A. Mustafina, L. Abramova, Y. Golovanov, O. Karimova
When working with rare plant species, applying morphometric techniques is one of the main ways to obtain a representative data set on plant individuals and the state of particular populations growing in different ecological conditions and experiencing different degrees of anthropogenic load. Zygophyllum pinnatum, an understudied species growing on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Orenburg region, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, is referred as a rare species. The purpose of the work is to study morphometric parameters and reveal the vitality structure of the Z. pinnatum coenopopulations in two regions of the Russian Federation (the Republic of Bashkortostan and Orenburg region) and in the north-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the Aktobe Region). Applying standard morphometric techniques, we analyzed the state of 16 coenopopulations of the species. Judging by most morphometric parameters, the leadership belongs to the individuals from the “Troitsk Cretaceous Mountains” coenopopulation located in the Sol-Iletsky District of Orenburg oblast, where, apparently, the most optimal plant conditions are formed (the absence of human impact and low projective cover of the grass stand to have a favorable effect). The minimum values for most parameters are recorded in the coenopopulations located on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, resulting from arid growing conditions. The variability of most characters is within the normal range of the species response (Cv—5.0–44.6%). The discriminant function analysis revealed the morphostructural similarity of individuals from most coenopopulations. Regarding vitality, eight coenopopulations are prosperous, and another eight are depressed. The condition of the species coenopopulations is stable; however, the species is not provided with proper protection measures. Therefore, further monitoring of its habitats and improvement of environmental measures are necessary.
{"title":"Morphological Variability of a Rare Species Zygophyllum pinnatum in the South Urals and Adjacent Territories","authors":"A. Mustafina, L. Abramova, Y. Golovanov, O. Karimova","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030056","url":null,"abstract":"When working with rare plant species, applying morphometric techniques is one of the main ways to obtain a representative data set on plant individuals and the state of particular populations growing in different ecological conditions and experiencing different degrees of anthropogenic load. Zygophyllum pinnatum, an understudied species growing on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Orenburg region, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, is referred as a rare species. The purpose of the work is to study morphometric parameters and reveal the vitality structure of the Z. pinnatum coenopopulations in two regions of the Russian Federation (the Republic of Bashkortostan and Orenburg region) and in the north-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the Aktobe Region). Applying standard morphometric techniques, we analyzed the state of 16 coenopopulations of the species. Judging by most morphometric parameters, the leadership belongs to the individuals from the “Troitsk Cretaceous Mountains” coenopopulation located in the Sol-Iletsky District of Orenburg oblast, where, apparently, the most optimal plant conditions are formed (the absence of human impact and low projective cover of the grass stand to have a favorable effect). The minimum values for most parameters are recorded in the coenopopulations located on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, resulting from arid growing conditions. The variability of most characters is within the normal range of the species response (Cv—5.0–44.6%). The discriminant function analysis revealed the morphostructural similarity of individuals from most coenopopulations. Regarding vitality, eight coenopopulations are prosperous, and another eight are depressed. The condition of the species coenopopulations is stable; however, the species is not provided with proper protection measures. Therefore, further monitoring of its habitats and improvement of environmental measures are necessary.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88997865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Maxiselly, Denisse Shafa Humaira, Dwi Novanda Sari, C. Suherman
Coffea canephora, also known as Robusta, is one of the coffee species that dominates production in Indonesia. The morphology, physiology, and phytochemistry of Canephora coffee beans are affected by many factors, such as the fruit harvesting time and post-harvest processing. The maturity stage of coffee fruits at harvest time and post-harvest management will affect the various morpho-physiological and phytochemical compositions of the coffee beans. This research aimed to observe Canephora coffee beans’ morpho-physiological and phytochemical compositions for various harvesting stages and soaking durations. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). It tested eight treatments, a combination of harvesting times (H1 = only red fruit/ripe stage, H2 = green, yellow, red fruits/strip-picking stage) and soaking durations (S0 = 0, S1 = 12, S2 = 24, and S3 = 36 h) with four replications. The main observations were the morpho-physiological traits (size, weight, color, moisture content, bean yield) and the phytochemical compositions (TPC = total phenolic content, AA = antioxidant activity, and CC = caffeine content) of the coffee bean before and after the drying process. Based on morphological characteristics (bean size and weight before drying), the highest value came from selective harvesting or ripe-picking only without soaking duration application (H1S0). While the selective harvesting method with a 24 h soaking duration showed a high value for the color trait (L and b*), the treatment that affected the color trait after drying was the strip-picking harvesting method without soaking (a* and b*). On the other hand, the phytochemical contents had H1S0 for the highest TPC and AA values. In contrast, H1S1 or selective harvesting, with 12 h of soaking, had the highest value of CC. The optimum combination of harvesting methods and soaking duration will improve the quality of the Canephora coffee beans.
{"title":"Morpho-Physiological Traits and Phytochemical Compositions of Coffea canephora Beans from Lampung for Various Harvesting Stages and Soaking Durations","authors":"Y. Maxiselly, Denisse Shafa Humaira, Dwi Novanda Sari, C. Suherman","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030055","url":null,"abstract":"Coffea canephora, also known as Robusta, is one of the coffee species that dominates production in Indonesia. The morphology, physiology, and phytochemistry of Canephora coffee beans are affected by many factors, such as the fruit harvesting time and post-harvest processing. The maturity stage of coffee fruits at harvest time and post-harvest management will affect the various morpho-physiological and phytochemical compositions of the coffee beans. This research aimed to observe Canephora coffee beans’ morpho-physiological and phytochemical compositions for various harvesting stages and soaking durations. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). It tested eight treatments, a combination of harvesting times (H1 = only red fruit/ripe stage, H2 = green, yellow, red fruits/strip-picking stage) and soaking durations (S0 = 0, S1 = 12, S2 = 24, and S3 = 36 h) with four replications. The main observations were the morpho-physiological traits (size, weight, color, moisture content, bean yield) and the phytochemical compositions (TPC = total phenolic content, AA = antioxidant activity, and CC = caffeine content) of the coffee bean before and after the drying process. Based on morphological characteristics (bean size and weight before drying), the highest value came from selective harvesting or ripe-picking only without soaking duration application (H1S0). While the selective harvesting method with a 24 h soaking duration showed a high value for the color trait (L and b*), the treatment that affected the color trait after drying was the strip-picking harvesting method without soaking (a* and b*). On the other hand, the phytochemical contents had H1S0 for the highest TPC and AA values. In contrast, H1S1 or selective harvesting, with 12 h of soaking, had the highest value of CC. The optimum combination of harvesting methods and soaking duration will improve the quality of the Canephora coffee beans.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76110748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Semeraro, Maud Fazzari, Pascal Kipf, S. Rasmann, R. Le Bayon
Humus forms and organic matter decomposition are influenced by climate, plants and soil decomposers. Yet, whether different humus forms could be experimentally linked to litter decomposition has still to be fully assessed. To assess the link between humus systems and organic matter decomposition, we worked in two regions of the Swiss Alps (Valais and Ticino) along elevational gradients by following a north/south exposure design. We quantified humus forms macrorests proportion types by the Ponge small-volume method and measured the decomposition of green tea and rooibos tea within the Parasystems and Terrosystems. We found that Parasystems and Terrosystems differed in tea decomposition rates, with a slower decomposition in Parasystems than in Terrosystems. We also observed that elevation, and hence, vegetation type (i.e., forest in the subalpine versus grassland in the alpine), drove humus form distribution, with Parasystems found in the alpine and subalpine in Ticino, while in Valais Parasystems were only found in the alpine and Terrosystems in the subalpine levels. Further analyses are however needed to identify other variables that best correlate with variation in decomposition processes within humus systems, such as soil decomposer community composition.
{"title":"Humus Forms and Organic Matter Decomposition in the Swiss Alps","authors":"Sarah Semeraro, Maud Fazzari, Pascal Kipf, S. Rasmann, R. Le Bayon","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030054","url":null,"abstract":"Humus forms and organic matter decomposition are influenced by climate, plants and soil decomposers. Yet, whether different humus forms could be experimentally linked to litter decomposition has still to be fully assessed. To assess the link between humus systems and organic matter decomposition, we worked in two regions of the Swiss Alps (Valais and Ticino) along elevational gradients by following a north/south exposure design. We quantified humus forms macrorests proportion types by the Ponge small-volume method and measured the decomposition of green tea and rooibos tea within the Parasystems and Terrosystems. We found that Parasystems and Terrosystems differed in tea decomposition rates, with a slower decomposition in Parasystems than in Terrosystems. We also observed that elevation, and hence, vegetation type (i.e., forest in the subalpine versus grassland in the alpine), drove humus form distribution, with Parasystems found in the alpine and subalpine in Ticino, while in Valais Parasystems were only found in the alpine and Terrosystems in the subalpine levels. Further analyses are however needed to identify other variables that best correlate with variation in decomposition processes within humus systems, such as soil decomposer community composition.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74964013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a vegetable that holds high economic and nutritional value and is renowned for its distinct shape, color and flavor. There has been a considerable focus on enhancing the genetic makeup of eggplant, with specific attention given to breeding for better agronomic characteristics. However, the crop suffers from a narrow genetic base. As part of the efforts to broaden the gene pool of eggplant, a chemical mutagenesis approach has been employed, aimed to generate eggplant genotypes with distinctive characteristics. Altogether 180 seeds of eggplant cultivar, Surya was treated with EMS at 0.7% v/v concentration. In the development of M2 generation, members of 16 M2 families were inspected for phenotypic variation. Notable variations were observed in traits such as plant height, leaf, flower and fruit morphologies. Furthermore, a subset of the mutants was selected to screen for any DNA alterations in a few targeted genes belonging to the Flowering Locus T/Terminal Flower 1 (FT/TFL1) gene family, via amplicon sequencing performed using Pacbio RSII. A mutant sample was discovered to carry a heterozygous mutation at the upstream region of the coding sequence of one of those particular genes. Taken together, the M2 families developed here represent valuable genetic resources that can be explored for gene functional analysis and future breeding programs of eggplant.
{"title":"Ethyl Methanesulphonate (EMS)-Mediated Mutagenesis Induces Genetic and Morphological Variations in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)","authors":"R. Subramaniam, V. Kumar","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030053","url":null,"abstract":"Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a vegetable that holds high economic and nutritional value and is renowned for its distinct shape, color and flavor. There has been a considerable focus on enhancing the genetic makeup of eggplant, with specific attention given to breeding for better agronomic characteristics. However, the crop suffers from a narrow genetic base. As part of the efforts to broaden the gene pool of eggplant, a chemical mutagenesis approach has been employed, aimed to generate eggplant genotypes with distinctive characteristics. Altogether 180 seeds of eggplant cultivar, Surya was treated with EMS at 0.7% v/v concentration. In the development of M2 generation, members of 16 M2 families were inspected for phenotypic variation. Notable variations were observed in traits such as plant height, leaf, flower and fruit morphologies. Furthermore, a subset of the mutants was selected to screen for any DNA alterations in a few targeted genes belonging to the Flowering Locus T/Terminal Flower 1 (FT/TFL1) gene family, via amplicon sequencing performed using Pacbio RSII. A mutant sample was discovered to carry a heterozygous mutation at the upstream region of the coding sequence of one of those particular genes. Taken together, the M2 families developed here represent valuable genetic resources that can be explored for gene functional analysis and future breeding programs of eggplant.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86401196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Nagaratna, C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, Bhakthanakatte Chandrappa Dhananjaya, N. B. Prakash, Sharanabasappa S. Deshmukh, C. Sunil, M. A. Hossain, Hosamane Basvarajappa Mallikarjuna
Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is currently being considered as a serious insect pest in maize that causes significant yield losses worldwide. Silicon (Si) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) are known to induce resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses thereby enhancing the yield. This study was conducted to determine the influence of Si and PGRs on the incidence and damage of FAW on maize (Zea mays L.) under field condition. The experiment was conducted in both Kharif and Rabi seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications and treatments. Various combinations of foliar silicic acid (FSA) and two PGRs such as gibberelic acid (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA) were tested to study their effects on FAW incidence and maize yield. The application of FSA at 2mL/plant + GA3 at 0.5 mg/plant recorded the lowest number of larvae per plant (0.39 larva/plant) with the lowest damage score of 2.55 (Davis scale). The percent infestation was also low for the same treatment, i.e., 34.14 percent infestation with the highest percent reduction over control (56.43%). The highest yield (58.39 q/ha) and cost–benefit ratio (1:2.34) was recorded for FSA at 2 mL/plant + GA3 at 0.5 mg/plant, which was considered as the best treatment. This study demonstrated that exogenous application of Si along with PGRs has significant negative effect on field incidence of FAW and enhanced the yield of maize.
{"title":"Silicon Accumulation in Leaves Reduces the Herbivory by Invasive Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda and Enhances the Yield of Maize","authors":"W. Nagaratna, C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy, Bhakthanakatte Chandrappa Dhananjaya, N. B. Prakash, Sharanabasappa S. Deshmukh, C. Sunil, M. A. Hossain, Hosamane Basvarajappa Mallikarjuna","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030052","url":null,"abstract":"Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is currently being considered as a serious insect pest in maize that causes significant yield losses worldwide. Silicon (Si) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) are known to induce resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses thereby enhancing the yield. This study was conducted to determine the influence of Si and PGRs on the incidence and damage of FAW on maize (Zea mays L.) under field condition. The experiment was conducted in both Kharif and Rabi seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications and treatments. Various combinations of foliar silicic acid (FSA) and two PGRs such as gibberelic acid (GA3) and jasmonic acid (JA) were tested to study their effects on FAW incidence and maize yield. The application of FSA at 2mL/plant + GA3 at 0.5 mg/plant recorded the lowest number of larvae per plant (0.39 larva/plant) with the lowest damage score of 2.55 (Davis scale). The percent infestation was also low for the same treatment, i.e., 34.14 percent infestation with the highest percent reduction over control (56.43%). The highest yield (58.39 q/ha) and cost–benefit ratio (1:2.34) was recorded for FSA at 2 mL/plant + GA3 at 0.5 mg/plant, which was considered as the best treatment. This study demonstrated that exogenous application of Si along with PGRs has significant negative effect on field incidence of FAW and enhanced the yield of maize.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85044696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
None of our investigations have identified stress in response to the HSP70 and HO-1 proteins in metals under stress in our study, which aimed to understand the genetic basis of the metal tolerance of Arundo donax. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the levels of expression of two important stress-related proteins, HO-1 and HSP70, in A. donax after exposure to various metals. The plants were collected from uncontaminated sites in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Their rhizomes were grown in Hoagland solution, and upon attaining suitable biomass, the plants were used to investigate the effects of metals on protein expression. The metal treatments were carried out with synthetic wastewater containing four Cr treatments (0, 34, 66, 134, and 267 mgL−1), namely, Cd, As, Pb, Cu and Ni (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mgL−1), and the plants were grown for three weeks. The treatments were applied according to a randomized block design (RBD) based on hydroponics. The selected protein expression was examined after 10 days of metal exposure. For the HSP70 and HO-1 protein studies, leaves were separated following a previously reported standard procedure. The maximum level of HO-1 and HSP70 expressions was noted at 66 mgL−1 of Cr, and then it slightly declined. Significantly, high protein expression was observed at Cd exposure concentrations of 50 to 100 mgL−1. For Cu, As and Ni, significantly high HO-1 and HSP70 expressions were noted at metal exposure concentrations of 75 to 100 mgL−1. The expression levels of these two stress-related proteins showed a linear increase with increasing metal exposure in the giant reed. It is clear from the present research that HSP70 and HO-1 proteins may contribute significantly to plant tolerance to metal stress, in addition to other possible tolerance mechanisms.
{"title":"The Assessment of Metal Resistance through the Expression of Hsp-70 and HO-1 Proteins in Giant Reed","authors":"S. Shaheen, Z. Majeed, Q. Mahmood","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030051","url":null,"abstract":"None of our investigations have identified stress in response to the HSP70 and HO-1 proteins in metals under stress in our study, which aimed to understand the genetic basis of the metal tolerance of Arundo donax. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the levels of expression of two important stress-related proteins, HO-1 and HSP70, in A. donax after exposure to various metals. The plants were collected from uncontaminated sites in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Their rhizomes were grown in Hoagland solution, and upon attaining suitable biomass, the plants were used to investigate the effects of metals on protein expression. The metal treatments were carried out with synthetic wastewater containing four Cr treatments (0, 34, 66, 134, and 267 mgL−1), namely, Cd, As, Pb, Cu and Ni (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mgL−1), and the plants were grown for three weeks. The treatments were applied according to a randomized block design (RBD) based on hydroponics. The selected protein expression was examined after 10 days of metal exposure. For the HSP70 and HO-1 protein studies, leaves were separated following a previously reported standard procedure. The maximum level of HO-1 and HSP70 expressions was noted at 66 mgL−1 of Cr, and then it slightly declined. Significantly, high protein expression was observed at Cd exposure concentrations of 50 to 100 mgL−1. For Cu, As and Ni, significantly high HO-1 and HSP70 expressions were noted at metal exposure concentrations of 75 to 100 mgL−1. The expression levels of these two stress-related proteins showed a linear increase with increasing metal exposure in the giant reed. It is clear from the present research that HSP70 and HO-1 proteins may contribute significantly to plant tolerance to metal stress, in addition to other possible tolerance mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77314064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Wachendorf, Tina Frank, G. Broll, A. Beylich, Gerhard Milbert
In Germany, the systematics of humus forms has been developed, which is mainly based on morphological characteristics and has been proven via detailed long-term observation. The humus form systematics presented here is an update based on a new approach, clarifying the hierarchical structure into divisions, classes, types, and subtypes. New diagnostic horizons and transition horizons are introduced, uniquely characterising types and subtypes. This paper holds that the humus form is not only a product of decomposition, humification, and bioturbation but also serves as habitat for soil organisms. The processes and the habitat are shaped by soil-forming factors with the main factor being soil water conditions. Thus, on the first level of systematics, aeromorphic and aero-hydromorphic as well as hydromorphic humus forms are differentiated. Many different features of the organic layers and the mineral topsoil can be observed in forests, open grasslands, the mountain zone above the tree line, and natural fens and bogs, as well as degraded peatlands. Features shaping the humus form, such as the proportion of organic fine material and packing of the organic matter as well as the structure of the mineral soil, have now been unambiguously described. However, site-specific soil-forming factors result in typical organic matter characteristics of individual horizons and typical combinations of different horizons. This relationship is illustrated using descriptions of distinct humus forms.
{"title":"A Concept for a Consolidated Humus Form Description—An Updated Version of German Humus Form Systematics","authors":"C. Wachendorf, Tina Frank, G. Broll, A. Beylich, Gerhard Milbert","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030050","url":null,"abstract":"In Germany, the systematics of humus forms has been developed, which is mainly based on morphological characteristics and has been proven via detailed long-term observation. The humus form systematics presented here is an update based on a new approach, clarifying the hierarchical structure into divisions, classes, types, and subtypes. New diagnostic horizons and transition horizons are introduced, uniquely characterising types and subtypes. This paper holds that the humus form is not only a product of decomposition, humification, and bioturbation but also serves as habitat for soil organisms. The processes and the habitat are shaped by soil-forming factors with the main factor being soil water conditions. Thus, on the first level of systematics, aeromorphic and aero-hydromorphic as well as hydromorphic humus forms are differentiated. Many different features of the organic layers and the mineral topsoil can be observed in forests, open grasslands, the mountain zone above the tree line, and natural fens and bogs, as well as degraded peatlands. Features shaping the humus form, such as the proportion of organic fine material and packing of the organic matter as well as the structure of the mineral soil, have now been unambiguously described. However, site-specific soil-forming factors result in typical organic matter characteristics of individual horizons and typical combinations of different horizons. This relationship is illustrated using descriptions of distinct humus forms.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88304821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol (a variation of a pregrowth-dehydration method) was successfully applied to two cultivars of Syringa vulgaris: ‘Aucubaefolia’ and ‘Polina Osipenko’. Explants of both cultivars were able to withstand the different steps of the protocol, and high survival and regrowth percentages were obtained after exposure to liquid nitrogen (67–100% and 63–88%, respectively). The current study is mainly focused on the preculture conditions of the applied method. Based on our results, we propose the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the preculture medium for increasing explant tolerance to subsequent dehydration and freezing. During post-LN recovery, the explants appeared morphologically normal, and after 12–16 weeks after thawing, they were propagated and cultured as normal plantlets. Therefore, the reported method is effective for long-term storage of lilac meristems and could be used to create a cryobank of achievements in lilac breeding.
{"title":"Development of Cryopreservation Technique for Meristems of Syringa vulgaris L. Cultivars","authors":"O. Koroleva, O. Molkanova, O. Vysotskaya","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030048","url":null,"abstract":"Cryopreservation is considered to be one of the most effective methods for long-term storage of plant genetic resources, particularly for ornamental species. However, there is a very little research on cryopreservation of lilacs. In this study, for the first time the cryopreservation protocol (a variation of a pregrowth-dehydration method) was successfully applied to two cultivars of Syringa vulgaris: ‘Aucubaefolia’ and ‘Polina Osipenko’. Explants of both cultivars were able to withstand the different steps of the protocol, and high survival and regrowth percentages were obtained after exposure to liquid nitrogen (67–100% and 63–88%, respectively). The current study is mainly focused on the preculture conditions of the applied method. Based on our results, we propose the use of paclobutrazol (PBZ) with the combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) in the preculture medium for increasing explant tolerance to subsequent dehydration and freezing. During post-LN recovery, the explants appeared morphologically normal, and after 12–16 weeks after thawing, they were propagated and cultured as normal plantlets. Therefore, the reported method is effective for long-term storage of lilac meristems and could be used to create a cryobank of achievements in lilac breeding.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74418676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mounir Haddou, Mohamed Taibi, Amine Elbouzidi, E. Loukili, Meryem Idrissi Yahyaoui, Douâae Ou-yahia, Lamyae Mehane, M. Addi, A. Asehraou, K. Chaabane, R. Bellaouchi, Bouchra El Guerrouj
This study examines the impact of irrigation water quality on the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the chemical composition of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPEO). Three essential oils from Mentha piperita plants, irrigated with different water sources commonly used for mint irrigation in Morocco’s Oriental region, were analyzed. The water sources were characterized based on various parameters, such as nitrites, nitrates, orthophosphates, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), pH, and electrical conductivity. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealing notable variations among the compositions of the three essential oils. In this study, in silico tests using the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) algorithm; the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) model; and Pro-Tox II were conducted to evaluate the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, expected safety profile upon ingestion, and potential pharmacological activity of the identified compounds in MPEO. The antioxidant activity of the MPEOs was assessed through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant activity (TAC) method. Additionally, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the essential oils was tested against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four fungal strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger), demonstrating moderate to strong activities against the tested strains. This study concludes that regulating irrigation water quality can enhance the production of specific metabolites, making them potentially valuable as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.
{"title":"Investigating the Impact of Irrigation Water Quality on Secondary Metabolites and Chemical Profile of Mentha piperita Essential Oil: Analytical Profiling, Characterization, and Potential Pharmacological Applications","authors":"Mounir Haddou, Mohamed Taibi, Amine Elbouzidi, E. Loukili, Meryem Idrissi Yahyaoui, Douâae Ou-yahia, Lamyae Mehane, M. Addi, A. Asehraou, K. Chaabane, R. Bellaouchi, Bouchra El Guerrouj","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030049","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impact of irrigation water quality on the synthesis of secondary metabolites and the chemical composition of Mentha piperita essential oil (MPEO). Three essential oils from Mentha piperita plants, irrigated with different water sources commonly used for mint irrigation in Morocco’s Oriental region, were analyzed. The water sources were characterized based on various parameters, such as nitrites, nitrates, orthophosphates, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), pH, and electrical conductivity. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), revealing notable variations among the compositions of the three essential oils. In this study, in silico tests using the Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) algorithm; the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) model; and Pro-Tox II were conducted to evaluate the drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic properties, expected safety profile upon ingestion, and potential pharmacological activity of the identified compounds in MPEO. The antioxidant activity of the MPEOs was assessed through a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the total antioxidant activity (TAC) method. Additionally, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the essential oils was tested against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and four fungal strains (Candida glabrata, Rhodotorula glutinis, Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger), demonstrating moderate to strong activities against the tested strains. This study concludes that regulating irrigation water quality can enhance the production of specific metabolites, making them potentially valuable as antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88769460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giuliano Carvalho Frugeri, G. F. Nogueira, André Luís Xavier de Souza, J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira
Jelly palm (Butia capitata) is a species of palm tree endemic to the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado) Biome, which stands out for its use as food, which has resulted in a predatory exploitation of its natural populations. This study aimed to characterize fruits and diaspores of natural populations of jelly palm (‘Arinos’, ‘Mirabela’ and ‘Serranópolis’), in addition to developing ex situ conservation strategies of the species, through the storage of zygotic embryos at ultra-low temperatures of liquid nitrogen (LN). Initially, fruits, seeds and embryos were evaluated for their morphological characteristics. For conservation, hydrated zygotic embryos were desiccated for up to 12 h in a laminar-flow chamber and immersed directly in LN with different moisture contents. As a result, we observed morphological differences among the studied populations. The population ‘Arinos’ showed more expressive results for most of the evaluated characteristics, such as length, width of fruits and seeds. The cryopreservation of zygotic embryos proved to be efficient for the conservation of the species reaching germination rates between 70 and 86%, when the moisture content of the embryos immersed in LN were between 10 and 14%. The plants that reached the stage of the greenhouse had a rate of more than 80% survival. The variability in the characteristics of fruits and diaspores of the analyzed populations allow for establishing divergent groups for the definition of conservation strategies or genetic improvement. The developed cryopreservation protocol can be considered simple and efficient for the conservation of the genetic variability of the species.
{"title":"Designing Ex Situ Conservation Strategies for Butia capitata [Mart. (Becc.) Arecaceae], a Threatened Palm Tree from Brazilian Savannah Biome, through Zygotic Embryo Cryopreservation","authors":"Giuliano Carvalho Frugeri, G. F. Nogueira, André Luís Xavier de Souza, J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira","doi":"10.3390/ijpb14030047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14030047","url":null,"abstract":"Jelly palm (Butia capitata) is a species of palm tree endemic to the Brazilian Savannah (Cerrado) Biome, which stands out for its use as food, which has resulted in a predatory exploitation of its natural populations. This study aimed to characterize fruits and diaspores of natural populations of jelly palm (‘Arinos’, ‘Mirabela’ and ‘Serranópolis’), in addition to developing ex situ conservation strategies of the species, through the storage of zygotic embryos at ultra-low temperatures of liquid nitrogen (LN). Initially, fruits, seeds and embryos were evaluated for their morphological characteristics. For conservation, hydrated zygotic embryos were desiccated for up to 12 h in a laminar-flow chamber and immersed directly in LN with different moisture contents. As a result, we observed morphological differences among the studied populations. The population ‘Arinos’ showed more expressive results for most of the evaluated characteristics, such as length, width of fruits and seeds. The cryopreservation of zygotic embryos proved to be efficient for the conservation of the species reaching germination rates between 70 and 86%, when the moisture content of the embryos immersed in LN were between 10 and 14%. The plants that reached the stage of the greenhouse had a rate of more than 80% survival. The variability in the characteristics of fruits and diaspores of the analyzed populations allow for establishing divergent groups for the definition of conservation strategies or genetic improvement. The developed cryopreservation protocol can be considered simple and efficient for the conservation of the genetic variability of the species.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89449289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：