Zoom lenses have greatly improved to the extent that today many major performance characteristics are now equal to or come close to matching those of fixed focal length lenses. Some of these characteristics including size, weight, cost, producibility and general image performance are dependent on widely differing technologies. For example, optical design, coatings, refractive materials, surface types and the use of computers with suitable optical design software are just some of the technologies that when combined have driven the continuous development of zoom lenses and their optical designs.
{"title":"Evolution of zoom lens optical design technology and manufacture","authors":"Iain A. Neil","doi":"10.1117/12.2603653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603653","url":null,"abstract":"Zoom lenses have greatly improved to the extent that today many major performance characteristics are now equal to or come close to matching those of fixed focal length lenses. Some of these characteristics including size, weight, cost, producibility and general image performance are dependent on widely differing technologies. For example, optical design, coatings, refractive materials, surface types and the use of computers with suitable optical design software are just some of the technologies that when combined have driven the continuous development of zoom lenses and their optical designs.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124072186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
1st-order color contributions of Seidel often lead to inaccurate results in complex designs. An extension of Seidel's color theory is applied and shows how different color aberrations are balanced for correcting a complex optical design example.
{"title":"New surface contributions for higher order color aberrations and chromatic variations of Seidel aberrations","authors":"A. Berner, H. Gross","doi":"10.1117/12.2603615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603615","url":null,"abstract":"1st-order color contributions of Seidel often lead to inaccurate results in complex designs. An extension of Seidel's color theory is applied and shows how different color aberrations are balanced for correcting a complex optical design example.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134040756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Crowther, J. Rogers, J. Rodgers, M. Ravine, J. Bell, Jaques Laramee, J. Maki
Missions to Mars prior to the year 2020 have indicated that Mars once held liquid water. This may have provided an environment suitable for the existence of microbial life. The primary science mission of Mars 2020 is to explore the past habitability of Mars and to prepare and cache a set of samples for potential return to Earth by a future mission. A second mission of Mars 2020 is to demonstrate technologies that can be used for human exploration of Mars. The mission duration of Mars 2020 is 1 Mars year, 668 sols or 1.88 Earth years. To fulfill the mission of Mars 2020, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) chose to send a rover, Perseverence, to the surface of Mars. Perseverance is the latest and most sophisticated Mars rover from NASA. It was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida on July 30, 20201. After a cruise of approximately five and one-half months, it was successfully delivered to Jezero Crater on the surface of Mars on February 18, 2021. The pictures and video of its delivery were viewed with anticipation and awe around the world. However, some of us waited with equal anticipation for another moment, the posting of the first Mastcam-Z images. The Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, includes 25 cameras, including 2 on the helicopter Ingenuity. There are 16 engineering cameras and 7 science cameras. Two of the science cameras enable the first-ever color imaging in stereo at variable magnification. These two cameras are the Mastcam-Z cameras, which are both mounted on the Remote Sensing Mast, separated by approximately 244 mm. The two Mastcam-Z cameras each make use of the first zoom lenses in interplanetary or deep space applications, which is the reason for the “Z” in the name of the camera (Mast Camera Zoom). In addition to their zoom capability, the lenses can be focused over a broad range of object distances. The optical design of these lenses is interesting in its development and deployment.
{"title":"Optical design of the Mastcam-Z lenses","authors":"B. Crowther, J. Rogers, J. Rodgers, M. Ravine, J. Bell, Jaques Laramee, J. Maki","doi":"10.1117/12.2603621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603621","url":null,"abstract":"Missions to Mars prior to the year 2020 have indicated that Mars once held liquid water. This may have provided an environment suitable for the existence of microbial life. The primary science mission of Mars 2020 is to explore the past habitability of Mars and to prepare and cache a set of samples for potential return to Earth by a future mission. A second mission of Mars 2020 is to demonstrate technologies that can be used for human exploration of Mars. The mission duration of Mars 2020 is 1 Mars year, 668 sols or 1.88 Earth years. To fulfill the mission of Mars 2020, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) chose to send a rover, Perseverence, to the surface of Mars. Perseverance is the latest and most sophisticated Mars rover from NASA. It was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida on July 30, 20201. After a cruise of approximately five and one-half months, it was successfully delivered to Jezero Crater on the surface of Mars on February 18, 2021. The pictures and video of its delivery were viewed with anticipation and awe around the world. However, some of us waited with equal anticipation for another moment, the posting of the first Mastcam-Z images. The Mars 2020 rover, Perseverance, includes 25 cameras, including 2 on the helicopter Ingenuity. There are 16 engineering cameras and 7 science cameras. Two of the science cameras enable the first-ever color imaging in stereo at variable magnification. These two cameras are the Mastcam-Z cameras, which are both mounted on the Remote Sensing Mast, separated by approximately 244 mm. The two Mastcam-Z cameras each make use of the first zoom lenses in interplanetary or deep space applications, which is the reason for the “Z” in the name of the camera (Mast Camera Zoom). In addition to their zoom capability, the lenses can be focused over a broad range of object distances. The optical design of these lenses is interesting in its development and deployment.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133851243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A hyper-aspheroid is a surface of revolution (with a specified vertex curvature) that nears or extends beyond where it’s parallel to the axis. The familiar ‘hyperhemispherical’ is one limiting example, but the superconic and rational Bézier approaches are more flexible. Both will be applied to the redesign of a condenser system from the late Juan Rayces’ Eikonal program but using the author’s own design code.
{"title":"Hyper-aspheroidal surfaces: two approaches","authors":"A. W. Greynolds","doi":"10.1117/12.2603614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603614","url":null,"abstract":"A hyper-aspheroid is a surface of revolution (with a specified vertex curvature) that nears or extends beyond where it’s parallel to the axis. The familiar ‘hyperhemispherical’ is one limiting example, but the superconic and rational Bézier approaches are more flexible. Both will be applied to the redesign of a condenser system from the late Juan Rayces’ Eikonal program but using the author’s own design code.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116944337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the field of Entertainment Stage Lighting there is wide variety of luminaires with beams of different intensity distributions. It would be advantageous if the optics allowed to adjust the edge sharpness.
{"title":"A unusual zoom design for a variable edge beam","authors":"H. Rehn","doi":"10.1117/12.2603649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603649","url":null,"abstract":"In the field of Entertainment Stage Lighting there is wide variety of luminaires with beams of different intensity distributions. It would be advantageous if the optics allowed to adjust the edge sharpness.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115539767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the general exact equation to design a stigmatic lens has been found and extensively studied. In this manuscript, we discuss what we have learned by obtaining such an equation and its implications.
{"title":"The general equation of the stigmatic lenses: its history and what we have learned from it","authors":"Rafeal G. Gonzalez-Acuna, Simon Thibault","doi":"10.1117/12.2603611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603611","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the general exact equation to design a stigmatic lens has been found and extensively studied. In this manuscript, we discuss what we have learned by obtaining such an equation and its implications.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114153179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this invited paper, a simple and efficient matrix formalism is presented for computing aberrations in plane-parallel freeform mirror systems. The approach is flexible and can be easily generalized to arbitrary aberration orders and/or to systems with different symmetries. As an illustration, we derive analytical expressions for all 2nd and 3rd order image and pupil aberrations in plane-parallel confocal N-mirror systems. Some design examples are also presented and discussed.
{"title":"Progress in aberration theory for freeform off-axis mirror systems","authors":"J. Caron, Tiberiu Ceccotti, S. Bäumer","doi":"10.1117/12.2603625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603625","url":null,"abstract":"In this invited paper, a simple and efficient matrix formalism is presented for computing aberrations in plane-parallel freeform mirror systems. The approach is flexible and can be easily generalized to arbitrary aberration orders and/or to systems with different symmetries. As an illustration, we derive analytical expressions for all 2nd and 3rd order image and pupil aberrations in plane-parallel confocal N-mirror systems. Some design examples are also presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114082225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diffraction efficiency of conventional diffractive lenses is typically analyzed using the complex Fourier series expansion coefficients. While conventional diffractive lenses typically target high diffraction efficiency in a single diffractive order, applications such as multifocal intraocular lenses seek high diffraction efficiency in multiple diffractive orders. Here, the complex Fourier series technique is generalized to handle these multifocal lenses, and applied to a novel trifocal intraocular lens design.
{"title":"Diffractive multifocal lens analysis using complex Fourier series","authors":"J. Schwiegerling","doi":"10.1117/12.2603645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603645","url":null,"abstract":"The diffraction efficiency of conventional diffractive lenses is typically analyzed using the complex Fourier series expansion coefficients. While conventional diffractive lenses typically target high diffraction efficiency in a single diffractive order, applications such as multifocal intraocular lenses seek high diffraction efficiency in multiple diffractive orders. Here, the complex Fourier series technique is generalized to handle these multifocal lenses, and applied to a novel trifocal intraocular lens design.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121020020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a lens design ray tracing engine that is derivative-aware, using automatic differentiation. This derivative-aware property enables the engine to infer gradients of current design parameters, i.e., how design parameters affect a given error metric (e.g., spot RMS or irradiance values), by back-propagating the derivatives through a computational graph via differentiable ray tracing. Our engine not only enables designers to employ gradient descent and variants for design optimization, but also provides a numerically compatible way to perform back-propagation on both the optical design and the post-processing algorithm (e.g., a neural network), making hardware-software end-to-end designs possible. Examples are demonstrated by freeform designs and joint optics-network optimization for extended-depth-of-field applications.
{"title":"Lens design optimization by back-propagation","authors":"Congli Wang, Ni Chen, W. Heidrich","doi":"10.1117/12.2603675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603675","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a lens design ray tracing engine that is derivative-aware, using automatic differentiation. This derivative-aware property enables the engine to infer gradients of current design parameters, i.e., how design parameters affect a given error metric (e.g., spot RMS or irradiance values), by back-propagating the derivatives through a computational graph via differentiable ray tracing. Our engine not only enables designers to employ gradient descent and variants for design optimization, but also provides a numerically compatible way to perform back-propagation on both the optical design and the post-processing algorithm (e.g., a neural network), making hardware-software end-to-end designs possible. Examples are demonstrated by freeform designs and joint optics-network optimization for extended-depth-of-field applications.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131863945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Axial as well as lateral color aberrations in broadband optical systems can efficiently be corrected by using diffractive optical elements (DOEs). However, DOEs such as kinoforms consisting of only one material are not suitable for high-quality optics because of straylight in spurious diffraction orders. The amount of stray light can significantly be reduced by using so-called efficiency-achromatized DOEs (EA-DOEs), which consist of a material pair whose refractive indices fulfill a specific material condition. Unfortunately, manufacturing of EA-DOEs is very challenging because the grating structures are subject to tight fabrication tolerances. Therefore, only few broadband optical systems with EA-DOEs are on the market. Here we show that DOEs in broadband optical systems can surprisingly be replaced by refractive doublets made of materials that fulfill the material condition for EA-DOEs. As opposed to the EA-DOEs themselves, these purely refractive replacements do not suffer from stray light. In addition, from a theoretical point of view, our result allows for understanding the effect of DOEs in optical designs by classical refractive optical design theory.
{"title":"How to replace diffractive optical elements for color correction by refractive lenses from specific materials","authors":"M. Seesselberg, Daniel Werdehausen","doi":"10.1117/12.2603629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2603629","url":null,"abstract":"Axial as well as lateral color aberrations in broadband optical systems can efficiently be corrected by using diffractive optical elements (DOEs). However, DOEs such as kinoforms consisting of only one material are not suitable for high-quality optics because of straylight in spurious diffraction orders. The amount of stray light can significantly be reduced by using so-called efficiency-achromatized DOEs (EA-DOEs), which consist of a material pair whose refractive indices fulfill a specific material condition. Unfortunately, manufacturing of EA-DOEs is very challenging because the grating structures are subject to tight fabrication tolerances. Therefore, only few broadband optical systems with EA-DOEs are on the market. Here we show that DOEs in broadband optical systems can surprisingly be replaced by refractive doublets made of materials that fulfill the material condition for EA-DOEs. As opposed to the EA-DOEs themselves, these purely refractive replacements do not suffer from stray light. In addition, from a theoretical point of view, our result allows for understanding the effect of DOEs in optical designs by classical refractive optical design theory.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"12078 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129734671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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