Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie最新文献

The focus of pharmaceutical care is to optimise the patient's pharmacotherapy, aiming to maximise the effects and minimise the risks of treatment. In the pharmacy, the current legislation allows the pharmacist to carry out this activity not only in the context of dispensing activities, but also during the provision of individual counselling. This area of 'modern pharmaceutical care' is a more individualised form of expert advice, ideally carried out in a separate consulting room of the pharmacy through a structured conversation with a trained pharmacist. In addition to the management of drug-related problems in optimising pharmacotherapy, pharmacists in the Czech Republic are involved in screening for selected diseases, i.e. in the area of prevention. An undeniable advantage of providing individual counselling in the pharmacy is the time allocated for undisturbed communication with the patient, leading, among other things, to the establishment of trust and a better understanding of the patient's attitudes towards treatment. The content of the paper will include three case reports from the practice of a pharmacist involved in this area of pharmaceutical care. Specifically, it will address the practical attributes of optimizing pharmacotherapy in three geriatric patients and show a possible way to deal with them.

Hearing impairments or hearing loss affect a person's social, professional, and personal activities, and are therefore closely linked to quality of life. The largest group of hearing-impaired patients consists of older adults whose hearing deteriorates with age, but hearing disorders also affect children and people of working age. The use of an appropriate and properly adjusted hearing aid can help improve hearing and speech comprehension in cases of hearing loss. One of the most common causes of hearing loss or damage is exposure to excessive noise. For this reason, it is important to focus on prevention, which includes the use of hearing protection. The aim of this article is to present the basic types of hearing aids and to provide a brief overview of their use, adjustment options, and available maintenance tools. Additionally, the article offers an overview of various types of devices used for hearing protection.

The abuse of medications represents a serious and ongoing public health concern. It has extensive consequences for individuals in the form of deteriorating physical and mental health, while also imposing a significant socioeconomic burden on society. This article focuses on the pharmacological aspects of medications associated with the development of substance dependence, with particular emphasis on sedatives, hypnotics, opioid analgesics, stimulants, gabapentinoids, and selected over-the-counter preparations. The development of dependence results from a complex interaction of various risk factors and is primarily influenced by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of substances, individual predispositions, and environmental factors. The aim of this article is to summarize the main mechanisms contributing to the development of substance dependence, describe the pharmacological characteristics of the most commonly abused medication groups, and propose basic recommendations for their rational prescription and for the prevention of dependence. Education of patients and healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, plays a key role in addressing this undesirable phenomenon.

Introduction: Evaluating ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) profiles is critical in drug development to ensure bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives, particularly those with a 2-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl radical, are promising due to their broad biological activities, yet their pharmacokinetic properties are insufficiently studied. The objective of this study was to predict the ADME characteristics and drug-likeness of these compounds to identify candidates with optimal pharmacokinetic potential for therapeutic applications.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the ADME profiles of new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives incorporating a 2-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl fragment using in silico methods and evaluate their compliance with drug-likeness criteria, such as Lipinski's Rule of 5, for potential pharmaceutical development.

Methods: A series of 28 derivatives, including 5-(2-bromo-5-methoxyphenyl)-4-R-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols (3a-3d), thioacetic acids (4a-4d), and esters (5a-5t), were analyzed via the Molinspiration Property Calculator. Key parameters assessed were lipophilicity (miLogP), polar surface area (TPSA), molecular weight (MW), hydrogen bond donors (nOHNH) and acceptors (nON), rotatable bonds (nrotb), and Lipinski rule violations (nviolations).

Results: Thiol derivatives (3a-3d) showed moderate lipophilicity (miLogP 3.02-3.33) and TPSA (39.95-50.81 Ų), suggesting good permeability. Thioacetic acids (4a-4d) had higher TPSA (77.25-88.11 Ų) and lower miLogP (2.46-3.81), indicating enhanced solubility but reduced permeability. Esters (5a-5t) varied widely in lipophilicity (miLogP 3.08-5.86), with three compounds (5l, 5p, 5t) exceeding Lipinski's miLogP limit (> 5). Most compounds complied with Lipinski's Rule, with MW ranging from 286.15-476.40 g/mol and nrotb from 2-10.

Conclusion: Structural modifications significantly influenced ADME profiles, with thiols and thioacetic acids showing favorable drug-like properties. High-lipophilicity esters may require optimization. These findings support the potential of these triazole derivatives as drug candidates, warranting further pharmacological studies.

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies share several common pathophysiological mechanisms, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Although their clinical manifestations differ, similar neuroprotective therapeutic approaches are applied in both conditions.

Aim: The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the use of nutraceuticals and vitamin supplementation as adjuvant strategies in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies.

Methods: The literature review focused on studies evaluating the efficacy, mechanisms of action, safety aspects, and recommended dosages of selected bioactive compounds, including antioxidants, phospholipids, nucleosides, polyphenols, and vitamins.

Results: Available clinical and experimental evidence indicates a beneficial effect of several nutraceuticals on oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and mitochondrial function, which may contribute to slowing disease progression and improving peripheral nerve function.

Conclusion: Nutraceuticals represent a promising adjunct to conventional therapy for neurodegenerative diseases and peripheral neuropathies. However, further clinical studies are needed to confirm their efficacy, standardize dosing, and assess long-term safety.

Covalent drugs are substances capable of forming a reversible or an irreversible covalent bond with a macromolecular target in the body. Despite the risk of adverse reactions in the organism, the design of such agents has become a trend over the last two decades. Drugs acting by covalent mechanisms from different indication groups are summarized in this article and possibly supported with a reference to the crystallographic structure in the Protein Data Bank. The advantages and the disadvantages of using covalent drugs are also discussed.

Pregnancy is a unique period requiring careful assessment of safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapeutic interventions regarding the mother and foetus. The main source of information on the choice of a drug in pregnancy is usually the summary of product information, which often offers only brief general information and encourages excessive caution. The aim of this article is therefore a narrative overview of available professional information resources on medication use during pregnancy, which can be utilized in the care of pregnant women taking medicines. It demonstrates national and international monographs, biomedical databases, clinical guidelines, specialized professional web portals for healthcare professionals, adverse drug reaction reporting databases, teratology information services, and congenital anomaly registries. The article also emphasizes that a comprehensive approach including systematic utilization of all available information sources to healthcare professional, multidisciplinary cooperation and applying evidence-based medicine principles are essential when searching for and critically evaluating information use in pregnancy.

Periodontitis is the most common non-communicable inflammatory disease of humans. Although it affects the periodontal apparatus, its prevention and treatment are not solely the responsibility of the dentist and the dental hygienist. The pharmacist, as part of a multidisciplinary team, plays a role in supporting the patient's dental health and in identifying and educating at-risk patients. Increasing pharmacists' competence in the care of patients with periodontitis could lead to a reduction in its incidence and more effective treatment.

Arterial hypertension (AH) is a serious health problem that begins in childhood and adolescence and contributes significantly to the early development of ischemic heart disease in adulthood. The prevalence of AH in childhood is approximately 2-5 %. Secondary aetiology of AH is significantly more common in children than in adults. Within paediatric populations, primary AH treatment regimens prioritise non-pharmacological interventions. The selection of an appropriate antihypertensive treatment is dependent on the underlying aetiology of hypertension, whilst also considering the presence of any concomitant comorbidities.

Acute cough is a frequent symptom accompanying upper respiratory tract infections and acute bronchitis. In order to start self-treatment, a thorough consideration of its suitability is necessary. A systematic algorithm can help pharmacists to do this, and its subconscious automation will help them reliably detect warning signs (red flags) of an acute illness or the inappropriateness of self-treatment in risk groups of patients. The presentation of the practical application of the cough self-treatment algorithm is therefore the main goal of this publication. Although a number of over-the-counter products are available for the symptomatic treatment of cough, their effectiveness in short-term administration for the relief of acute cough is still questionable. However, they are still recommended by experts and often bring patients a feeling of subjective relief. In general, we can summarize that mucoactive drugs are preferred for coughs with a suspected infectious cause and yellow-green sputum production. The amount of sputum in healthy patients with acute bronchitis is minimal and the main benefit is considered to be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Antitussives are indicated in the case of a dry non-productive cough, mainly to increase the quality of life during an ongoing infection. Self-treatment of cough can be made significantly more effective by choosing the suitable dosage form, the precise knowledge of which can be considered the domain of pharmacists.