Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0012
S. Crosby, M. Linden
The authors, two senior policymakers at the Massachusetts Gaming Commission, trace the development of responsible gambling policy in Massachusetts, from its enabling legislation and the seminal Reno Model, to the expansive and comprehensive program that is in place in Massachusetts today. The “Massachusetts model” included three important directions: (1) Look beyond the US borders for model programs that would closely align with the expectations in Massachusetts; (2) Adopt new and promising practices and emerging technology with a precautionary approach, but leverage research funding to closely evaluate their effectiveness; and (3) Implement an enduring and comprehensive research agenda that feeds data-driven strategies to advance responsible gambling and mitigate problem gambling. In this chapter the authors discuss issues related to responsible gambling programs nationally and internationally. They offer a critical reflection about the sufficiency of the Reno Model, which remains widely perceived as the preeminent responsible gaming program standard, and provide recommendations for what constitutes a minimum responsible gambling program.
{"title":"The Status of Responsible Gaming","authors":"S. Crosby, M. Linden","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The authors, two senior policymakers at the Massachusetts Gaming Commission, trace the development of responsible gambling policy in Massachusetts, from its enabling legislation and the seminal Reno Model, to the expansive and comprehensive program that is in place in Massachusetts today. The “Massachusetts model” included three important directions: (1) Look beyond the US borders for model programs that would closely align with the expectations in Massachusetts; (2) Adopt new and promising practices and emerging technology with a precautionary approach, but leverage research funding to closely evaluate their effectiveness; and (3) Implement an enduring and comprehensive research agenda that feeds data-driven strategies to advance responsible gambling and mitigate problem gambling. In this chapter the authors discuss issues related to responsible gambling programs nationally and internationally. They offer a critical reflection about the sufficiency of the Reno Model, which remains widely perceived as the preeminent responsible gaming program standard, and provide recommendations for what constitutes a minimum responsible gambling program.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131432765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0011
Jamie M. D. Wiebe, Jon Kelly
This chapter presents the Responsible Gambling Council’s perspective on the evolution of responsible gambling as a concept and as a set of programs. This perspective in some ways reflects the Canadian experience managing the growth and diversification of gambling during the past two decades. The Council, because of its unique positioning and perspective, has been able to advocate for the enhancement of responsible gambling and to contribute many practical solutions to the field. This chapter uses the experience of the Council’s experience as a window into the theories the surround responsible gambling, the drivers that propel it forward, and the challenges that must be addressed to continue its progress. The authors stress the importance of defining program goals and evaluation methods, defining an audience, and matching the message to the audience.
{"title":"Responsible Gambling from a Nonprofit Perspective","authors":"Jamie M. D. Wiebe, Jon Kelly","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents the Responsible Gambling Council’s perspective on the evolution of responsible gambling as a concept and as a set of programs. This perspective in some ways reflects the Canadian experience managing the growth and diversification of gambling during the past two decades. The Council, because of its unique positioning and perspective, has been able to advocate for the enhancement of responsible gambling and to contribute many practical solutions to the field. This chapter uses the experience of the Council’s experience as a window into the theories the surround responsible gambling, the drivers that propel it forward, and the challenges that must be addressed to continue its progress. The authors stress the importance of defining program goals and evaluation methods, defining an audience, and matching the message to the audience.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134280382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0004
K. Winters, N. D. Smith
This chapter focuses on the empirical, data-driven research pertaining to the public health issue of whether or not gambling expansion significantly alters the prevalence rate of disordered gambling and how this research can inform responsible gambling policies and practices. It is a legitimate public health concern that the expansion of gambling opportunities will contribute not just to increases in the prevalence rate of those who gamble and in gambling involvement (e.g., number of days gambling) but also to an increase in the rate of disordered gambling. This latter point is the central issue of this chapter. The authors rely on recent and peer-reviewed publications, although at times “gray” publications (i.e., government reports not in the peer-reviewed literature) are included.
{"title":"Gambling Expansion and Its Association with Disordered Gambling Trends","authors":"K. Winters, N. D. Smith","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the empirical, data-driven research pertaining to the public health issue of whether or not gambling expansion significantly alters the prevalence rate of disordered gambling and how this research can inform responsible gambling policies and practices. It is a legitimate public health concern that the expansion of gambling opportunities will contribute not just to increases in the prevalence rate of those who gamble and in gambling involvement (e.g., number of days gambling) but also to an increase in the rate of disordered gambling. This latter point is the central issue of this chapter. The authors rely on recent and peer-reviewed publications, although at times “gray” publications (i.e., government reports not in the peer-reviewed literature) are included.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129974675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0008
Arnie Wexler, S. Wexler
The authors describe their experience with gambling disorder and those who suffer with this condition. Their primary objective is to describe responsible gambling activities and programs from the perspective of a recovering gambler, which differs from that of academics, scientists, clinicians, and policymakers. Gambling disorder is a progressive disease, much like addiction to alcohol or drugs. The authors present guidelines for dealing with problem gamblers and developing and implementing a responsible gambling program. The need for training casino staff and the pitfalls of self-exclusion programs are discussed. The authors emphasize the importance of taking into account the viewpoint of recovering gamblers when setting up responsible gambling programs.
{"title":"Are Responsible Gambling Programs Important?","authors":"Arnie Wexler, S. Wexler","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe their experience with gambling disorder and those who suffer with this condition. Their primary objective is to describe responsible gambling activities and programs from the perspective of a recovering gambler, which differs from that of academics, scientists, clinicians, and policymakers. Gambling disorder is a progressive disease, much like addiction to alcohol or drugs. The authors present guidelines for dealing with problem gamblers and developing and implementing a responsible gambling program. The need for training casino staff and the pitfalls of self-exclusion programs are discussed. The authors emphasize the importance of taking into account the viewpoint of recovering gamblers when setting up responsible gambling programs.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125659138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0002
Debi A. LaPlante, H. Gray, Sarah E. Nelson
These stakeholders discuss responsible gambling in the context of today’s gambling research environment. Currently, the field of gambling studies is in the midst of an unnecessarily combative research environment of accusations and innuendo that lean on the shadow of past industry funding abuses and masquerade as objectivity and empiricism. The authors indicate that this situation makes judgments regarding responsible gambling difficult. The authors illustrate this difficulty by discussing contemporary controversies related to psychological and biological gambling research, responsible gambling, and industry-funded gambling research, more generally. Following these discussions, the authors focus on the issue of responsible gambling in detail and provide perspective, as research scientists, for how responsible gambling efforts can effectively move forward in the current environment. The authors conclude the chapter by considering whether the escalating attacks on industry funding in gambling research are empirically warranted or, on the contrary, empirically ignorant, and whether gambling research and researchers can serve as models for achieving ethical industry partnerships in science.
{"title":"Should We Do Away with Responsible Gambling?","authors":"Debi A. LaPlante, H. Gray, Sarah E. Nelson","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"These stakeholders discuss responsible gambling in the context of today’s gambling research environment. Currently, the field of gambling studies is in the midst of an unnecessarily combative research environment of accusations and innuendo that lean on the shadow of past industry funding abuses and masquerade as objectivity and empiricism. The authors indicate that this situation makes judgments regarding responsible gambling difficult. The authors illustrate this difficulty by discussing contemporary controversies related to psychological and biological gambling research, responsible gambling, and industry-funded gambling research, more generally. Following these discussions, the authors focus on the issue of responsible gambling in detail and provide perspective, as research scientists, for how responsible gambling efforts can effectively move forward in the current environment. The authors conclude the chapter by considering whether the escalating attacks on industry funding in gambling research are empirically warranted or, on the contrary, empirically ignorant, and whether gambling research and researchers can serve as models for achieving ethical industry partnerships in science.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122295873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0001
H. Shaffer, A. Blaszczynski, R. Ladouceur, P. Collins, D. Fong
Robert Ladouceur and Alex Blaszczynski convened this working group and established the early agenda and direction for the International Group on Responsible Gambling and our scholarly publications. The Reno Model provided the seminal architecture for understanding, creating, and implementing responsible gambling activities and programs. This model stimulated considerable growth and interest in responsible gambling activities around the world. From this growth, the authors’ international working group on responsible gambling emerged. The primary purpose of this group and this book is to discuss and formulate guidelines, elaborate principles, and stimulate discussion related to responsible gambling policies and their evaluation. The group considered the views of a variety of key stakeholders who are obligated to minimize harm and protect consumers, such as regulators, governments, academics, clinicians, individuals, gamblers, and the general community). This chapter provides an overview about their viewpoints and insights about responsible gambling.
Robert Ladouceur和Alex Blaszczynski召集了这个工作组，并为负责任赌博国际小组和我们的学术出版物制定了早期议程和方向。雷诺模型为理解、创造和实施负责任的赌博活动和项目提供了开创性的架构。这种模式刺激了世界各地负责任赌博活动的可观增长和兴趣。从这种增长中，作者成立了负责任赌博国际工作组。本小组和本书的主要目的是讨论和制定指导方针，详细阐述原则，并促进有关负责任的赌博政策及其评估的讨论。该小组考虑了各种主要利益相关者(如监管机构、政府、学术界、临床医生、个人、赌徒和一般社区)的观点，这些利益相关者有义务将伤害降到最低并保护消费者。本章概述了他们对负责任赌博的观点和见解。
{"title":"Responsible Gambling and Its Stakeholders","authors":"H. Shaffer, A. Blaszczynski, R. Ladouceur, P. Collins, D. Fong","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Robert Ladouceur and Alex Blaszczynski convened this working group and established the early agenda and direction for the International Group on Responsible Gambling and our scholarly publications. The Reno Model provided the seminal architecture for understanding, creating, and implementing responsible gambling activities and programs. This model stimulated considerable growth and interest in responsible gambling activities around the world. From this growth, the authors’ international working group on responsible gambling emerged. The primary purpose of this group and this book is to discuss and formulate guidelines, elaborate principles, and stimulate discussion related to responsible gambling policies and their evaluation. The group considered the views of a variety of key stakeholders who are obligated to minimize harm and protect consumers, such as regulators, governments, academics, clinicians, individuals, gamblers, and the general community). This chapter provides an overview about their viewpoints and insights about responsible gambling.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121138335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0009
J. Haeusler
This stakeholder suggests that any interaction with existing, prospective, or former customers falls within the scope of responsible gambling. The responsible gambling strategy determines how responsibility is shared between customers and gambling operators and assigns to the customer adequate intervention options based on the entirety of available information on his or her ability to make responsible decisions. The author argues that responsible gambling activities should aim to intervene as early as possible and as little as necessary, leaving as much responsibility with the consumer as viable. Eventually, operators cannot—in some cases—avoid accepting the full responsibility and must impose restrictions even against the volition of the consumer. Even though the customer might have the final decision on whether and to what extent to gamble, operators have the final decision—based on their own risk-management and well-documented observations—whether to continue serving the customer to avoid taking part in continued self-harm. This process must, however, be conducted in a transparent and nondiscriminatory manner.
{"title":"Responsible Gambling","authors":"J. Haeusler","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This stakeholder suggests that any interaction with existing, prospective, or former customers falls within the scope of responsible gambling. The responsible gambling strategy determines how responsibility is shared between customers and gambling operators and assigns to the customer adequate intervention options based on the entirety of available information on his or her ability to make responsible decisions. The author argues that responsible gambling activities should aim to intervene as early as possible and as little as necessary, leaving as much responsibility with the consumer as viable. Eventually, operators cannot—in some cases—avoid accepting the full responsibility and must impose restrictions even against the volition of the consumer. Even though the customer might have the final decision on whether and to what extent to gamble, operators have the final decision—based on their own risk-management and well-documented observations—whether to continue serving the customer to avoid taking part in continued self-harm. This process must, however, be conducted in a transparent and nondiscriminatory manner.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126142667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0006
Jodie Nealley, A. Winters
The authors discuss responsible gambling from the perspectives of a problem gambler and an administrator in the field of responsible gambling. This narrative shares personal experiences and how they influence the authors’ perspective toward responsible gambling, how it is currently viewed, and its potential impact on those who might develop a gambling disorder. The authors discuss how current legislation in Massachusetts, as well as the Responsible Gaming Framework, can benefit those who suffer from an addiction to gambling, either recognized or not. While there are many theories and concepts surrounding responsible gambling and problem or disordered gambling, this chapter focuses on a personal perspective.
{"title":"Responsible Gambling","authors":"Jodie Nealley, A. Winters","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The authors discuss responsible gambling from the perspectives of a problem gambler and an administrator in the field of responsible gambling. This narrative shares personal experiences and how they influence the authors’ perspective toward responsible gambling, how it is currently viewed, and its potential impact on those who might develop a gambling disorder. The authors discuss how current legislation in Massachusetts, as well as the Responsible Gaming Framework, can benefit those who suffer from an addiction to gambling, either recognized or not. While there are many theories and concepts surrounding responsible gambling and problem or disordered gambling, this chapter focuses on a personal perspective.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129404562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0003
P. Delfabbro, Daniel L. King
This chapter examines how academics working in the field of gambling studies understand the concept of responsible gambling (RG). The authors begin with a discussion of the concept, theory, and objectives underpinning RG. They discuss the varying definitions of RG and how it has been featured in recent applications of public health theory in the gambling field. The authors consider the strengths and weaknesses of RG principles and then examine how understanding of RG might differ across different stakeholder groups (e.g., academics, the industry, and community welfare groups) and how this influences the practical application of RG principles. This is followed by analysis of the evidence available concerning the application of RG principles to practical situations as well as the facilitators and barriers to effective RG research. The authors conclude with a discussion of academic views about how to enhance research evidence and the practical application of RG principles.
{"title":"Responsible Gambling","authors":"P. Delfabbro, Daniel L. King","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how academics working in the field of gambling studies understand the concept of responsible gambling (RG). The authors begin with a discussion of the concept, theory, and objectives underpinning RG. They discuss the varying definitions of RG and how it has been featured in recent applications of public health theory in the gambling field. The authors consider the strengths and weaknesses of RG principles and then examine how understanding of RG might differ across different stakeholder groups (e.g., academics, the industry, and community welfare groups) and how this influences the practical application of RG principles. This is followed by analysis of the evidence available concerning the application of RG principles to practical situations as well as the facilitators and barriers to effective RG research. The authors conclude with a discussion of academic views about how to enhance research evidence and the practical application of RG principles.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"438 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116089025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-01DOI: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0007
G. Byrne
This chapter discusses responsible gambling from the perspective of a consumer and a reformed problem gambler. The author explains her history with problem gambling and describes the results of her research into responsible gambling. She outlines several ways in which it could be made more effective, including addressing gamblers’ fear, stigma, and shame and matching the message to the intended target. She argues that effective harm minimization is not about policies, programs, and methods but about changing the attitudes of the people responsible for developing and implementing them and better educating the general public about this issue. Stakeholders must put aside their own convictions and motivations, listen to each other, and then work together on programs that produce the ultimate outcome: reduction or, at best, the elimination of gambling-related harm. Understanding each other’s different perspectives will increase stakeholders’ willingness to work together to develop evidence-based measures that will make a real difference to people’s lives.
{"title":"Responsible Gambling","authors":"G. Byrne","doi":"10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190074562.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses responsible gambling from the perspective of a consumer and a reformed problem gambler. The author explains her history with problem gambling and describes the results of her research into responsible gambling. She outlines several ways in which it could be made more effective, including addressing gamblers’ fear, stigma, and shame and matching the message to the intended target. She argues that effective harm minimization is not about policies, programs, and methods but about changing the attitudes of the people responsible for developing and implementing them and better educating the general public about this issue. Stakeholders must put aside their own convictions and motivations, listen to each other, and then work together on programs that produce the ultimate outcome: reduction or, at best, the elimination of gambling-related harm. Understanding each other’s different perspectives will increase stakeholders’ willingness to work together to develop evidence-based measures that will make a real difference to people’s lives.","PeriodicalId":384629,"journal":{"name":"Responsible Gambling","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129273596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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