R. Winston, Narkis Shatz, J. Cobb, Paul F. Michaloski, V. Oliker
Problem definition: Transfer maximum monochromatic flux from a 1-mm-square Lambertian source in air to an equal-étendue nonimmersed target. The target surface is rectangular with a 16:9 aspect ratio. The surface area of the target must be at least 4 mm2. The target is defined such that only rays incident on the target surface at angles of θmax or less, relative to the surface normal, are considered to be within the phase space of the target, where the value of θmax is determined by the equal-étendue requirement.
{"title":"IODC 2010 illumination design problem","authors":"R. Winston, Narkis Shatz, J. Cobb, Paul F. Michaloski, V. Oliker","doi":"10.1117/12.873301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.873301","url":null,"abstract":"Problem definition: Transfer maximum monochromatic flux from a 1-mm-square Lambertian source in air to an equal-étendue nonimmersed target. The target surface is rectangular with a 16:9 aspect ratio. The surface area of the target must be at least 4 mm2. The target is defined such that only rays incident on the target surface at angles of θmax or less, relative to the surface normal, are considered to be within the phase space of the target, where the value of θmax is determined by the equal-étendue requirement.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131313429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Baldwin, R. Sánchez, M. Asmad, K. Tucto, F. Gonzales
It is shown how undergraduate Physics students were introduced to spectrographs optics through laboratory sessions and computer simulations. Simulation and evaluation of two equivalent spectrographs corresponding to a real commercial spectrograph were performed. Evaluation of the real spectrograph was also performed. A comparative work on spectrographs linear dispersion and their resolution was also performed.
{"title":"Simulation as a tool for teaching spectrographs optics to undergraduate physics students","authors":"G. Baldwin, R. Sánchez, M. Asmad, K. Tucto, F. Gonzales","doi":"10.1117/12.871038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871038","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown how undergraduate Physics students were introduced to spectrographs optics through laboratory sessions and computer simulations. Simulation and evaluation of two equivalent spectrographs corresponding to a real commercial spectrograph were performed. Evaluation of the real spectrograph was also performed. A comparative work on spectrographs linear dispersion and their resolution was also performed.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"55 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113937558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coddington Equations are used to calculate the astigmatic images of a small bundle of rays centered on a ray commonly known as the principal ray. Some authors generalize it such that for a refractive or reflective surface of any shape to the 2nd order, and an incident wavefront of any shape to the 2nd order, the refracted or reflected wavefront can be calculated to the 2nd order. We extend it further such that it applies to the diffractive surface as well. The derivation is based on the general Snell's law and differential ray tracing approach. We present these generalized Coddington Equations in two forms: matrix formalism and explicit expressions. The equations are verified with explicit ray tracing using a commercial lens design program. The relations are applied to evaluate the imaging performance for null testing of aspheric surfaces using computer generated holograms.
{"title":"Generalization of the Coddington equations to include hybrid diffractive surfaces","authors":"Chunyu Zhao, J. Burge","doi":"10.1117/12.871853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871853","url":null,"abstract":"Coddington Equations are used to calculate the astigmatic images of a small bundle of rays centered on a ray commonly known as the principal ray. Some authors generalize it such that for a refractive or reflective surface of any shape to the 2nd order, and an incident wavefront of any shape to the 2nd order, the refracted or reflected wavefront can be calculated to the 2nd order. We extend it further such that it applies to the diffractive surface as well. The derivation is based on the general Snell's law and differential ray tracing approach. We present these generalized Coddington Equations in two forms: matrix formalism and explicit expressions. The equations are verified with explicit ray tracing using a commercial lens design program. The relations are applied to evaluate the imaging performance for null testing of aspheric surfaces using computer generated holograms.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128329706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vo, K. Fuerschbach, C. Pachot, T. Schmid, K. Thompson, J. Rolland
Airy beams are a new class of nondiffracting beams predicted in 1979 and observed in 2007. In this paper, we show that beam propagation methods are an effective way to study the behavior of those beams in propagation and to design such beams. A lens design software integrated beam propagation feature is implemented to design an Airy beam generation setup based on Fourier transform in a coherent optical system. The setup was reproduced in the lab for experimental validation using a "cubic-shaped" mirror. The resulting monochromatic Airy beam presents a main lobe FWHM of approximately 30 μm over a diffraction-free distance of 15 mm. Computational results show excellent agreement with experimental data as well as with analytical predictions expressed in terms of the optical setup geometrical parameters.
{"title":"Modelling Airy beams propagation with lens design software","authors":"S. Vo, K. Fuerschbach, C. Pachot, T. Schmid, K. Thompson, J. Rolland","doi":"10.1117/12.869084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.869084","url":null,"abstract":"Airy beams are a new class of nondiffracting beams predicted in 1979 and observed in 2007. In this paper, we show that beam propagation methods are an effective way to study the behavior of those beams in propagation and to design such beams. A lens design software integrated beam propagation feature is implemented to design an Airy beam generation setup based on Fourier transform in a coherent optical system. The setup was reproduced in the lab for experimental validation using a \"cubic-shaped\" mirror. The resulting monochromatic Airy beam presents a main lobe FWHM of approximately 30 μm over a diffraction-free distance of 15 mm. Computational results show excellent agreement with experimental data as well as with analytical predictions expressed in terms of the optical setup geometrical parameters.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133688748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structured mid-spatial frequency surface errors on aspheric optics can create ghost images and reduced contrast. This reduction in performance is shown to be non-linear with surface height using Fourier methods without small signal or statistical approximations. Tolerancing MSF errors can use traditional MTF metrics, and derives peak-to-valley limits on MSF surface height components.
{"title":"Analysis and tolerancing of structured mid-spatial frequency errors in imaging systems","authors":"John M. Tamkin, T. Milster","doi":"10.1117/12.871013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871013","url":null,"abstract":"Structured mid-spatial frequency surface errors on aspheric optics can create ghost images and reduced contrast. This reduction in performance is shown to be non-linear with surface height using Fourier methods without small signal or statistical approximations. Tolerancing MSF errors can use traditional MTF metrics, and derives peak-to-valley limits on MSF surface height components.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124046780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lens design problem for the 2010 IODC is to design a 100 mm focal length lens in which every optical surface has the same radius of curvature, positive or negative, or is plano. The lens is used monochromatically at 532 nm and is made of only Schott N-BK7 glass. The goal of the problem is to maximize the product of the semi-field of view and the entrance pupil diameter while holding the distortion to within ±5% and the RMS wavefront error to ≤ 0.07 wave within the field of view. There were 37 entries from eight different countries. Four different commercial lens design programs were used, along with two custom, in-house programs. The number of lens elements in the entries ranged from 3 to 64. The overall length of the lenses varied from 105 mm to 3.6 km. The winning entry had an entrance pupil diameter of 81.3 mm and a semi-field of view of 43.5° for a merit function product of 3537.
{"title":"The 2010 IODC lens design problem: the green lens","authors":"Richard C. Juergens","doi":"10.1117/12.871174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871174","url":null,"abstract":"The lens design problem for the 2010 IODC is to design a 100 mm focal length lens in which every optical surface has the same radius of curvature, positive or negative, or is plano. The lens is used monochromatically at 532 nm and is made of only Schott N-BK7 glass. The goal of the problem is to maximize the product of the semi-field of view and the entrance pupil diameter while holding the distortion to within ±5% and the RMS wavefront error to ≤ 0.07 wave within the field of view. There were 37 entries from eight different countries. Four different commercial lens design programs were used, along with two custom, in-house programs. The number of lens elements in the entries ranged from 3 to 64. The overall length of the lenses varied from 105 mm to 3.6 km. The winning entry had an entrance pupil diameter of 81.3 mm and a semi-field of view of 43.5° for a merit function product of 3537.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116976281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sensors operating in the 8-12 micron long wave infrared (LWIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum have long been used to extend the useful range of operating conditions beyond those of sensor systems operating in the visual spectral band. Infrared systems must cover widely varying fields-of-view (FOV) depending on application, at fast f/numbers compared to systems operating in the visible band. Typical FOVs for LWIR sensors run the gamut from < 1 degree to >50 degrees for large focal planes, necessitating the use of long focal lengths. When the focal length of the optics increases, the sensitivity to defocus caused by thermal effects also increases. Optical materials with useful transmission in the infrared region exhibit larger changes (> 400X) in refractive index with temperature (dN/dT) than optical glass. This in turn introduces larger changes in focus over temperature for infrared systems compared to comparable focal length visual systems. Thermal expansion and contraction of the materials also contribute to changes in system performance and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is generally larger for infrared materials than for visual band optical glasses. The thermal performance problem is exacerbated with low f-numbers systems. The ability to detect targets having a small temperature difference from ambient is proportional to the light collecting ability of the optics, especially when uncooled detectors are used. It is typical to require f-numbers in the f/1 regime for the LWIR for uncooled applications. Methods have been developed to find optical designs with reduced thermal sensitivity for these applications.
{"title":"Thermal considerations in the design of a long focal length, low f-number, long wave infrared imager","authors":"H. Spencer","doi":"10.1117/12.866774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.866774","url":null,"abstract":"Sensors operating in the 8-12 micron long wave infrared (LWIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum have long been used to extend the useful range of operating conditions beyond those of sensor systems operating in the visual spectral band. Infrared systems must cover widely varying fields-of-view (FOV) depending on application, at fast f/numbers compared to systems operating in the visible band. Typical FOVs for LWIR sensors run the gamut from < 1 degree to >50 degrees for large focal planes, necessitating the use of long focal lengths. When the focal length of the optics increases, the sensitivity to defocus caused by thermal effects also increases. Optical materials with useful transmission in the infrared region exhibit larger changes (> 400X) in refractive index with temperature (dN/dT) than optical glass. This in turn introduces larger changes in focus over temperature for infrared systems compared to comparable focal length visual systems. Thermal expansion and contraction of the materials also contribute to changes in system performance and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is generally larger for infrared materials than for visual band optical glasses. The thermal performance problem is exacerbated with low f-numbers systems. The ability to detect targets having a small temperature difference from ambient is proportional to the light collecting ability of the optics, especially when uncooled detectors are used. It is typical to require f-numbers in the f/1 regime for the LWIR for uncooled applications. Methods have been developed to find optical designs with reduced thermal sensitivity for these applications.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125374093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forbes introduced the usage of Gaussian quadratures in optical design for circular pupils and fields, and for a specific visible wavelength band. In this paper, Gaussian quadrature methods of selecting rays in ray-tracing are derived for noncircular pupil shapes, such as obscured and vignetted apertures. In addition, these methods are generalized for square fields, and for integrating performance over arbitrary wavelength bands. Integration over wavelength is aided by the use of a novel chromatic coordinate. These quadratures achieve low calculations with fewer rays (by orders of magnitude) than uniform sampling schemes.
{"title":"Gaussian quadrature for optical design with noncircular pupils and fields, and broad wavelength range","authors":"Brian Jeffrey Bauman, Hong Xiao","doi":"10.1117/12.872773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.872773","url":null,"abstract":"Forbes introduced the usage of Gaussian quadratures in optical design for circular pupils and fields, and for a specific visible wavelength band. In this paper, Gaussian quadrature methods of selecting rays in ray-tracing are derived for noncircular pupil shapes, such as obscured and vignetted apertures. In addition, these methods are generalized for square fields, and for integrating performance over arbitrary wavelength bands. Integration over wavelength is aided by the use of a novel chromatic coordinate. These quadratures achieve low calculations with fewer rays (by orders of magnitude) than uniform sampling schemes.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128251251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adding keystone distortion (in addition to anamorphism) to an off-axis asphere dramatically improves the ability of the surface to correct aberrations. Analogously, using 1-theta and 3-theta terms are important when using Zernike surfaces.
{"title":"A comparison of anamorphic, keystone, and Zernike surface types for aberration correction","authors":"J. Rogers","doi":"10.1117/12.871025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871025","url":null,"abstract":"Adding keystone distortion (in addition to anamorphism) to an off-axis asphere dramatically improves the ability of the surface to correct aberrations. Analogously, using 1-theta and 3-theta terms are important when using Zernike surfaces.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"500 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133178294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dual band focal plane arrays enable the simultaneous imaging of the MWIR and LWIR onto the same detector. Each spectral band is read out independently providing a separable MWIR and LWIR image. The development of this technology has necessitated the further development of dual band optics. Although reflective solutions simplify the need for color correction, multiple field of view reflective optics do not package nearly as well as refractive or catadioptric solutions. Dual band optical systems require that both bands focus at the same image plane at the same time. The challenge lies with the very broad spectral band of 3.5 - 11.0 microns, the different partial dispersions between the MWIR and LWIR, and the need to minimize the number of lenses to maximize transmission. This paper looks at the development of refractive and catadioptric concepts for designing continuous zoom lenses for dual band detectors.
{"title":"Optical concepts for dual band infrared continuous zoom lenses","authors":"J. Vizgaitis","doi":"10.1117/12.871352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.871352","url":null,"abstract":"Dual band focal plane arrays enable the simultaneous imaging of the MWIR and LWIR onto the same detector. Each spectral band is read out independently providing a separable MWIR and LWIR image. The development of this technology has necessitated the further development of dual band optics. Although reflective solutions simplify the need for color correction, multiple field of view reflective optics do not package nearly as well as refractive or catadioptric solutions. Dual band optical systems require that both bands focus at the same image plane at the same time. The challenge lies with the very broad spectral band of 3.5 - 11.0 microns, the different partial dispersions between the MWIR and LWIR, and the need to minimize the number of lenses to maximize transmission. This paper looks at the development of refractive and catadioptric concepts for designing continuous zoom lenses for dual band detectors.","PeriodicalId":386109,"journal":{"name":"International Optical Design Conference","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128645167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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