After three members of a Masters adult swim club died of lung cancer, both a literature review and survey were conducted with representatives from 746 United States Masters Swimming clubs to explore a possible relationship between swimming and cancers of the respiratory tract. Six other clubs reported known cancers of the respiratory tract among club members, but none of the other 740 clubs reported a similar cluster of lung cancer. More clubs reported cases of chronic respiratory infections and widespread complaints about air quality. While no studies exploring a relationship between swimming and lung cancer could be found in the literature, there were studies that demonstrated damage to the lungs and mutated bladder cells post-swim from the presence of Disinfectant By-Products (DBPs). Few guidelines exist for safe levels of DBPs in the indoor pool environment. Authors urge more guidance regarding the enforcement of pool policies that protect respiratory health.
{"title":"Swimming Pool Environment and Respiratory Health Issues Experienced by Masters Swimmers: Results from a Literature Review and Survey of United States Masters Swimming Clubs","authors":"Jody C Gan, Julia Snegg, William Harder","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.07","url":null,"abstract":"After three members of a Masters adult swim club died of lung cancer, both a literature review and survey were conducted with representatives from 746 United States Masters Swimming clubs to explore a possible relationship between swimming and cancers of the respiratory tract. Six other clubs reported known cancers of the respiratory tract among club members, but none of the other 740 clubs reported a similar cluster of lung cancer. More clubs reported cases of chronic respiratory infections and widespread complaints about air quality. While no studies exploring a relationship between swimming and lung cancer could be found in the literature, there were studies that demonstrated damage to the lungs and mutated bladder cells post-swim from the presence of Disinfectant By-Products (DBPs). Few guidelines exist for safe levels of DBPs in the indoor pool environment. Authors urge more guidance regarding the enforcement of pool policies that protect respiratory health.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"86 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72917995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Boating-related incidents are responsible for a significant number of the drowning fatalities that occur within Indigenous communities in New Zealand, Australia, the USA, and Canada. The aim of this paper was to identify promising practices for boating safety initiatives that target Indigenous peoples within these countries and evaluate past and ongoing boating safety initiatives delivered to/with Indigenous peoples within these countries to suggest the ways in which they – or programs that follow them may be more effective. Based upon evidence from previous research, boating safety initiatives that target Indigenous peoples in New Zealand, Australia, the USA, and Canada should employ cultural adaptation strategies, strategies to increase boating safety knowledge and awareness, strategies to increase the accessibility of boating safety equipment, and capacity building strategies. Improvements can be made to past, ongoing, and future boating safety initiatives delivered to/with Indigenous peoples in the four countries studied. These strategies all show promise in improving boating safety initiatives and decreasing boatingrelated drowning.
{"title":"Promising Practices for Boating Safety Initiatives that Target Indigenous Peoples in New Zealand, Australia, the United States of America, and Canada","authors":"Michael Crozier, A. Giles","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.08","url":null,"abstract":"Boating-related incidents are responsible for a significant number of the drowning fatalities that occur within Indigenous communities in New Zealand, Australia, the USA, and Canada. The aim of this paper was to identify promising practices for boating safety initiatives that target Indigenous peoples within these countries and evaluate past and ongoing boating safety initiatives delivered to/with Indigenous peoples within these countries to suggest the ways in which they – or programs that follow them may be more effective. Based upon evidence from previous research, boating safety initiatives that target Indigenous peoples in New Zealand, Australia, the USA, and Canada should employ cultural adaptation strategies, strategies to increase boating safety knowledge and awareness, strategies to increase the accessibility of boating safety equipment, and capacity building strategies. Improvements can be made to past, ongoing, and future boating safety initiatives delivered to/with Indigenous peoples in the four countries studied. These strategies all show promise in improving boating safety initiatives and decreasing boatingrelated drowning.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"131 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79179123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The innovative ‟Partial Immersion” Aquatic Therapy Approach was developed to enhance balance and posture during sitting adaptation for children with severe cerebral palsy who exhibit deficiency in those skills on land. Stable balance during sitting posture is one of the preconditions for hands function in activities of daily living. Aquatic skills learned during aquatic therapy were then transferred to a land environment. Therapy included the use of a treatment chair that enabled adjustable weight bearing in a series of 30 mm steps. A mixed-methods design employing a multiple case study approach (n=5) including quantitative and qualitative methods investigated the effectiveness of the proposed treatment. Cases were tested at pre-and posttreatment times (base-lines 1 and 2) and at a 12-month follow-up point. All participants improved posture and balance adaptations during free sitting on land. Water intervention treatments achieved the highest improved output result as measured per minute of treatment time. Combined water-land treatments achieved less efficient results and the land-only intervention achieved the lowest output results in relation to minute of treatment time. The findings extend our knowledge in relation to theories of natural selection, motor control, motor learning and dynamical systems.
{"title":"The Partial Immersion Aquatic Approach Using Adjustable Weight Bearing to Improve Posture and Sitting Balance Adaptation for Children with Severe Cerebral Palsy","authors":"Niv Shelef","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.03","url":null,"abstract":"The innovative ‟Partial Immersion” Aquatic Therapy Approach was developed to enhance balance and posture during sitting adaptation for children with severe cerebral palsy who exhibit deficiency in those skills on land. Stable balance during sitting posture is one of the preconditions for hands function in activities of daily living. Aquatic skills learned during aquatic therapy were then transferred to a land environment. Therapy included the use of a treatment chair that enabled adjustable weight bearing in a series of 30 mm steps. A mixed-methods design employing a multiple case study approach (n=5) including quantitative and qualitative methods investigated the effectiveness of the proposed treatment. Cases were tested at pre-and posttreatment times (base-lines 1 and 2) and at a 12-month follow-up point. All participants improved posture and balance adaptations during free sitting on land. Water intervention treatments achieved the highest improved output result as measured per minute of treatment time. Combined water-land treatments achieved less efficient results and the land-only intervention achieved the lowest output results in relation to minute of treatment time. The findings extend our knowledge in relation to theories of natural selection, motor control, motor learning and dynamical systems.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"84 1","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80440125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amanda Casey, Jennifer Blok, K. Vaughan, William O'Dwyer
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are twice as likely to die from unintentional drowning compared to same-age children without ASD emphasizing the importance of water-safety skills and knowledge. Yet little research has been published on perceptions of water safety for this population. The objective of the study was to investigate parental perceptions of water safety amongst children with ASD. An online questionnaire focusing on parental perceptions of water safety was distributed to parents of children with ASD associated with autism support groups across Canada. Forty-nine parents completed the self-report questionnaire with items related to demographics, swimming proficiency and lessons, adult supervision, and emergency safety procedures. Most parents (70%) believed that swimming ability was more important than supervision in ensuring water safety amongst children with ASD. Results highlighted discrepancies between reported and actual knowledge of emergency resuscitation procedures amongst parents of children with ASD. Parents of children with ASD may underestimate the importance of supervision and overestimate the role of swimming proficiency in ensuring the safety of children with ASD in aquatic environments. Future studies may benefit from exploring ways to promote effective strategies for encouraging water safety in this population.
{"title":"Parental Perceptions of Water Safety among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","authors":"Amanda Casey, Jennifer Blok, K. Vaughan, William O'Dwyer","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.05","url":null,"abstract":"Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are twice as likely to die from unintentional drowning compared to same-age children without ASD emphasizing the importance of water-safety skills and knowledge. Yet little research has been published on perceptions of water safety for this population. The objective of the study was to investigate parental perceptions of water safety amongst children with ASD. An online questionnaire focusing on parental perceptions of water safety was distributed to parents of children with ASD associated with autism support groups across Canada. Forty-nine parents completed the self-report questionnaire with items related to demographics, swimming proficiency and lessons, adult supervision, and emergency safety procedures. Most parents (70%) believed that swimming ability was more important than supervision in ensuring water safety amongst children with ASD. Results highlighted discrepancies between reported and actual knowledge of emergency resuscitation procedures amongst parents of children with ASD. Parents of children with ASD may underestimate the importance of supervision and overestimate the role of swimming proficiency in ensuring the safety of children with ASD in aquatic environments. Future studies may benefit from exploring ways to promote effective strategies for encouraging water safety in this population.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"21 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91192986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Almost every swim teacher has encountered an individual who had difficulty learning to swim, whose movements appeared dissimilar from peers, or who needed to repeat swim course instructional levels many times. That individual might have had difficulty with sport activities, handwriting, and been clumsy in gross and fine motor tasks. Difficulty with coordination and control of movement may suggest a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Individuals experiencing DCD may feel left out, inadequate, unhappy, frustrated, and embarrassed by his or her ineptness. These feelings may result in an individual withdrawing or refusing to join in and participate in physical activity. DCD also can lead to disruptive behavior out of frustration from his or her lack of competence. Individuals with DCD may be “labeled” lazy, slow, clumsy, stupid, or troublemaker. No matter what the label, the individual’s difficulty with movement coordination and control can have lasting effects in all areas of daily life. For the swim student with DCD, frustration can lead to refusal to participate, difficulty with learning swim tasks, and future negative attitudes about aquatic activity including fear of water later in life. Individuals with DCD may never acquire aquatic personal safety skills nor be able to use aquatics as a lifelong fitness activity. It is important to identify symptoms of DCD early and correctly to provide appropriate and timely swimming intervention. This article explores diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD), causes of movement coordination and control issues, how DCD relates to other disabilities, and how lack of or inappropriate remediation can negatively impact aquatic participation. This article will include techniques for assisting the individual with DCD to master swimming and water safety skills.
{"title":"Swim Instruction for Individuals with Developmental Coordination Disorder","authors":"Susan J. Grosse","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.01","url":null,"abstract":"Almost every swim teacher has encountered an individual who had difficulty learning to swim, whose movements appeared dissimilar from peers, or who needed to repeat swim course instructional levels many times. That individual might have had difficulty with sport activities, handwriting, and been clumsy in gross and fine motor tasks. Difficulty with coordination and control of movement may suggest a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Individuals experiencing DCD may feel left out, inadequate, unhappy, frustrated, and embarrassed by his or her ineptness. These feelings may result in an individual withdrawing or refusing to join in and participate in physical activity. DCD also can lead to disruptive behavior out of frustration from his or her lack of competence. Individuals with DCD may be “labeled” lazy, slow, clumsy, stupid, or troublemaker. No matter what the label, the individual’s difficulty with movement coordination and control can have lasting effects in all areas of daily life. For the swim student with DCD, frustration can lead to refusal to participate, difficulty with learning swim tasks, and future negative attitudes about aquatic activity including fear of water later in life. Individuals with DCD may never acquire aquatic personal safety skills nor be able to use aquatics as a lifelong fitness activity. It is important to identify symptoms of DCD early and correctly to provide appropriate and timely swimming intervention. This article explores diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder (DCD), causes of movement coordination and control issues, how DCD relates to other disabilities, and how lack of or inappropriate remediation can negatively impact aquatic participation. This article will include techniques for assisting the individual with DCD to master swimming and water safety skills.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"54 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79614829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Swimming Past the Pandemic: Importance of Evidence-Based Science","authors":"Langendorfer, J. Stephen","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"108 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78195615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Burton, Sarah Duffey, Amber Hammonds, A. Leduc, Rachel Shumate, John M. Coons, Ryan T. Conners
This study examined heart rate (HR) and stride frequency (SF) values of 30 college-aged males and females during dry-land (DL) and aquatic walking (AW). Aquatic walking trials were completed in an underwater treadmill with the water depth at waist level; the water temperature (31℃ ± 0.1℃) and room temperature (26.6℃ ± 0.1℃) were maintained at thermoneutral levels throughout the study. During each walking condition, HR and SF were recorded at treadmill speeds of 1 mph, 2 mph, and 3 mph. Participants were instructed to walk with their hands at their sides swinging as they would when walking on dry-land unless they felt the need to use the handrails to steady themselves. Heart rate monitors were used to record cardiovascular changes, and strides were measured from consecutive left and right toe strikes. Results of the study indicated HR was significantly higher during DL than AW at 1 mph ( p < .001) and 3 mph ( p < .001) but was not significantly different ( p = .64) at 2 mph. The SF of the participants was significantly lower ( p < .001) during AW than DL at all speeds. When comparing sex, females had significantly higher HR at 1 mph ( p = .012), 2 mph ( p = .007), and 3 mph ( p < .001) than males for DL conditions. No differences in HR were found during the AW conditions ( F = 0.66, p = 0.44, η p2 = 0.02). No differences in SF were observed between males and females in both DL ( F = 2.96, p = 0.06, η p2 = 0.09) and AW ( F = 1.03, p = 0.32, η p2 = 0.036) conditions. As a result, AW increased HR values similar to those of DL, but without the added stress to the lower extremities due to the buoyancy of the water. Thus, AW provided an exercise medium capable of meeting the ACSM intensity guidelines for PA and allowed adults to be physically active presumably with less stress on the lower body.
本研究检测了30名大学年龄男性和女性在旱地(DL)和水中步行(AW)时的心率(HR)和步频(SF)值。水中行走试验在水深为腰深的水下跑步机上完成;在整个研究过程中，水温(31℃±0.1℃)和室温(26.6℃±0.1℃)保持在热中性水平。在每一种步行状态下，记录跑步机速度为1英里/小时、2英里/小时和3英里/小时时的心率和SF。参与者被要求走路时双手在身体两侧摆动，就像在陆地上走路一样，除非他们觉得需要使用扶手来稳定自己。心率监测器用于记录心血管变化，并测量左脚趾和右脚趾连续撞击的步幅。研究结果表明，在1英里/小时(p < 0.001)和3英里/小时(p < 0.001)时，DL期间的HR显著高于AW，但在2英里/小时时没有显著差异(p = 0.64)。在所有速度下，参与者在AW期间的SF均显著低于DL (p < 0.001)。当比较性别时，在DL条件下，女性的HR在1英里/小时(p = 0.012)， 2英里/小时(p = 0.007)和3英里/小时(p < 0.001)时明显高于男性。两组间的HR差异无统计学意义(F = 0.66, p = 0.44， η p2 = 0.02)。在DL (F = 2.96, p = 0.06， η p2 = 0.09)和AW (F = 1.03, p = 0.32， η p2 = 0.036)条件下，男性和女性的SF均无差异。因此，AW增加的HR值与DL相似，但没有由于水的浮力而增加下肢的应力。因此，AW提供了一种能够满足ACSM对PA强度指南的运动介质，并允许成年人在较少下半身压力的情况下进行身体活动。
{"title":"Cardiovascular and Stride Frequency Differences During Land and Aquatic Treadmill Walking","authors":"J. Burton, Sarah Duffey, Amber Hammonds, A. Leduc, Rachel Shumate, John M. Coons, Ryan T. Conners","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.04.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.04.13","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined heart rate (HR) and stride frequency (SF) values of 30 college-aged males and females during dry-land (DL) and aquatic walking (AW). Aquatic walking trials were completed in an underwater treadmill with the water depth at waist level; the water temperature (31℃ ± 0.1℃) and room temperature (26.6℃ ± 0.1℃) were maintained at thermoneutral levels throughout the study. During each walking condition, HR and SF were recorded at treadmill speeds of 1 mph, 2 mph, and 3 mph. Participants were instructed to walk with their hands at their sides swinging as they would when walking on dry-land unless they felt the need to use the handrails to steady themselves. Heart rate monitors were used to record cardiovascular changes, and strides were measured from consecutive left and right toe strikes. Results of the study indicated HR was significantly higher during DL than AW at 1 mph ( p < .001) and 3 mph ( p < .001) but was not significantly different ( p = .64) at 2 mph. The SF of the participants was significantly lower ( p < .001) during AW than DL at all speeds. When comparing sex, females had significantly higher HR at 1 mph ( p = .012), 2 mph ( p = .007), and 3 mph ( p < .001) than males for DL conditions. No differences in HR were found during the AW conditions ( F = 0.66, p = 0.44, η p2 = 0.02). No differences in SF were observed between males and females in both DL ( F = 2.96, p = 0.06, η p2 = 0.09) and AW ( F = 1.03, p = 0.32, η p2 = 0.036) conditions. As a result, AW increased HR values similar to those of DL, but without the added stress to the lower extremities due to the buoyancy of the water. Thus, AW provided an exercise medium capable of meeting the ACSM intensity guidelines for PA and allowed adults to be physically active presumably with less stress on the lower body.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90033844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examined the impact of a LGBTQ diversity training on the attitudes and professional competencies of aquatic employees within a campus recreational sports setting. While diversity training is often discussed as a key component of inclusive aquatic programming, little empirical research examining the outcomes associated with such trainings exists. As such, members of the research team developed, implemented, and evaluated a four-month long training program consisting of one in-person training session and monthly inclusion handouts discussing issues related to the inclusion of LGBTQ participants. A comparative quantitative research design was used to measure employee’s attitudes towards the LGBTQ population and inclusive-recreational sports aquatic professional competencies for both individuals who underwent the training and a control group of employees who did not participate in the training. Results indicate initial support for this training initiative with those who attended the training scoring higher on average in both attitudinal and competency-based measures.
{"title":"LGBTQ Training for Aquatic Employees: Impact on Attitudes and Professional Competencies","authors":"A. Anderson, Eric Knee, William Ramos","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.03.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.03.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the impact of a LGBTQ diversity training on the attitudes and professional competencies of aquatic employees within a campus recreational sports setting. While diversity training is often discussed as a key component of inclusive aquatic programming, little empirical research examining the outcomes associated with such trainings exists. As such, members of the research team developed, implemented, and evaluated a four-month long training program consisting of one in-person training session and monthly inclusion handouts discussing issues related to the inclusion of LGBTQ participants. A comparative quantitative research design was used to measure employee’s attitudes towards the LGBTQ population and inclusive-recreational sports aquatic professional competencies for both individuals who underwent the training and a control group of employees who did not participate in the training. Results indicate initial support for this training initiative with those who attended the training scoring higher on average in both attitudinal and competency-based measures.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76137079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides a comprehensive examination of aquatic programming at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). HBCUs consist of public, private, 2-year, and 4-year institutions (U.S. Department of Education, 2018). Historically, HBCUs provided descendants of the enslaved access to higher education opportunities (Brown, Donahoo, & Bertrand, 2001). HBCUs now serve a more diverse community and the core focus remains on inclusion, social justice, diversity, empowerment, leadership, and cultural competence (Kennedy, 2012; Rawlins, 2018). Consequently, HBCUs may provide an ideal environment to address aquatic activity and the drowning disparity in the African American community. In the current study, researchers sent a survey to 102 HBCUs to better assess the prevalence of aquatics programming at these institutions. Approximately 38 percent of the HBCUs responded to the survey. The results of this study indicate that there is inconsistent institutional knowledge about competitive and non-competitive swimming programs from the past to the present. However, 31 percent of participants reported offering swim classes to members of the campus community. Additionally, 51 percent of participants reported offering swim courses for college credit. Most importantly, 49 percent of participants indicated a desire to build or expand aquatics programming. The drowning disparity is a result of a cycle that includes historical barriers that denied many African Americans’ access to aquatic facilities and programming (Anderson, 2017). Identifying aquatics programming at HBCUs is a critical step to addressing the drowning disparity.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Analysis of Aquatic Programming at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)","authors":"T. Quash, Knolan C Rawlins, Shaun M. Anderson","doi":"10.25035/ijare.12.03.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.12.03.02","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides a comprehensive examination of aquatic programming at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs). HBCUs consist of public, private, 2-year, and 4-year institutions (U.S. Department of Education, 2018). Historically, HBCUs provided descendants of the enslaved access to higher education opportunities (Brown, Donahoo, & Bertrand, 2001). HBCUs now serve a more diverse community and the core focus remains on inclusion, social justice, diversity, empowerment, leadership, and cultural competence (Kennedy, 2012; Rawlins, 2018). Consequently, HBCUs may provide an ideal environment to address aquatic activity and the drowning disparity in the African American community. In the current study, researchers sent a survey to 102 HBCUs to better assess the prevalence of aquatics programming at these institutions. Approximately 38 percent of the HBCUs responded to the survey. The results of this study indicate that there is inconsistent institutional knowledge about competitive and non-competitive swimming programs from the past to the present. However, 31 percent of participants reported offering swim classes to members of the campus community. Additionally, 51 percent of participants reported offering swim courses for college credit. Most importantly, 49 percent of participants indicated a desire to build or expand aquatics programming. The drowning disparity is a result of a cycle that includes historical barriers that denied many African Americans’ access to aquatic facilities and programming (Anderson, 2017). Identifying aquatics programming at HBCUs is a critical step to addressing the drowning disparity.","PeriodicalId":38535,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education","volume":"9 8","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72392785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jason Scott, Angela J. Wozencroft, Vincenzo G. Nocera, Kelsey R Webb, Jodi Anderson, A. Blankenburg, D. Watson, Sophie Lowe
Aquatic therapy interventions are critical for individuals with disabilities and the role of the therapist is just as critical for successful and effective interventions. The field of therapeutic recreation trains students to develop and implement evidencebased facilitation techniques including the use of aquatic therapy to assist in helping clients achieve a change in functional status. This review of the literature examined the impact of aquatic therapy interventions on a variety of disabilities including osteoarthritis, multiple sclerosis, Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and mental health from a recreational therapy (RT) perspective. This review provides a variety of information on the positive benefits that may occur using aquatic therapy for diverse conditions. Examples include relaxation, stretching, and aerobic exercise and each has the ability to improve strength. It does appear that aquatic therapy interventions can provide a wide array of benefits that may reduce the burden associated with a variety of disabilities. These benefits may be useful in increasing the overall quality of life of a diverse group of disabilities. Likewise, due to the nature of RT, recreational therapists are in a unique position to provide plan and develop aquatic therapy interventions. However, it is the authors’ suggestion that those providing this service attend intensive training in order to provide aquatic therapy effectively. Additional research may be necessary to provide a more cohesive understanding of the impact of aquatic therapy on a variety of populations. Nonetheless, the information gleamed from this review, justify that aquatic therapy has benefits for a diverse clientele and thus may be useful in the implementation of
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