Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-7441-5.CH016
Chang Zhu, Merve Zayim-Kurtay
Challenges of modern society require universities to be able to respond to the new challenges and offer innovative teaching and learning for the new generations. The changes and modernization of universities require competences of academic leaders for sound university governance as well as comprehensive leadership skills. The literature and practices show that capacity building for academic leaders is highly needed as academic leaders often operate based on experience or contextual norms while showing a lack of a broad understanding of university governance and the necessary skills for their roles. This chapter investigates the perspectives of both European and Chinese university staff members regarding the areas of capacity building that are needed for middle-level and top-level academic leaders. The results provide us with a deeper understanding regarding the priorities for capacity building in order to enhance academic leadership. The findings also offer an understanding of capacity building of academic leadership in both the European and Chinese higher education contexts.
{"title":"University Governance and Academic Leadership Capacity Building","authors":"Chang Zhu, Merve Zayim-Kurtay","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-7441-5.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7441-5.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"Challenges of modern society require universities to be able to respond to the new challenges and offer innovative teaching and learning for the new generations. The changes and modernization of universities require competences of academic leaders for sound university governance as well as comprehensive leadership skills. The literature and practices show that capacity building for academic leaders is highly needed as academic leaders often operate based on experience or contextual norms while showing a lack of a broad understanding of university governance and the necessary skills for their roles. This chapter investigates the perspectives of both European and Chinese university staff members regarding the areas of capacity building that are needed for middle-level and top-level academic leaders. The results provide us with a deeper understanding regarding the priorities for capacity building in order to enhance academic leadership. The findings also offer an understanding of capacity building of academic leadership in both the European and Chinese higher education contexts.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125445346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0672-0.CH016
Silvia Lizett Olivares Olivares, A. Cruz, M. V. L. Cabrera, Alex Iván Suárez Regalado, J. García
Excellence in healthcare delivery is only possible by addressing the quality issues in medical education. The authors in this paper assess the development of medical schools in Mexico considering a proposed Quality Model for Medical Schools (QMMS) having five levels of the Incremental Quality Model (IQM). An exploratory descriptive approach was applied in this study wherein 46 authorities from medical schools self-assessed their processes (strategic, core, support and evaluation) included on the QMMS to determine their development in the five levels of the IQM i.e. Start, Development, Standardization, Innovation and Sustainability. The results of the study show the average were: 3.09 strategic processes, 2.96 core processes, 3.19 support processes and 3.00 in evaluation process. The overall mean obtained was 3.07 which correspond to Standardization level. The authors consider that the proposed quality model may serve as a guide to improve their performance to advance to innovation and sustainability.
{"title":"An Assessment Study of Quality Model for Medical Schools in Mexico","authors":"Silvia Lizett Olivares Olivares, A. Cruz, M. V. L. Cabrera, Alex Iván Suárez Regalado, J. García","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-0672-0.CH016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0672-0.CH016","url":null,"abstract":"Excellence in healthcare delivery is only possible by addressing the quality issues in medical education. The authors in this paper assess the development of medical schools in Mexico considering a proposed Quality Model for Medical Schools (QMMS) having five levels of the Incremental Quality Model (IQM). An exploratory descriptive approach was applied in this study wherein 46 authorities from medical schools self-assessed their processes (strategic, core, support and evaluation) included on the QMMS to determine their development in the five levels of the IQM i.e. Start, Development, Standardization, Innovation and Sustainability. The results of the study show the average were: 3.09 strategic processes, 2.96 core processes, 3.19 support processes and 3.00 in evaluation process. The overall mean obtained was 3.07 which correspond to Standardization level. The authors consider that the proposed quality model may serve as a guide to improve their performance to advance to innovation and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131143101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1880-8.CH011
Rajat K. Baisya
There are many indicators of the health of a nation and that includes the quality of life and gross domestic product. However, the development can happen only through systematic creation and absorption of knowledge in a society which requires imparting quality education. The development of a nation depends on the human development index (HDI) of the people of the nation. The HDI is primarily dependent on the education and health of the citizen. While basic education which is offered compulsorily provides the foundation of the quality workforce engaged in productive work for creation of wealth for the nation but imparting newer knowledge offers competitive advantage over others. Better knowledge is thus essential to produce superior quality goods and services at lesser costs in a sustainable manner which provides competitive advantage in global trade and commerce and serves as the key driver to the development of a nation. Managing knowledge therefore, holds the key. Capacity building on the other hand, enables the society to accomplish a specific task and activity in a desired manner and hence it really required dissemination of knowledge through continuous training and re-training. Capacity building helps in maximising the social impact in terms of implementation of any new knowledge for common good of the society and also for the nation at large. Capacity building therefore, has to be undertaken with all seriousness as it is normally required to do for project, program and portfolio management. In this article an attempt has been made to discuss the key components of knowledge management as a task and how that help in the development process of a nation, a society and a region. The paper also discusses the impact of capacity building in higher education for the development of the society and how capacity building should be attempted in a specific area of higher learning for maximising the social impact.
{"title":"Knowledge Management and Capacity Building in Higher Education Holds Key to the Development of a Nation","authors":"Rajat K. Baisya","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-1880-8.CH011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1880-8.CH011","url":null,"abstract":"There are many indicators of the health of a nation and that includes the quality of life and gross domestic product. However, the development can happen only through systematic creation and absorption of knowledge in a society which requires imparting quality education. The development of a nation depends on the human development index (HDI) of the people of the nation. The HDI is primarily dependent on the education and health of the citizen. While basic education which is offered compulsorily provides the foundation of the quality workforce engaged in productive work for creation of wealth for the nation but imparting newer knowledge offers competitive advantage over others. Better knowledge is thus essential to produce superior quality goods and services at lesser costs in a sustainable manner which provides competitive advantage in global trade and commerce and serves as the key driver to the development of a nation. Managing knowledge therefore, holds the key. Capacity building on the other hand, enables the society to accomplish a specific task and activity in a desired manner and hence it really required dissemination of knowledge through continuous training and re-training. Capacity building helps in maximising the social impact in terms of implementation of any new knowledge for common good of the society and also for the nation at large. Capacity building therefore, has to be undertaken with all seriousness as it is normally required to do for project, program and portfolio management. In this article an attempt has been made to discuss the key components of knowledge management as a task and how that help in the development process of a nation, a society and a region. The paper also discusses the impact of capacity building in higher education for the development of the society and how capacity building should be attempted in a specific area of higher learning for maximising the social impact.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124115694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch060
E. Toprak, A. N. Şakar
The expansion of distance education in higher education world-wide has brought forth the issue of quality assurance and evaluation processes for institutions and programmes. Though quality is a perception about the performance in products and services offered, it is expected to be shaped through mutual consent in the eyes of internal and external stakeholders of the institutions. Despite the different needs, social contexts and cultures of higher education institutions, general standards have been developed to guide distance education providers in their quest. This paper concentrates on external evaluation pillar of quality assurance that is accreditation according to American, European and Asian perspectives and tries to explain the shared understanding about quality in higher education in the face of cultural diversity. A case-study, the quality journey of Anadolu University, Open Education System is described as an example of different ways leading to the same target.
{"title":"Cultural Diversity and Accreditation","authors":"E. Toprak, A. N. Şakar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch060","url":null,"abstract":"The expansion of distance education in higher education world-wide has brought forth the issue of quality assurance and evaluation processes for institutions and programmes. Though quality is a perception about the performance in products and services offered, it is expected to be shaped through mutual consent in the eyes of internal and external stakeholders of the institutions. Despite the different needs, social contexts and cultures of higher education institutions, general standards have been developed to guide distance education providers in their quest. This paper concentrates on external evaluation pillar of quality assurance that is accreditation according to American, European and Asian perspectives and tries to explain the shared understanding about quality in higher education in the face of cultural diversity. A case-study, the quality journey of Anadolu University, Open Education System is described as an example of different ways leading to the same target.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123874734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5288-8.CH012
S. Khumalo
The purpose of this case study was to explore teacher absenteeism in both primary and secondary schools administered by the Department of Basic Education (DoBE) in South Africa. Further, the chapter focuses on how this phenomenon of teacher absenteeism is managed in schools and by the departmental authorities and its implications on the organization. This chapter proposes a number of quality improvement strategies that can be employed to mediate teacher absenteeism and enhance quality management of the problem.
{"title":"Cost of Poor Quality Management on Organizational Performance in Educational Settings","authors":"S. Khumalo","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-5288-8.CH012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5288-8.CH012","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this case study was to explore teacher absenteeism in both primary and secondary schools administered by the Department of Basic Education (DoBE) in South Africa. Further, the chapter focuses on how this phenomenon of teacher absenteeism is managed in schools and by the departmental authorities and its implications on the organization. This chapter proposes a number of quality improvement strategies that can be employed to mediate teacher absenteeism and enhance quality management of the problem.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134029755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch056
Pamela A. Lemoine, Thomas Hackett, M. Richardson
The leadership needs to develop new organizational structures and systems that will promote and encourage quality learning and the ability to assess the impact of the teaching. Governments across the world have steadily minimized their support for public higher education, and costs associated with gaining a degree have increased constantly over the last decade. Most universities are forced to adopt a restructuring model for commoditizing education to make a profit from large numbers of students. The road ahead for higher education is filled with challenges, risks and uncertainties that begin with education being valued as more than a simple commodity: education becomes a public good. Higher education is increasingly viewed as a major instrument of economic development. In order to hold universities accountable despite limited governmental budgets, many nations have adopted performance-based university research funding strategies for targeted programs.
{"title":"Higher Education at a Crossroads","authors":"Pamela A. Lemoine, Thomas Hackett, M. Richardson","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch056","url":null,"abstract":"The leadership needs to develop new organizational structures and systems that will promote and encourage quality learning and the ability to assess the impact of the teaching. Governments across the world have steadily minimized their support for public higher education, and costs associated with gaining a degree have increased constantly over the last decade. Most universities are forced to adopt a restructuring model for commoditizing education to make a profit from large numbers of students. The road ahead for higher education is filled with challenges, risks and uncertainties that begin with education being valued as more than a simple commodity: education becomes a public good. Higher education is increasingly viewed as a major instrument of economic development. In order to hold universities accountable despite limited governmental budgets, many nations have adopted performance-based university research funding strategies for targeted programs.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134361234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.CH021
David Makwerere, Donwell Dube
This chapter focused on the issues of social exclusion in the education sector in Zimbabwe. The primary focus was on the primary and secondary school education systems in the country. Using the lenses of the social exclusion concepts, the chapter looked at how the inequalities are informed by a chain of historical developments including colonialism, the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the 1990s, and the effects of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, as well as the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment acts. The chapter submits that the children in urban high-density areas, farming, and rural areas are victims of structural inequalities that have led to social exclusion in the education sector. There is the need for the Government of Zimbabwe to address these inequalities as a matter of urgency.
{"title":"Parental/Guardian Subsidization of Extra Tuition and the Marginalization of the Poor in Zimbabwe","authors":"David Makwerere, Donwell Dube","doi":"10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.CH021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.CH021","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focused on the issues of social exclusion in the education sector in Zimbabwe. The primary focus was on the primary and secondary school education systems in the country. Using the lenses of the social exclusion concepts, the chapter looked at how the inequalities are informed by a chain of historical developments including colonialism, the effects of the Structural Adjustment Programmes of the 1990s, and the effects of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, as well as the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment acts. The chapter submits that the children in urban high-density areas, farming, and rural areas are victims of structural inequalities that have led to social exclusion in the education sector. There is the need for the Government of Zimbabwe to address these inequalities as a matter of urgency.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126128931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch021
Francisco F. García-Pérez
Education for active citizenship is a fundamental dimension of education, especially in the context of today's world. This is proclaimed by educational institutions and authorities, and has been incorporated into official curricula. But the reality of school is frequently incoherent with those statements. Indeed, the predominant school culture is a factor that conditions the activity of teachers as educators for citizenship. Research carried out in Andalusia (Spain) shows the difficulties teachers have in incorporating any education for citizenship into their subjects. Likewise, projects and initiatives coming from non-formal education are insufficiently exploited. These investigations also indicate that educational proposals organized around social and environmental problems facilitate the integration of education for citizenship into the school curriculum and the training of teachers as educators of citizens by getting them involved in these innovative experiences.
{"title":"Are Teachers Prepared to Educate in Citizenship?","authors":"Francisco F. García-Pérez","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch021","url":null,"abstract":"Education for active citizenship is a fundamental dimension of education, especially in the context of today's world. This is proclaimed by educational institutions and authorities, and has been incorporated into official curricula. But the reality of school is frequently incoherent with those statements. Indeed, the predominant school culture is a factor that conditions the activity of teachers as educators for citizenship. Research carried out in Andalusia (Spain) shows the difficulties teachers have in incorporating any education for citizenship into their subjects. Likewise, projects and initiatives coming from non-formal education are insufficiently exploited. These investigations also indicate that educational proposals organized around social and environmental problems facilitate the integration of education for citizenship into the school curriculum and the training of teachers as educators of citizens by getting them involved in these innovative experiences.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"2004 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129634440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch013
A. Mashat, H. Fardoun
Almost all international universities focus their efforts to appear in the best positions within the different lists of Universities Academic Rankings, to be part of the World Class Universities. But universities must show, that their objective is not the ranking, but the excellence in providing students a quality education. Thus education process differs according to each region, and environment and there is a set of different factors to be considered to achieve the desired results from the institutions objectives and strategies. For that the how to select and prepare universities to fulfill these factors must converge with which is needed and necessary for the environment of the institution, being the most critical and important issue. This research work shows how KAU adapted a strategic plan, to obtain these certifications, which led it to be in the top between its academic peers in its region as in the world.
{"title":"King Abdulaziz University Path to the Excellence","authors":"A. Mashat, H. Fardoun","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch013","url":null,"abstract":"Almost all international universities focus their efforts to appear in the best positions within the different lists of Universities Academic Rankings, to be part of the World Class Universities. But universities must show, that their objective is not the ranking, but the excellence in providing students a quality education. Thus education process differs according to each region, and environment and there is a set of different factors to be considered to achieve the desired results from the institutions objectives and strategies. For that the how to select and prepare universities to fulfill these factors must converge with which is needed and necessary for the environment of the institution, being the most critical and important issue. This research work shows how KAU adapted a strategic plan, to obtain these certifications, which led it to be in the top between its academic peers in its region as in the world.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127026110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch082
Magdalena Platis
In the contemporary context, educational sector faces many challenges which are reflected in specific institutional reactions. Rankings specific to higher education systems are a real phenomenon. Management teams at all levels understand differently the role of being active towards rankings – from a national support and institutional scope, to a lack of interest from both levels. Methodologies of different rankings are also different. In fact, participating in a ranking or another is something to be decided by the university management. The mission of this chapter is to reveal the role of rankings in the contemporary context of resource decreasing. Some answers will improve the decision-making process related to rankings, as well as to other institutional changes adopted in higher education institutions. The existence of rankings cannot be denied. Understanding the role of rankings is one of the most important premises for a correct strategic development of the higher education institutions.
{"title":"Role of University Rankings in the Context of Lack of Resources","authors":"Magdalena Platis","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3438-0.ch082","url":null,"abstract":"In the contemporary context, educational sector faces many challenges which are reflected in specific institutional reactions. Rankings specific to higher education systems are a real phenomenon. Management teams at all levels understand differently the role of being active towards rankings – from a national support and institutional scope, to a lack of interest from both levels. Methodologies of different rankings are also different. In fact, participating in a ranking or another is something to be decided by the university management. The mission of this chapter is to reveal the role of rankings in the contemporary context of resource decreasing. Some answers will improve the decision-making process related to rankings, as well as to other institutional changes adopted in higher education institutions. The existence of rankings cannot be denied. Understanding the role of rankings is one of the most important premises for a correct strategic development of the higher education institutions.","PeriodicalId":386068,"journal":{"name":"Research Anthology on Preparing School Administrators to Lead Quality Education Programs","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126386681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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