Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133651
N. Hurtós, N. Palomeras, Arnau Carrera, M. Carreras
In the last few years, forward-looking sonar devices have emerged as a powerful perception alternative for those underwater environments with reduced visibility. Thanks to its capability to deliver high quality acoustic images at a near-video frame rate, they can be regarded as the analogous tool of optical cameras for operations conducted in turbid waters. However, despite the analogy, the particularities of forward-looking sonar imagery pose a significant challenge to the techniques typically used on optical images and, especially, to the key step of image registration, essential in applications like mosaicing, sonar-aided navigation or image denoising. In this sense, previous investigations have encouraged the use of spectral registration methods as a promising alternative over the traditional feature-based registration approaches used on optical images. In this paper, we propose to improve the spectral registration of forward-looking sonar images with an adaptive filtering technique that allows to cope with the noise and variability inherent to the forward-looking sonar image registration problem. Results show that by using the proposed filtering we achieve a more accurate pairwise alignment of the sonar images that can benefit subsequent processing in many applications.
{"title":"Adaptive frequency filtering for forward-looking sonar imagery spectral registration","authors":"N. Hurtós, N. Palomeras, Arnau Carrera, M. Carreras","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133651","url":null,"abstract":"In the last few years, forward-looking sonar devices have emerged as a powerful perception alternative for those underwater environments with reduced visibility. Thanks to its capability to deliver high quality acoustic images at a near-video frame rate, they can be regarded as the analogous tool of optical cameras for operations conducted in turbid waters. However, despite the analogy, the particularities of forward-looking sonar imagery pose a significant challenge to the techniques typically used on optical images and, especially, to the key step of image registration, essential in applications like mosaicing, sonar-aided navigation or image denoising. In this sense, previous investigations have encouraged the use of spectral registration methods as a promising alternative over the traditional feature-based registration approaches used on optical images. In this paper, we propose to improve the spectral registration of forward-looking sonar images with an adaptive filtering technique that allows to cope with the noise and variability inherent to the forward-looking sonar image registration problem. Results show that by using the proposed filtering we achieve a more accurate pairwise alignment of the sonar images that can benefit subsequent processing in many applications.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129024067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133584
V. Jelicic, D. Oletić, T. Sever, V. Bilas
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor gas sensors are small in size and affordable, which makes them appropriate for implementation in battery-powered wearable sensing devices. However, their big flaw is the need to be heated to a certain temperature to react with the gas from the atmosphere, which consumes energy and drains the battery of the sensing device. In this paper we experimentally evaluate the possibilities to determine changes in gas concentration from the very beginning of the sensor's response. Our experiments in controlled conditions show that the increment of CO concentration could be determined in the first 65 ms of sensor heating, while the sensing layer is still in its transient state. That indicates the possibility of more than 30 times energy savings compared to the experiments where the CO concentration is determined after the sensing layer reaches stable state.
{"title":"Evaluation of MOX gas sensor transient response for low-power operation","authors":"V. Jelicic, D. Oletić, T. Sever, V. Bilas","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133584","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-Oxide Semiconductor gas sensors are small in size and affordable, which makes them appropriate for implementation in battery-powered wearable sensing devices. However, their big flaw is the need to be heated to a certain temperature to react with the gas from the atmosphere, which consumes energy and drains the battery of the sensing device. In this paper we experimentally evaluate the possibilities to determine changes in gas concentration from the very beginning of the sensor's response. Our experiments in controlled conditions show that the increment of CO concentration could be determined in the first 65 ms of sensor heating, while the sensing layer is still in its transient state. That indicates the possibility of more than 30 times energy savings compared to the experiments where the CO concentration is determined after the sensing layer reaches stable state.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124257729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133636
Harald Rieser, P. Dorfinger, V. Nomikos, Vassilis Papataxiarhis
This paper describes how to use sensor information in international disaster management operations. The focus is on enabling sensor interoperability by using standardized interfaces. For this work the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Observation Service (SOS) is used to exchange sensor information between different systems. Further individual sensor values have to be interpreted to bring benefit to commanders in disaster operations. We are proposing a Sensor Fusion Engine to combine sensor data stemming from heterogeneous sources and provide a condensed output in different standard formats and protocols. An example of such a format is the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) which is a standardized interface used in disaster operations. Real world deployments in large scale disaster exercises have shown the applicability of the approach.
{"title":"Sensor interoperability for disaster management","authors":"Harald Rieser, P. Dorfinger, V. Nomikos, Vassilis Papataxiarhis","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133636","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes how to use sensor information in international disaster management operations. The focus is on enabling sensor interoperability by using standardized interfaces. For this work the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Observation Service (SOS) is used to exchange sensor information between different systems. Further individual sensor values have to be interpreted to bring benefit to commanders in disaster operations. We are proposing a Sensor Fusion Engine to combine sensor data stemming from heterogeneous sources and provide a condensed output in different standard formats and protocols. An example of such a format is the Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) which is a standardized interface used in disaster operations. Real world deployments in large scale disaster exercises have shown the applicability of the approach.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114056013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133650
A. Vasilijevic, N. Stilinovic, D. Nad, Filip Mandic, N. Mišković, Z. Vukic
The tragic Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 as well as increase in deepwater offshore activity have increased public interest in counter-measures available for sub-surface releases of hydrocarbons. Available remote-sensing techniques are efficient and well developed for surface disasters but they are not useful underwater. Along these lines, this paper analyzes application of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) with integrated submersible fluorometer for underwater detection of hydrocarbons. Experiments with rhodamine, which was used as a replacement for oil, showed that the proposed system can be efficiently used both as an input into numerical model and consequent visualization of spatial distribution of pollutant.
{"title":"AUV based mobile fluorometers: System for underwater oil-spill detection and quantification","authors":"A. Vasilijevic, N. Stilinovic, D. Nad, Filip Mandic, N. Mišković, Z. Vukic","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133650","url":null,"abstract":"The tragic Deepwater Horizon accident in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 as well as increase in deepwater offshore activity have increased public interest in counter-measures available for sub-surface releases of hydrocarbons. Available remote-sensing techniques are efficient and well developed for surface disasters but they are not useful underwater. Along these lines, this paper analyzes application of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) with integrated submersible fluorometer for underwater detection of hydrocarbons. Experiments with rhodamine, which was used as a replacement for oil, showed that the proposed system can be efficiently used both as an input into numerical model and consequent visualization of spatial distribution of pollutant.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115943969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133590
Bradley J. Panckhurst, P. Brown, Keith Payne, T. Molteno
Advances in animal tracking technology allow for improvement in farm resource management, animal welfare and the possibility of an overall reduction in running costs. We describe a light-weight solar-powered position sensor tag for livestock and a corresponding base station. The livestock ear tag weighs less than 40g and utilises 868MHz SRD/ISM frequency band for telemetry. This provides configurable wireless connection for data retrieval triggered by a base station, reducing the overall power consumption of the tags. Data transmission range is 2.4km line of sight and 1km typical. Static testing of the position sensor yields a circular error probable of 6 ±2 metres.
{"title":"Solar-powered sensor for continuous monitoring of livestock position","authors":"Bradley J. Panckhurst, P. Brown, Keith Payne, T. Molteno","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133590","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in animal tracking technology allow for improvement in farm resource management, animal welfare and the possibility of an overall reduction in running costs. We describe a light-weight solar-powered position sensor tag for livestock and a corresponding base station. The livestock ear tag weighs less than 40g and utilises 868MHz SRD/ISM frequency band for telemetry. This provides configurable wireless connection for data retrieval triggered by a base station, reducing the overall power consumption of the tags. Data transmission range is 2.4km line of sight and 1km typical. Static testing of the position sensor yields a circular error probable of 6 ±2 metres.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125602237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133649
A. Depari, C. M. D. Dominicis, A. Flammini, E. Sisinni, Luca Fasanotti, P. Gritti
Despite the increasing adoption of smart meters, especially for electrical power measurements, a very large number of utility inspectors manually execute readings of legacy analog meters (e.g., for gas or water utilities). Unfortunately, manual data collection generates a lot of paperworks and is clearly error prone. In this work, authors suggest the adoption of smartglasses to automatize this process. In particular, the embedded camera is used for barcode scanning (in order to identify the user) and for recognizing the meter dial values. The availability of an Internet connection finally allows for exploiting cloud-based repository solutions. In that way data can be easily accessed from both utility employees and customers using simple web services. A preliminary prototype based on the Vuzix M100 device has been realized. Some tests have been carried out, confirming the feasibility of the proposed approach.
{"title":"Using smartglasses for utility-meter reading","authors":"A. Depari, C. M. D. Dominicis, A. Flammini, E. Sisinni, Luca Fasanotti, P. Gritti","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133649","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the increasing adoption of smart meters, especially for electrical power measurements, a very large number of utility inspectors manually execute readings of legacy analog meters (e.g., for gas or water utilities). Unfortunately, manual data collection generates a lot of paperworks and is clearly error prone. In this work, authors suggest the adoption of smartglasses to automatize this process. In particular, the embedded camera is used for barcode scanning (in order to identify the user) and for recognizing the meter dial values. The availability of an Internet connection finally allows for exploiting cloud-based repository solutions. In that way data can be easily accessed from both utility employees and customers using simple web services. A preliminary prototype based on the Vuzix M100 device has been realized. Some tests have been carried out, confirming the feasibility of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121011675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133622
D. Ambruš, D. Vasić, V. Bilas
The paper presents a novel model-based algorithm for classifying buried metallic targets using spatial and temporal response properties of a pulse induction metal detector mounted on a mobile robot for autonomous landmine detection. In the proposed approach, we firstly derive a simplified analytical model for spatial distribution of the primary magnetic field that corresponds to transmitter/receiver coil geometry of a given metal detector. The sensing head model is then coupled to a metallic target analytical dipole model whose parameters are the magnetic polarizability tensor and the target location. Finally, the forward sensor/target model is fitted to sensor data obtained by spatially mapping the suspected target area using a mobile robot. Inverted magnetic polarizability tensors corresponding to sensor data acquired at different time instances (gates) are used for target characterization and classification. The algorithm is experimentally evaluated on a dataset collected from a test site containing surrogate mines (metallic spheres) and clutter targets.
{"title":"Model-based target classification using spatial and temporal features of metal detector response","authors":"D. Ambruš, D. Vasić, V. Bilas","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133622","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a novel model-based algorithm for classifying buried metallic targets using spatial and temporal response properties of a pulse induction metal detector mounted on a mobile robot for autonomous landmine detection. In the proposed approach, we firstly derive a simplified analytical model for spatial distribution of the primary magnetic field that corresponds to transmitter/receiver coil geometry of a given metal detector. The sensing head model is then coupled to a metallic target analytical dipole model whose parameters are the magnetic polarizability tensor and the target location. Finally, the forward sensor/target model is fitted to sensor data obtained by spatially mapping the suspected target area using a mobile robot. Inverted magnetic polarizability tensors corresponding to sensor data acquired at different time instances (gates) are used for target characterization and classification. The algorithm is experimentally evaluated on a dataset collected from a test site containing surrogate mines (metallic spheres) and clutter targets.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123733121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133585
A. Berger, L. Hörmann, C. Leitner, Stefan B. Oswald, P. Priller, A. Springer
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are at the verge of a broad acceptance in demanding industrial applications. Nodes must fulfill key requirements like reliability and deterministic communication, but also energy autarky in order to allow maintenance-free systems. In this paper a system combining low power, robust communication with appropriate methods for energy harvesting and energy management is suggested. By comparing two alternative variants for power-management, constraints of a solar-cell powered node design are derived. The resulting system demonstrates energy sufficiency at standard industrial indoor lighting conditions of 1300 lx for sensor nodes sampling temperature values at 10 Hz and transmitting once per second.
{"title":"Sustainable energy harvesting for robust wireless sensor networks in industrial applications","authors":"A. Berger, L. Hörmann, C. Leitner, Stefan B. Oswald, P. Priller, A. Springer","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133585","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are at the verge of a broad acceptance in demanding industrial applications. Nodes must fulfill key requirements like reliability and deterministic communication, but also energy autarky in order to allow maintenance-free systems. In this paper a system combining low power, robust communication with appropriate methods for energy harvesting and energy management is suggested. By comparing two alternative variants for power-management, constraints of a solar-cell powered node design are derived. The resulting system demonstrates energy sufficiency at standard industrial indoor lighting conditions of 1300 lx for sensor nodes sampling temperature values at 10 Hz and transmitting once per second.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125733259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133624
M. O’Toole, L. A. Marsh, J. L. Davidson, Y. M. Tan, D. Armitage, A. Peyton
The characteristic bio-impedance spectra of a biological sample can provide important information about its cellular structure, and further, infer useful information about the physical and chemical condition of the sample. In this paper, we present the background detail of a magnetic induction spectroscopy system for non-contact bio-impedance measurements, and some results using this system to obtain the relative permittivity spectra of a range of fruit and vegetable samples, over a frequency range from 160 kHz to 2.5 MHz. Relative permittivity is found to decrease with respect to frequency for each sample tested. This shows clear evidence of dispersion occurring within the samples across the investigated bandwidth.
{"title":"Rapid non-contact relative permittivity measurement of fruits and vegetables using magnetic induction spectroscopy","authors":"M. O’Toole, L. A. Marsh, J. L. Davidson, Y. M. Tan, D. Armitage, A. Peyton","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133624","url":null,"abstract":"The characteristic bio-impedance spectra of a biological sample can provide important information about its cellular structure, and further, infer useful information about the physical and chemical condition of the sample. In this paper, we present the background detail of a magnetic induction spectroscopy system for non-contact bio-impedance measurements, and some results using this system to obtain the relative permittivity spectra of a range of fruit and vegetable samples, over a frequency range from 160 kHz to 2.5 MHz. Relative permittivity is found to decrease with respect to frequency for each sample tested. This shows clear evidence of dispersion occurring within the samples across the investigated bandwidth.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130168471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-04-13DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133612
Philip Diefenderfer, P. Jansson, Edward Prescott
Advancements in sensor and metering technologies enable us to affordably collect more data than ever before and this data can be used to revolutionize the power industry. The ability to sense and monitor power characteristics in near real time and feed this information to control systems operating to optimize the grid enables better operation of both large and small scale power systems. Real-time power sensors working with a near real-time control system is necessary for a microgrid which has intermittent renewable generation and time varying loads. Knowing how much energy is flowing through the system is crucial for stable operation while islanded and is important to maintain economic feasibility. The application of advancements in cloud communications and embedded sensors can be used to augment the control of a residential microgrid through the real time data collection and control of both loads and generation resources. Using an advanced sub-metering system to monitor the flow of energy through the microgrid, a connection to the ISO's energy market, and local environmental data provides efficient operation and insight into the near real-time operation of the system. The data can also be logged for future analysis external to the system to allow for better future development of control strategies and can be used to make better predictions of energy needs and costs. These predictions can be used to ensure the renewable energy is used in the most economic manner ensuring the best possible equivalent price of energy. Such an integrated and predictive system can also store thermal energy inaugurating a paradigm shift from a “demand response market” to one that becomes an “availability responsive market”.
{"title":"Application of power sensors in the control and monitoring of a residential microgrid","authors":"Philip Diefenderfer, P. Jansson, Edward Prescott","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2015.7133612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2015.7133612","url":null,"abstract":"Advancements in sensor and metering technologies enable us to affordably collect more data than ever before and this data can be used to revolutionize the power industry. The ability to sense and monitor power characteristics in near real time and feed this information to control systems operating to optimize the grid enables better operation of both large and small scale power systems. Real-time power sensors working with a near real-time control system is necessary for a microgrid which has intermittent renewable generation and time varying loads. Knowing how much energy is flowing through the system is crucial for stable operation while islanded and is important to maintain economic feasibility. The application of advancements in cloud communications and embedded sensors can be used to augment the control of a residential microgrid through the real time data collection and control of both loads and generation resources. Using an advanced sub-metering system to monitor the flow of energy through the microgrid, a connection to the ISO's energy market, and local environmental data provides efficient operation and insight into the near real-time operation of the system. The data can also be logged for future analysis external to the system to allow for better future development of control strategies and can be used to make better predictions of energy needs and costs. These predictions can be used to ensure the renewable energy is used in the most economic manner ensuring the best possible equivalent price of energy. Such an integrated and predictive system can also store thermal energy inaugurating a paradigm shift from a “demand response market” to one that becomes an “availability responsive market”.","PeriodicalId":384041,"journal":{"name":"2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS)","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131934642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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