plasma levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in patients who were co-infected with both plasmodium and M. tuberculosis compared with Plasmodium falciparum mono—infected, M. tuberculosis mono-infected patients and also compared with the control subjects (p<0.05). This work reveals a significant increase in plasma value of TNF-alpha and IL-10 in M. tuberculosis and plasmodium co-infections compared with either plasmodium or M.tuberculosis mono-infections. Routine laboratory evaluation of these parameters in M. tuberculosis and plasmodium co-infection will provide useful direction for the management of the disease condition. Keywords: , NTFα IL-10, plasmodium co-infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130854310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillaume Ewodo Mboudou, André Bon, Etienne Ambomo Bineli, F. Ntep, A. Ombolo
Dans la zone de socle de la region de l’Extreme Nord du Cameroun, l’exploitation des ressources en eau souterraine permet de faire face au probleme de l’alimentation en eau potable des populations rurales. Une meilleure connaissance de ces aquiferes est necessaire pour une bonne productivite. La presente etude a ete effectue pour identifier les principaux parametres hydrauliques essentiels dans la productivite des aquiferes de ce socle. Pour ce faire, une compilation de donnees regroupant les fiches techniques de forage de meme que les essais de pompage disponibles dans ce socle a ete faite. Ces donnees concernent les parametres tels que : le debit de forage (Q), la profondeur totale (Pt) et l’epaisseur d’alterites (EA). Les parametres hydrauliques notamment la transmissivite (T) et le debit specifique (Qs) ont ete determines a partir de l’interpretation des essais de pompage issus des donnees des fiches. La transmissivite a ete calculee par la methode de Cooper Jacob avec les donnees de rabattement des ouvrages disponibles apres l’arret du pompage lors de la remontee. Une analyse statistique de ces parametres physiques et hydrauliques determines a ete realisee. Il ressort que les debits des forages oscillent entre 0,04 m³/h et 4 m³/h avec une moyenne de 1,66 m3/h. Les classes de debits tres faible et faible representent 74,57% des debits de forage de cette zone. Les forages productifs ont une profondeur totale comprise entre 30 et 75 m avec une epaisseur d’alterites qui varie entre 1m et 14 m. Les formations granitiques et metamorphiques semblent etre productives, avec 47,46% des debits se trouvant dans la classe des debits faible a moyenne (Q e” 1m³/h). Les valeurs de transmissivite fluctuent entre 3x10-7 m²/s et 7,80x10-4 m²/s avec une moyenne de 5,03x10-5 m²/s. Elle illustre que les aquiferes de socle de la region de l’Extreme Nord ont une faible fonction conductrice. Mots Cles: Productivite, aquiferes, zone de socle, Extreme Nord, Cameroun English Abstract In the socle zone of the extreme North region of Cameroon, the exploitation of groundwater resources makes it possible to cope with the problem of the supply of drinking water to rural populations. A better knowledge of these aquifers is necessary for good productivity. The present study was carried out to identify the main hydraulic parameters essential in the productivity of the aquifers of this socle zone. To do this, a compilation of data gathering the drilling data sheets as well as the pumping tests available in this socle was made. These data relate to parameters such as: flow of drilling (Q), total depth (Pt) and thickness of alterites (EA). The hydraulic parameters in particular the transmissivity (T) and specific flow rate (Qs) were determined from the interpretation of the pumping tests from the data the data sheets.The transmissivity was calculated by the Cooper Jacob method with the rabattement data of the works available after the stop of pumping at the time of the ride up. A
在喀麦隆极北地区的基底地区，地下水资源的开发有助于解决农村人口的饮用水供应问题。更好地了解这些含水层是提高生产力的必要条件。进行这项研究是为了确定对该基底含水层生产力至关重要的主要水力参数。为此目的，编制了一份数据汇编，其中包括钻井数据表和该基地现有的泵送试验。这些数据包括钻速(Q)、总深度(Pt)和边界层厚度(EA)等参数。水力参数，特别是传输速度(T)和比流量(Qs)，是根据卡片上的数据对泵送试验的解释确定的。用Cooper Jacob方法计算了透射率，并利用了泵送停止后可用的结构收缩数据。对确定的物理和水力参数进行了统计分析。结果表明，钻孔流量在0.04 m³/h ~ 4m³/h之间，平均为1.66 m3/h。极低和低流量类别占该地区钻井流量的74.57%。生产井的总深度为30 - 75米，交替岩厚度为1 - 14米。花岗质和变质地层似乎是多产的，47.46%的碎屑属于低至中碎屑类(Q e " 1m³/h)。透射率值在3x10-7 m²/s和7.80 x10-4 m²/s之间波动，平均为5.03 x10-5 m²/s。这说明了极北地区基底含水层的传导功能较弱。关键词:生产力，含水层，基底区，极北，喀麦隆英语摘要在喀麦隆极北地区基底区，地下水资源的开发使其有可能解决农村人口饮用水供应的问题。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查局的数据，该县总面积为，其中土地和(1.5%)水。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，该地区的总面积为，其中土地和水(0.741平方公里)。为此，编制了一份数据汇编，汇集了钻井数据表以及本基地现有的泵送试验。这些数据与钻速(Q)、总深度(Pt)和层厚(EA)等参数有关。The hydraulic参数的谈话(T) and The transmissivity特定were faisait from The flow脾(Qs)解释of The pumping from The data The data sheets)测试。雅各布transmissivity was计算by The Cooper可行方法开发权with The data of The works马上停of pumping at The time of The ride up。= =地理= =根据美国人口普查，这个县的总面积为，其中土地和(3.064平方公里)水。井眼流量范围为0.04 m³/h ~ 4m³/h，平均流量为1.66 m3 /h，非常弱和弱流量类别占该区域钻井流量的74.57%。boreholes have a生产The depth of between 30 - 75米,总用了各种制度of alterites which between 1 14 m and m。The granitic and metamorphic成效的编队to be with 47.46%, in The low to medium of The流流class (Q - e”1 m³/ h) .Transmissivity改良fluctuate between 3x10-7 and 7.80x10-4 m m²/ s²/ s with an average of 5.03x10-5 m²/ s。体现了It that The地下室蓄水层of The extreme北部地区,have a conductive功能。关键词:生产力，含水层，基底区，极北，喀麦隆
{"title":"Caracterisation de la productivite des aquiferes du socle de la region de l’extreme Nord, Cameroun","authors":"Guillaume Ewodo Mboudou, André Bon, Etienne Ambomo Bineli, F. Ntep, A. Ombolo","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V14I1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V14I1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Dans la zone de socle de la region de l’Extreme Nord du Cameroun, l’exploitation des ressources en eau souterraine permet de faire face au probleme de l’alimentation en eau potable des populations rurales. Une meilleure connaissance de ces aquiferes est necessaire pour une bonne productivite. La presente etude a ete effectue pour identifier les principaux parametres hydrauliques essentiels dans la productivite des aquiferes de ce socle. Pour ce faire, une compilation de donnees regroupant les fiches techniques de forage de meme que les essais de pompage disponibles dans ce socle a ete faite. Ces donnees concernent les parametres tels que : le debit de forage (Q), la profondeur totale (Pt) et l’epaisseur d’alterites (EA). Les parametres hydrauliques notamment la transmissivite (T) et le debit specifique (Qs) ont ete determines a partir de l’interpretation des essais de pompage issus des donnees des fiches. La transmissivite a ete calculee par la methode de Cooper Jacob avec les donnees de rabattement des ouvrages disponibles apres l’arret du pompage lors de la remontee. Une analyse statistique de ces parametres physiques et hydrauliques determines a ete realisee. Il ressort que les debits des forages oscillent entre 0,04 m³/h et 4 m³/h avec une moyenne de 1,66 m3/h. Les classes de debits tres faible et faible representent 74,57% des debits de forage de cette zone. Les forages productifs ont une profondeur totale comprise entre 30 et 75 m avec une epaisseur d’alterites qui varie entre 1m et 14 m. Les formations granitiques et metamorphiques semblent etre productives, avec 47,46% des debits se trouvant dans la classe des debits faible a moyenne (Q e” 1m³/h). Les valeurs de transmissivite fluctuent entre 3x10-7 m²/s et 7,80x10-4 m²/s avec une moyenne de 5,03x10-5 m²/s. Elle illustre que les aquiferes de socle de la region de l’Extreme Nord ont une faible fonction conductrice. Mots Cles: Productivite, aquiferes, zone de socle, Extreme Nord, Cameroun English Abstract In the socle zone of the extreme North region of Cameroon, the exploitation of groundwater resources makes it possible to cope with the problem of the supply of drinking water to rural populations. A better knowledge of these aquifers is necessary for good productivity. The present study was carried out to identify the main hydraulic parameters essential in the productivity of the aquifers of this socle zone. To do this, a compilation of data gathering the drilling data sheets as well as the pumping tests available in this socle was made. These data relate to parameters such as: flow of drilling (Q), total depth (Pt) and thickness of alterites (EA). The hydraulic parameters in particular the transmissivity (T) and specific flow rate (Qs) were determined from the interpretation of the pumping tests from the data the data sheets.The transmissivity was calculated by the Cooper Jacob method with the rabattement data of the works available after the stop of pumping at the time of the ride up. A","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124619569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aubin Cyrille Toule, M. Koussémon, A. A. Adingra, Nadège Kouadio-N’gbesso
In order to update on the state of the environment, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in three rural areas (Layo, Ahua and N’djem) in the front of Ebrie lagoon, to identify risk behaviors threatening the stability of this lagoon and causing some recurrent diseases among the population. This study revealed a lack of systems for drinking water supply as well as wastewater and solid wastes management in the three villages. It was observed that 75.7% of the households used boreholes and 24.3% used wells as their main source of drinking water. Meanwhile 37.9% of households practiced open defecation. Traditional showers were used by 70.4% of households and 29.6% used the lagoon for their shower. The majority households (94.9%) disposed their wastewater into the environment. For the storage of solid wastes, 61.2% of households did so in nature and 38.8% in the lagoon. About 84.3% of households were bathing in the Ebrie lagoon while 75.9% defecating in it. Furthermore, 36.8% of the surveyed households used lagoon waters for many activities (bathing, washing clothes and dishes), while 59.4% considered that the lagoon was polluted. Up to 60.6% of households linked the pollution of lagoon to the occurrence of diseases. The most recurring diseases were dermatoses and water-borne illness like malaria, diarrhea and typhoid fever. Preventive measures such as the construction of adequate sanitation facilities and health education campaigns should be taken by the authorities to prevent the proliferation of these infectious diseases in the rural population in the future.
{"title":"Environmental health situation of three rural communities living in the immediate vicinity of Ebrié Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire","authors":"Aubin Cyrille Toule, M. Koussémon, A. A. Adingra, Nadège Kouadio-N’gbesso","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v14i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v14i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"In order to update on the state of the environment, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in three rural areas (Layo, Ahua and N’djem) in the front of Ebrie lagoon, to identify risk behaviors threatening the stability of this lagoon and causing some recurrent diseases among the population. This study revealed a lack of systems for drinking water supply as well as wastewater and solid wastes management in the three villages. It was observed that 75.7% of the households used boreholes and 24.3% used wells as their main source of drinking water. Meanwhile 37.9% of households practiced open defecation. Traditional showers were used by 70.4% of households and 29.6% used the lagoon for their shower. The majority households (94.9%) disposed their wastewater into the environment. For the storage of solid wastes, 61.2% of households did so in nature and 38.8% in the lagoon. About 84.3% of households were bathing in the Ebrie lagoon while 75.9% defecating in it. Furthermore, 36.8% of the surveyed households used lagoon waters for many activities (bathing, washing clothes and dishes), while 59.4% considered that the lagoon was polluted. Up to 60.6% of households linked the pollution of lagoon to the occurrence of diseases. The most recurring diseases were dermatoses and water-borne illness like malaria, diarrhea and typhoid fever. Preventive measures such as the construction of adequate sanitation facilities and health education campaigns should be taken by the authorities to prevent the proliferation of these infectious diseases in the rural population in the future.","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116010931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present article introduces a new concept, termed a multiple vaccine target hypothesis (MVTH) for determining the minimum number of vaccine targets (epitopes/antigens) necessary to construct a highly efficacious (greater than 90%) anti-parasite vaccine. Drawing inspiration from the Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) and immunological reasoning it is proposed that for a multi-stage parasite an effective anti-parasite vaccine will necessarily act on more than one stage of the parasite in the definitive host. It is argued that the minimum number of sub-unit targets for a highly efficacious anti-parasite vaccine will vary from one parasite to the other and will be equal to twice the number of major parasite stages occurring in the human host. Quantitatively stated, C v =2n where C v the number of required targets is, and n represents the number of major parasite stages in the definitive host. Conditions when the value of C v may deviate from what is predicted by the formula given above are discussed. Extensive literature search on malaria, onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis sub-unit vaccine development suggests that subunit vaccines constructed from single components and directed to just one parasite stage are less efficacious that multivariate sub-unit vaccines, and obviously whole parasite vaccines. MVTH therefore provides a rational framework for constituting a sub-unit anti-parasite vaccine. Keywords: Vaccine, malaria, Onchocerca volvulus , schistosomiasis, parasite, equation
本文引入了一个新概念，称为多疫苗靶点假说(MVTH)，用于确定构建高效(大于90%)抗寄生虫疫苗所需的疫苗靶点(表位/抗原)的最小数量。从代谢控制分析(MCA)和免疫学推理中得到启发，提出对于多阶段寄生虫，有效的抗寄生虫疫苗必须作用于最终宿主中寄生虫的多个阶段。有人认为，一种高效的抗寄生虫疫苗的最小亚单位靶标数量将因寄生虫而异，并且将等于人类宿主中发生的主要寄生虫阶段数量的两倍。定量地说，C v =2n，其中C v为所需靶标的数量，n为最终宿主中主要寄生虫阶段的数量。讨论了cv值可能偏离上述公式所预测值的情况。对疟疾、盘尾丝虫病和血吸虫病亚单位疫苗开发的广泛文献检索表明，由单一组分构建的亚单位疫苗仅针对一个寄生虫阶段，其效果不如多组分亚单位疫苗，明显不如整个寄生虫疫苗。因此，MVTH为构建亚单位抗寄生虫疫苗提供了合理的框架。关键词:疫苗，疟疾，盘尾丝虫病，血吸虫病，寄生虫，方程
{"title":"A rational approach for predicting the minimum composition of anti-parasite sub-unit vaccines: a multiple target vaccine hypothesis","authors":"V. Titanji, Jerome Nyhalah Dinga, R. Nyasa","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V14I1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V14I1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The present article introduces a new concept, termed a multiple vaccine target hypothesis (MVTH) for determining the minimum number of vaccine targets (epitopes/antigens) necessary to construct a highly efficacious (greater than 90%) anti-parasite vaccine. Drawing inspiration from the Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) and immunological reasoning it is proposed that for a multi-stage parasite an effective anti-parasite vaccine will necessarily act on more than one stage of the parasite in the definitive host. It is argued that the minimum number of sub-unit targets for a highly efficacious anti-parasite vaccine will vary from one parasite to the other and will be equal to twice the number of major parasite stages occurring in the human host. Quantitatively stated, C v =2n where C v the number of required targets is, and n represents the number of major parasite stages in the definitive host. Conditions when the value of C v may deviate from what is predicted by the formula given above are discussed. Extensive literature search on malaria, onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis sub-unit vaccine development suggests that subunit vaccines constructed from single components and directed to just one parasite stage are less efficacious that multivariate sub-unit vaccines, and obviously whole parasite vaccines. MVTH therefore provides a rational framework for constituting a sub-unit anti-parasite vaccine. Keywords: Vaccine, malaria, Onchocerca volvulus , schistosomiasis, parasite, equation","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130297123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. F. Njimanted, O. Nfor, Ivan Mboambogoh Yakum, Mbohjim Othniel Mobit
Efficient healthcare systems in developing economies are significant indicators of development. Health can either be optimised households’ choices between preventive and curative healthcare services. In Cameroon like other developing countries, domestic healthcare service is either considered to be a normal or luxury good to households with competing alternative providers such as the public and private providers. To examine the healthcare preferences of households in the North West Region of Cameroon, a purposive sample of 300 households were collected and analysed using a multinomial logistic model. Households’ characteristics such as sex and age of household heads, marital status of household heads and monthly income as well as providers’ specific characteristics such as the reputation of the healthcare providers are significant determinants households ‘healthcare choices. Implicitly the reputation of the healthcare provider serves as a signal for households to overcome information asymmetry on the quality of healthcare services offered. This study suggests that standardizing the measure of reputation of healthcare providers would be an efficient signal of quality to healthcare clients. Also, household access to quality healthcare can be improved with efficient healthcare support programs and deferred payment options. Keywords: Healthcare Services; Healthcare Providers; Multinomial Logistic Model; Healthcare Systems; Primary Healthcare
{"title":"Households’ choices of healthcare services in the north west region of Cameroon","authors":"G. F. Njimanted, O. Nfor, Ivan Mboambogoh Yakum, Mbohjim Othniel Mobit","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v14i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v14i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient healthcare systems in developing economies are significant indicators of development. Health can either be optimised households’ choices between preventive and curative healthcare services. In Cameroon like other developing countries, domestic healthcare service is either considered to be a normal or luxury good to households with competing alternative providers such as the public and private providers. To examine the healthcare preferences of households in the North West Region of Cameroon, a purposive sample of 300 households were collected and analysed using a multinomial logistic model. Households’ characteristics such as sex and age of household heads, marital status of household heads and monthly income as well as providers’ specific characteristics such as the reputation of the healthcare providers are significant determinants households ‘healthcare choices. Implicitly the reputation of the healthcare provider serves as a signal for households to overcome information asymmetry on the quality of healthcare services offered. This study suggests that standardizing the measure of reputation of healthcare providers would be an efficient signal of quality to healthcare clients. Also, household access to quality healthcare can be improved with efficient healthcare support programs and deferred payment options. Keywords: Healthcare Services; Healthcare Providers; Multinomial Logistic Model; Healthcare Systems; Primary Healthcare","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127139954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Facebook as a social network tool can be used to enhance students’ learning. In addition to making available educational resources online that gives students’ access to learning material of different formats anywhere and anytime, Couillard (2010), DeTeso (2011), Lam (2012), Pianta, Hamre and Allen (2012) and Gablinske (2014), maintain that it can also be used to enhance student-teacher relationship and hence improve on their grades. To investigate this assertion in the Cameroonian setting, we conducted a survey of 264 students of the University of Buea from the 4 th to the 16 th of June 2017 for their appraisal of their interactions with lecturers on Facebook. The results show that 73.4 per cent of the students have had no interaction with any of their lecturers on Facebook because they have never seen their lecturers profile or that they were rarely present online for those who have seen and were friends with them. The results also suggested a high probability for graduate students who interact with lecturers to have their grades improved on due to the interaction than undergraduates. A greater proportion (43.6%) of the students reported that it was appropriate for lecturers to be on Facebook while only 29.7% stated that it was inappropriate. The results also indicate that students react better with their lecturers offline (13.6%) compare to online (4.0%). Keywords: Facebook, online interactions, lecturers, students
{"title":"Students’ appraisal of online interactions with lecturers using Facebook","authors":"J. C. Tita, Stephen Mokondo Moki","doi":"10.4314/jcas.v14i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v14i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Facebook as a social network tool can be used to enhance students’ learning. In addition to making available educational resources online that gives students’ access to learning material of different formats anywhere and anytime, Couillard (2010), DeTeso (2011), Lam (2012), Pianta, Hamre and Allen (2012) and Gablinske (2014), maintain that it can also be used to enhance student-teacher relationship and hence improve on their grades. To investigate this assertion in the Cameroonian setting, we conducted a survey of 264 students of the University of Buea from the 4 th to the 16 th of June 2017 for their appraisal of their interactions with lecturers on Facebook. The results show that 73.4 per cent of the students have had no interaction with any of their lecturers on Facebook because they have never seen their lecturers profile or that they were rarely present online for those who have seen and were friends with them. The results also suggested a high probability for graduate students who interact with lecturers to have their grades improved on due to the interaction than undergraduates. A greater proportion (43.6%) of the students reported that it was appropriate for lecturers to be on Facebook while only 29.7% stated that it was inappropriate. The results also indicate that students react better with their lecturers offline (13.6%) compare to online (4.0%). Keywords: Facebook, online interactions, lecturers, students","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131542371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The environment at various scales is greatly modified through the activities of man and his dynamic science and technology. These modifications essentially constitute land use/cover changes. This paper describes the implications of land use dynamics on resource development in Tubah Sub-division over time and space from 1983 to 2013. This research has made use of remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information System (GIS) in describing land use/cover changes in Tubah Sub-division. Primary data was obtained through field observations and ground truthing in order to confirm observations on satellite imageries. Land use maps were produced using the GIS software packages of Google Earth, ENVI 4.3, Global Mapper 15 and ArcGis 10.2. Maps were generated to show changes in land use/cover which were transposed into tables and bar graphs to show the magnitude of changes, percentage of change and the rate of change. These changes are necessary for economic development and social progress, but often come at a substantial cost on the environment and resources. The analysis of static land use maps of 1983, 2000, and 2013, all pointed to the fact that, there have been significant changes observed on forest cover, farmland, grazing land and settlement land uses. Keywords: Land use/cover, Dynamics, Remote Sensing Techniques, Geographic Information System, Resource Implications, Tubah
{"title":"The implications of land use/cover dynamics on resources development in Tubah sub-division, Cameroon","authors":"B. S. Nguh, Nformi Beatrice Maluh","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V14I1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V14I1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The environment at various scales is greatly modified through the activities of man and his dynamic science and technology. These modifications essentially constitute land use/cover changes. This paper describes the implications of land use dynamics on resource development in Tubah Sub-division over time and space from 1983 to 2013. This research has made use of remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information System (GIS) in describing land use/cover changes in Tubah Sub-division. Primary data was obtained through field observations and ground truthing in order to confirm observations on satellite imageries. Land use maps were produced using the GIS software packages of Google Earth, ENVI 4.3, Global Mapper 15 and ArcGis 10.2. Maps were generated to show changes in land use/cover which were transposed into tables and bar graphs to show the magnitude of changes, percentage of change and the rate of change. These changes are necessary for economic development and social progress, but often come at a substantial cost on the environment and resources. The analysis of static land use maps of 1983, 2000, and 2013, all pointed to the fact that, there have been significant changes observed on forest cover, farmland, grazing land and settlement land uses. Keywords: Land use/cover, Dynamics, Remote Sensing Techniques, Geographic Information System, Resource Implications, Tubah","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"147 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128730300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. C. Tita, E. Tanjong, Nengieh Lizzie Wantchami, Eileen Manka Tabuwe, D. Bisong
The conflicts taking place in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria and Gabon have raised security concerns for West and Central Africa and have consequently caused a humanitarian crisis, human rights and health concerns for the both regions. This article seeks to understand how the Cameroon print media has contributed to informing and educating citizens of Cameroon about the ongoing cross border conflicts. The Post Newspaper and Cameroon Tribune from July 2014 to December 2014 were content analyzed to examine the level of prominence, the angle and proximity of the stories covered on the said cross border conflicts. Findings reveal that the coverage of these conflicts by Cameroon Tribune and the Post Newspaper focused on the Cameroon Government’s intervention in the cross border conflict (27.0%) and on the perpetrators of the conflict (21.4%). This is indicative of more military focused and immediate action reporting than on the widespread and more englobing humanitarian cost of conflicts. Keywords: Conflic reporting, Cameroon, newspaper coverage, border conflicts
{"title":"Nexus of conflict reporting: Analysis of Cameroon newspaper coverage of cross border conflicts","authors":"J. C. Tita, E. Tanjong, Nengieh Lizzie Wantchami, Eileen Manka Tabuwe, D. Bisong","doi":"10.4314/JCAS.V13I1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JCAS.V13I1-2","url":null,"abstract":"The conflicts taking place in the Central African Republic, Chad, Nigeria and Gabon have raised security concerns for West and Central Africa and have consequently caused a humanitarian crisis, human rights and health concerns for the both regions. This article seeks to understand how the Cameroon print media has contributed to informing and educating citizens of Cameroon about the ongoing cross border conflicts. The Post Newspaper and Cameroon Tribune from July 2014 to December 2014 were content analyzed to examine the level of prominence, the angle and proximity of the stories covered on the said cross border conflicts. Findings reveal that the coverage of these conflicts by Cameroon Tribune and the Post Newspaper focused on the Cameroon Government’s intervention in the cross border conflict (27.0%) and on the perpetrators of the conflict (21.4%). This is indicative of more military focused and immediate action reporting than on the widespread and more englobing humanitarian cost of conflicts. Keywords: Conflic reporting, Cameroon, newspaper coverage, border conflicts","PeriodicalId":383706,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Cameroon academy of sciences","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121380534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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