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Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training最新文献

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Simulation of vocational activities: experimental evidence of (no) changes in vocational interests 职业活动的模拟:职业兴趣变化的实验证据
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-08-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00093-w
Marcel Martončik, Jaroslava Babjáková, Lena Čupková, Natália Köverová, Monika Kačmárová

Many school-age pupils are undecided about their future vocation. This often stems from a lack of occupational information or lack of vocationally related experience. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an intervention focused on the possibility of changing vocational interests through the simulation of vocational activities. The sample consisted of 250 pupils who were finishing primary school. The intervention was constructed for practical and artistic interests and consisted of workbooks that aim to simulate these vocational activities. MANCOVA showed no effect in the change of vocational interests among the pupils. An alternative idea of intervention in the form of virtual reality simulations is also presented.

许多学龄学生还没有决定将来的职业。这通常源于缺乏职业信息或缺乏与职业相关的经验。本研究的目的是开发和评估一种干预措施,通过模拟职业活动来关注改变职业兴趣的可能性。样本包括250名即将完成小学学业的学生。干预是为实践和艺术兴趣而构建的,包括旨在模拟这些职业活动的工作手册。MANCOVA对学生职业兴趣的变化没有影响。还提出了一种以虚拟现实模拟的形式进行干预的替代思想。
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引用次数: 2
Including adolescent migrants in school through VET approach: evidence from a pilot action in Italy 通过职业教育培训方法将青少年移民纳入学校:来自意大利试点行动的证据
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-07-31 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00092-x
Valentina Lamonica, E. Ragazzi, L. Sella
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引用次数: 3
How do the digital competences of students in vocational schools differ from those of students in cooperative higher education institutions in Germany? 职业学校学生的数字能力与德国合作高等教育机构学生的数字能力有何不同?
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-06-15 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00091-y
Steffen Wild, Lydia Schulze Heuling
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引用次数: 24
Why companies prefer applicants from non-immigrant families: investigating access to vocational training among low-qualified adolescents with an interlinked firm-applicant survey 为什么公司更喜欢来自非移民家庭的申请人:用一个相互关联的公司-申请人调查来调查低资格青少年获得职业培训的机会
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-05-30 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00090-z
Janina Söhn

In the German system of dual vocational training, in which companies recruit apprentices, graduates from low-level secondary schools (Hauptschule), and particularly those from immigrant families, are at a significant disadvantage regarding access to such apprenticeships. Previous qualitative studies have already pointed to the role of companies’ recruiting criteria for mechanisms of indirect discrimination, e.g., their desire for smooth social interaction within the firm. This article builds on a standardized survey among companies to which low-skilled adolescents successfully or unsuccessfully applied for dual vocational training. The company data are matched with secondary longitudinal survey data on the same girls and boys. Which recruiting criteria put ethnic minorities at a disadvantage and hence indirectly facilitate ethnic discrimination? The theoretical approach considers (knowledge of) the immigration country’s official language as both a functional requirement and a tool of hierarchical ethnic boundary making. In addition, concepts of social interaction within firms and respective norms as well as of homophily are subjected to an empirical test. Statistical results show that the below-average recruitment chances of applicants with a migration background are somewhat lower if companies stress a social fit criterion in their selection procedures. Furthermore, contrary to the initial hypothesis, ethnic minority youths are only substantially disadvantaged when applying to firms which consider the ability of verbal expression less crucial. Firms which consider this criterion very important may give applicants from immigrant families the chance to present themselves in a job interview and thus dispel ethnic stereotypes like the one that second-generation immigrant youths display serious language deficiencies.

在德国的双轨制职业培训制度中,公司招收学徒,低水平中学(高等学校)的毕业生,特别是来自移民家庭的毕业生,在获得这种学徒资格方面处于明显的不利地位。先前的定性研究已经指出了公司的招聘标准对间接歧视机制的作用,例如,他们希望在公司内部进行顺利的社会互动。本文建立在对低技能青少年成功或不成功申请双重职业培训的公司进行标准化调查的基础上。该公司的数据与对同样的女孩和男孩的二次纵向调查数据相匹配。哪些招聘准则使少数族裔处于不利地位,从而间接助长种族歧视?理论方法认为(了解)移民国家的官方语言既是一种功能要求,也是一种等级种族边界制定的工具。此外,企业内部社会互动的概念和各自的规范以及同质性受到实证检验。统计结果显示,如果企业在选拔过程中强调社会契合标准,那么具有移民背景的求职者在低于平均水平的招聘机会会有所降低。此外,与最初的假设相反,少数民族青年只有在申请那些认为语言表达能力不那么重要的公司时才会处于实质上的劣势。认为这一标准非常重要的公司可能会给来自移民家庭的申请人在面试中展示自己的机会,从而消除种族刻板印象,比如第二代移民青年表现出严重的语言缺陷。
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引用次数: 1
Vision 2030 and reducing the stigma of vocational and technical training among Saudi Arabian students 《2030年愿景》,以及减少沙特阿拉伯学生对职业技术培训的耻辱感
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-04-11 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00089-6
A. Aldossari
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引用次数: 3
Embedded flexibilization and polite employer domination: the case of short-track apprenticeships in Switzerland 嵌入式灵活化与有礼貌的雇主主导:瑞士短途学徒制案例
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-03-30 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00088-7
Gina Di Maio, Lukas Graf, Anna Wilson

Liberalization pressures challenge countries to adapt their training systems. This is particularly relevant for coordinated market economies with firm-driven but collectively governed apprenticeship systems. Recent literature has identified different liberalization trajectories for these countries. For instance, segmentalism describes the increasing influence of large employers in Germany. In Denmark, state agencies manage increased flexibility in training through embedded flexibilization. In this paper, we identify a new form of embedded flexibilization, characterized by polite employer domination. We find this trajectory of liberalization in Switzerland, which represents another training system heavily based on firm involvement. We illustrate our argument with the example of short-track apprenticeship training, which has been expanded in all three mentioned countries in response to ongoing liberalization and deindustrialization pressures. In Switzerland, the relevant reform was initiated by the state while business adopted a rather passive role initially. Yet, state actors eventually stepped back and delegated key competences to employers, which implies that the employers’ camp asserted their interests in the end while tolerating some concessions for the benefit of disadvantaged groups. Our process tracing reveals that policy makers used layering to implement short-tracks that enhance social inclusion, while simultaneously increasing the scope of employer cooperation.

自由化的压力对各国调整其培训体系提出了挑战。这对于由企业驱动但学徒制度由集体管理的协调市场经济体尤为重要。最近的文献为这些国家指出了不同的自由化轨迹。例如,德国的分部主义描述了大雇主日益增长的影响力。在丹麦,国家机构通过嵌入式灵活化提高了培训的灵活性。在本文中,我们确定了一种新形式的嵌入式灵活化,其特点是礼貌的雇主主导。我们在瑞士发现了这种自由化的轨迹,它代表了另一种严重依赖企业参与的培训体系。我们以短途学徒培训为例说明我们的论点,上述三个国家都扩大了短途学徒培训,以应对当前的自由化和去工业化压力。在瑞士,相关改革是由国家发起的,而企业最初则扮演了相当被动的角色。然而,国家行为者最终退了一步,将关键权限下放给了雇主,这意味着雇主阵营最终维护了自己的利益,同时为了弱势群体的利益容忍了一些让步。我们的过程追踪显示,政策制定者利用分层来实施加强社会包容的捷径,同时扩大了雇主的合作范围。
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引用次数: 0
Lessons from the welding booth: theories in practice in vocational education 焊接车间的经验教训:职业教育实践中的理论
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-01-23 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-0087-x
Stig-Börje Asplund, Nina Kilbrink
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引用次数: 10
The relevance of transversal competences in vocational education and training: a bibliometric analysis. 职业教育与培训中横向能力的相关性:文献计量学分析。
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00100-0
Inmaculada Calero López, Beatriz Rodríguez-López

Vocational Education and Training (VET) programmes have included the acquisition of transversal competences in their curricula as a tool to increase employability. The number of researches has exponentially grown in the last years, emphasizing its relevance and the multiple approaches and factors involved in the learning process. The present bibliometric study aims to provide an overview of the scientific research carried out during the last 10 years and to shed some light on several relevant topics in this field. The results indicate the need to improve students' transversal competences in order to meet the demands of the labour market, the importance of the collaboration of all the actors involved in the process (policy makers, industry and educators) and from a pedagogical point of view, the necessity of introducing new teaching approaches to implement and assess the acquisition of transversal competences. However, and despite the surge of interest in the study of transversal competences in the last decade, further empirical research is needed, especially at Vocational Education and Training level, to understand how transversal competences develop and what kind of initiatives have an impact of their acquisition.

职业教育和培训方案将获得横向能力作为提高就业能力的工具纳入其课程。在过去的几年里,研究的数量呈指数级增长,强调了其相关性以及学习过程中涉及的多种方法和因素。本文献计量学研究旨在对近十年来的科学研究进行概述,并对该领域的几个相关主题进行阐述。结果表明,有必要提高学生的横向能力,以满足劳动力市场的需求,参与这一过程的所有行动者(政策制定者、行业和教育工作者)合作的重要性,从教学的角度来看,有必要引入新的教学方法来实施和评估横向能力的获得。然而,尽管在过去十年中对横向能力的研究兴趣激增,但需要进一步的实证研究,特别是在职业教育和培训层面,以了解横向能力是如何发展的,以及什么样的主动性对其获得有影响。
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引用次数: 28
The effect of business cycle expectations on the German apprenticeship market: estimating the impact of Covid-19. 商业周期预期对德国学徒市场的影响:新冠肺炎影响的估计
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2020-01-01 Epub Date: 2020-09-18 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-020-00094-9
Samuel Muehlemann, Harald Pfeifer, Bernhard H Wittek

A firm's expectation about the future business cycle is an important determinant of the decision to train apprentices, especially as German firms typically offer apprenticeships to either fill future skilled worker positions, or as a substitute for other types of labor. The current coronavirus crisis will have a strong and negative impact on the German economy, according to the current business cycle expectations of German firms. To the extent that the training decisions of firms depend on these perceptions, we expect a downward shift in firm demand for apprentices and consequently also a decrease in the equilibrium number of apprenticeship contracts. To assess the impact of changes in business cycle expectations, we analyze German data on the apprenticeship market at the state-level and at the occupation-level within states from 2007 to 2019. We apply first-differences regressions to account for unobserved heterogeneity across states and occupations, allowing us to identify the association between changes in two popular measures of business cycle expectations (the ifo Business Climate Index and the ifo Employment Barometer) and subsequent changes in the demand for apprentices, the number of new apprenticeship contracts, unfilled vacancies and unsuccessful applicants. We find that the German apprenticeship market prior to the current crisis can be characterized by excess demand for apprentices (although there are matching problems in some states, with both a high share of unfilled vacancies and a high share of unsuccessful applicants). Taking into account the most recent data on business cycle expectations up to June 2020, we estimate that the coronavirus-related decrease in firms' expectations about the business cycle can be associated with a predicted 8% decrease in firm demand for apprentices and a 6% decrease in the number of new apprenticeship positions in Germany compared to 2019 (- 30,000 apprenticeship contracts; 95% confidence interval: ± 8000).

企业对未来商业周期的预期是其培训学徒的重要决定因素,尤其是德国企业通常提供学徒来填补未来技术工人的职位,或者作为其他类型劳动力的替代品。根据德国企业当前的商业周期预期,当前的冠状病毒危机将对德国经济产生强烈的负面影响。在某种程度上,企业的培训决策取决于这些认知,我们预计企业对学徒的需求会下降,因此学徒合同的均衡数量也会减少。为了评估商业周期预期变化的影响,我们分析了2007年至2019年德国各州学徒市场和各州职业水平的数据。我们应用首差回归来解释各州和职业之间未观察到的异质性,使我们能够确定两种常用的商业周期预期指标(ifo商业景气指数和ifo就业晴雨表)的变化与学徒需求、新学徒合同数量、未填补的空缺和不成功的申请人之间的关联。我们发现,在当前危机之前,德国学徒市场的特点是对学徒的需求过剩(尽管在一些州存在匹配问题,空缺空缺的比例很高,不成功申请者的比例也很高)。考虑到截至2020年6月的最新商业周期预期数据,我们估计,与2019年相比,与冠状病毒相关的企业对商业周期预期的下降可能与企业对学徒的需求预计下降8%和德国新学徒职位数量减少6%有关(- 3万份学徒合同;95%置信区间:±8000)。
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引用次数: 12
The influence of informal learning opportunities on adolescents’ financial literacy 非正式学习机会对青少年金融知识的影响
IF 1.3 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2019-10-07 DOI: 10.1186/s40461-019-0086-y
Michelle Rudeloff
In today’s service society, adolescents come into contact with money and financial products and services earlier and earlier. Despite the importance of the topic in the adolescents’ lives, there is insufficient evidence on the learning opportunities adolescents use outside of school and education to obtain information on financial issues and how these affect their financial competence. This paper investigates how different informal learning opportunities influence grade 10-students’ financial literacy. Data are available for N = 530 students in general education. The analyses are based on a structural equation model in which financial literacy is represented as a latent variable with the sub-dimensions of money/payments, savings, loans, insurance, and monetary policy. Young people use different learning opportunities depending on the sub-dimension. Overall, parent-student discussions on finance are the most important informal source of learning. Discussions with siblings as well as consulting sessions with banks and media learning opportunities are also significantly related to financial literacy. Furthermore, personal characteristics, such as socio-economic background and economic interest, are also associated with financial literacy. The findings provide important implications for the promotion of financial literacy in different formal and informal learning situations. The results can be used, among other things, as a basis for developing targeted strategies to promote financial literacy in both the extracurricular sector and the school context.
在当今的服务型社会中,青少年越来越早地接触到金钱以及金融产品和服务。尽管这一话题在青少年的生活中非常重要,但关于青少年在学校和教育之外利用哪些学习机会来获取有关金融问题的信息,以及这些机会如何影响他们的金融能力,却没有足够的证据。本文研究了不同的非正式学习机会如何影响 10 年级学生的金融素养。数据来自 N = 530 名接受普通教育的学生。分析基于一个结构方程模型,在该模型中,金融素养被视为一个潜变量,包含货币/支付、储蓄、贷款、保险和货币政策等子维度。根据子维度的不同,年轻人会利用不同的学习机会。总体而言,父母与学生之间关于理财的讨论是最重要的非正式学习来源。与兄弟姐妹的讨论以及与银行的咨询会议和媒体学习机会也与金融素养密切相关。此外,社会经济背景和经济兴趣等个人特征也与金融素养有关。研究结果对在不同的正规和非正规学习环境中促进金融知识普及具有重要意义。除其他外,研究结果还可作为制定有针对性的战略的依据,以促进课外部门和学校的金融知识普及。
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引用次数: 0
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Empirical Research in Vocational Education and Training
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