Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology最新文献

Oral pathology is a challenging yet intriguing subject. By comparing pathological traits to things we typically encounter, it is possible to reduce the difficulty of memorising these qualities. Hence, the usage of various analogical methods, like the usage of metaphors, conveys likeliness or similarities between two items and can help the students. A lot of pathological features have a resemblance to animals we see on a frequent basis. Students might find comparing, examining and comprehending oral pathology easier when the information is compared with familiar animals. This article is an attempt to compile animal metaphors related to oral pathology.

Background: Nodal involvement in squamous cell carcinoma is an important feature directly associated with the poor prognosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). There are no clear cut indicators available currently to identify the lymph node metastases and overall prognosis in HNSCC. Thus, the current study was conducted to correlate the immunoexpression of cytokeratins (CK) 8, 10, and 14 with lymph node metastases and tumour differentiation in patients with HNSCC.

Material and methods: The study population included 61 retrospective cases of HNSCC with lymph node metastases (n = 31) and without lymph node metastases (n = 30). Expression of CK 8, 10, and 14 was assessed by immunohistochemical staining procedure. Using Pearson's Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation coefficient, the correlation of these markers with lymph node metastases and tumour differentiation was statistically analysed.

Results: The expression of CKs in HNSCC cases was higher than in controls. In nodal metastasis cases, CK 8 expression was noted in >50% of the tumour cells at the invasive tumour front (ITF) (P value 0.008), and in cases without nodal metastasis, <1% or negative expression was noted. CK 10 expression gradually decreased as the tumour grade increased. Association of CK 10 expression and tumour differentiation exhibited statistically significant results (P value 0.03). CK 14 expression was noted in the entire epithelium and at the ITF, strongly in most cases; however, CK 14 did not correlate with the lymph node metastasis and tumour differentiation as well.

Conclusion: We found a strong correlation of CK 8 expression with nodal metastasis in HNSCC, and it can be utilised as a reliable prognostic indicator.

Background: Dental pulp calcifications or pulp stones are calcified structures found in dental pulp, mostly around or enclosing a blood vessel. The formation of these calcifications begins with concentric layers of calcified tissue within which remnants of necrotic and calcified cells may be present. The calcifications of thrombi in blood vessels, called phleboliths, may also serve as nidi for denticles. In metabolic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension or poor periodontal health, there are obvious changes in blood vessels and vascularization. In our study, we observed histopathological sections of dental pulp and correlated systemic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension with poor periodontal health and dental pulp stones.

Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the histopathology of dental pulp stones, their distribution among various age groups and sexes and to identify any correlations between pulp stone formation and systemic diseases such as type II diabetes and hypertension.

Materials and methods: Samples from 100 patients with metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes and hypertension were collected. The pulp was extirpated from the teeth that were undergoing root canal treatment, and the teeth were extracted. The collected pulp sample was fixed in 10% formaline neutral buffer, subjected to routine histopathological procedures and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The pulp of teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment was considered a control for patients with no metabolic disease.

Results: There was a definite relationship between increased pulp stones and metabolic diseases such as type II diabetes and hypertension; likewise, poor periodontal health was significantly related to pulp stones.

Neurilemmoma, also known as Schwannoma, is a benign, slow-growing, encapsulated neoplasm that arises from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. Although it is extremely rare, it affects the head and neck region in roughly 25-45% of all cases. Intraorally, the tongue is the most common site and is rarely involves vestibular mucosa. Here, we report a rare case of Schwannoma of vestibular mucosa in a 13-year-old girl and contribute a review to the current literature. Clinically, based on age, site, and appearance, a diagnosis of a benign tumour such as lipoma, fibroma, neurofibroma, and benign lesions of salivary glands was made. An excisional biopsy showed solely Antoni type A tissue with central acellular eosinophilic Verocay bodies surrounded by spindle-shaped neurilemma cells arranged compactly with wavy, twisted nuclei arranged in a palisaded manner. The patient was recurrence-free after 6 months. Hence, this case is of interest due to its rarity in terms of age, site, and histopathology (Antoni type A neurilemmoma) for a presumed initial diagnosis. Here, we also hypothesize regarding the type of growth pattern in the earlier diagnosed cases.

Background: For decades, Wrightia tinctoria (W. tinctoria) has been important in the field of traditional medicine. The identification and isolation of numerous chemically potent and pharmaceutically advantageous phytochemicals isolated from this plant extract has contributed to its resurrection into evidence-based modern medicine. This plant is inexpensive and indigenous to the Indian subcontinent.

Materials and method: An in vitro study was carried out using KB (KERATIN-forming tumour cell line HeLa) oral cancer cell line. The control drug doxorubicin along with the test drug W. tinctoria was tested for anti-cancer potential by using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and for apoptotic activity by using DNA fragmentation assay and western blotting assay.

Results: The study was conducted using MTT assay to determine the cytotoxicity of plant extract against oral cancer cell line by determining the IC50 values at the end of 24 hours by the MTT calorimetric assay. The IC50 value of 48.89 and 9.62 was arrived for the W. tinctoria extract and doxorubicin, respectively, by using MTT calorimetric assay. DNA fragmentation assay showed a ladder pattern when treated with 59 μg/mL extract of W. tinctoria, and western blot analysis revealed the presence of cleaved caspase 3, confirming the apoptotic potential of the extract.

Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that the plant extract has effective anti-cancer and apoptotic potential and can be used as a natural source for the production of new anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents against oral cancer.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the immunoexpression of CD44, p16 and VEGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and correlate them to clinicopathological parameters and survival outcomes in order to clarify their prognostic impact.

Material and methods: A total of 68 individuals with OSCC recruited between 2011 and 2015 from two referral centres were enrolled in the study. The samples were placed on silanized glass slides and subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-p16, anti-CD44 and anti-VEGF antibodies. The H Score was used for p16 and VEGF, while CD44 was scored according to the percentage of stained cells. Chi-square tests and Fisher's exact probability tests were used to compare clinicopathological characteristics according to the immunohistochemical expression, while overall survival and disease-free survival were estimated and compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, respectively. For all hypothesis tests, the level of significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results: No correlation was observed between the expression of tumour VEGF, p16 and CD44, and the clinicopathological characteristics analysed. Patients with high stromal VEGF expression had better disease-free survival than patients with low VEGF expression (P = 0.023).

Conclusion: In summary, P16, CD44 and tumour VEGF did not prove to be good prognostic biomarkers. Stromal VEGF expression is suggested to be a good candidate prognostic biomarker, although additional studies are needed.

Background: It is a well-recognized fact that abnormal cell proliferation plays a crucial role in the development of odontogenic lesions. p53 is a tumour-suppressor gene which assists in cell cycle regulation and p63 is a homolog of p53 responsible for ectodermal differentiation and maintenance of stratified epithelial progenitor-cell. Analysing the tissue expression of p53 and p63 in odontogenic lesions may provide us with an insight into their potential role in the development of these lesions.

Objective: The objective is to study the expression of p53 and p63 in selected odontogenic lesions using immunohistochemistry.

Materials and methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 15 ameloblastomas, 10 adenomatoid odontogenic tumours (AOT), 15 odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), 10 dentigerous cysts (DCs) along with 10 cases of normal mucosa were retrieved from the departmental archives. These specimens were then subjected to immunohistochemical staining using p53 and p63 oncoproteins.

Results: p53 and p63 immune-expression showed mainly intranuclear localization. The mean positivity of p53 in ameloblastoma (59.45%) and OKC (26.38%) was significantly higher than AOT (6.77%) and DC (4%). In contrast, there was no significant difference in the positivity of p63 in between ameloblastoma (77.55%), AOT (69.50%), OKC (76.47%), and DC (50.69%).

Conclusion: p53 expression can be correlated with the clinical behaviour of the odontogenic lesions and it can be used as a prognostic marker in odontogenic cysts and tumours. In contrast, p63 expression does not corelate with the biological behaviour of odontogenic lesions.

To investigate the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of nanoparticle (NP)-based immunosensors in the field of oral cancer. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were explored for NP applications in oral cancer. Data extraction in terms and quality assessment of all the articles were done. Out of 147, 17 articles were included in this review. A majority of the studies showed improved sensitivity and specificity for saliva analysis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on gold NPs, improving early identification. Additionally, novel therapeutic approaches, utilising NP-based immunosensors, demonstrated targeted drug delivery, coupled chemo-photothermal therapy, and gene silencing. Imaging methods have made it possible to distinguish between malignant and healthy states, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering and optical coherence tomography. The reviews' findings highlight the transformational potential of NP-based immunosensors in addressing the difficulties associated with diagnosing and treating oral cancer. However, for an accurate interpretation and application of NP-based solutions in clinical practise, it is essential to be thoroughly aware of the intricacies involved, and the synthesised data in this review support the continued investigation and improvement of NP-based therapies in the ongoing effort to improve the management of oral cancer.

Introduction: Saliva enables the maintenance of oral and systemic health. Evaluation of saliva is very valuable for multiple parameters to be evaluated as they are easy to collect, allow easy and safe sample collection, are non-traumatic, can be repeated with ease, and are non-invasive in nature. Salivary enzyme systems have antimicrobial, antioxidant, and similar functions which aid in the maintenance of homeostasis in the oral cavity. Antioxidants scavenge free radicals from cells and prevent or reduce the damage caused by oxidation.

Materials and methods: In the present study, the pH and antioxidant capacity of the saliva were evaluated. Subjects were categorized as GROUP A: Vegetarians: Diets were entirely devoid of eggs or meat of any type (for more than 20 years). GROUP B: Non-vegetarians: Diets included both red and white meat, consumed either daily or frequently. GROUP C: Eggetarians: Otherwise vegetarian diets which includes eggs, consumed frequently. Ten samples of each group were collected. The pH profile and antioxidant activity of the samples were analysed. Each of the individuals was subjected to oral examination for grading of the status of oral hygiene, caries teeth, missing and extracted teeth, and the health of gingiva. For the same Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHIS), Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and Gingival Status indices were used and the observations were noted.

Observations and results: The average salivary pH for the vegetarians was 7 ± 0.5, that for eggetarians was 7.1 ± 0.5, and in the non-vegetarian group, the average pH was equal to 7.3 ± 0.5. Using the DPPH method, the percentage antioxidant activity of saliva in vegetarians was 20.9 ± 2.1%, while those of eggetarians and non-vegetarians were equal to 5 ± 0.6% and 11.4 ± 2%, respectively. Each individual was subjected to oral examination for grading of the status of oral hygiene (OHIS); decayed, missing, extracted teeth, filled teeth index (DMFT); and the health of gingiva (gingival status index). Overall, eggetarians had a high OHIS index (mean 1.08). The DMFT index was high in non-vegetarians with values ranging from 1 to 8. Statistical analysis using the T-test revealed that the antioxidant potential of the vegetarian group was significantly higher than those of the eggetarian and non-vegetarian dietary groups (P < 0.001). However, the eggetarian and non-vegetarian dietary groups did not significantly differ from each other with respect to this parameter.

Conclusion: The antioxidant capacity is markedly high in vegetarians, 20.9+/- 2.1%, as compared to non-vegetarians, 11.4+/- 2.1%, and was the lowest in eggetarians, 5+/- 0.6%.