Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology最新文献

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, progressive, and potentially malignant condition prevalent in Southeast Asia, primarily associated with betel nut consumption. The pathogenesis involves overexpression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), which drives fibroblast activation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Despite available therapies, effective long-term management remains elusive.

Objective: This study investigates the antifibrotic activity of Swertia purpurascens Wall extract, a xanthone-rich medicinal herb, by evaluating its effect on TGF-β1 expression, fibroblast viability, and ECM remodelling in primary OSF-derived human fibroblasts.

Methods: Primary fibroblasts were isolated from OSF biopsy tissues, authenticated through STR profiling, and phenotypically confirmed by vimentin expression using flow cytometry. Cells were treated with Swertia purpurascens extract at concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 500 μg/mL. TGF-β1 secretion was quantified using ELISA. Cell viability was measured via MTT assay over a 72-hour period. Collagen gel contraction assays assessed ECM remodelling capacity.

Results: A significant, dose-dependent reduction in TGF-β1 secretion was observed, with the highest concentration (500 μg/mL) achieving nearly 50% inhibition (P < 0.05). Fibroblast viability decreased linearly over time (R ² = 0.998), indicating sustained cytostatic activity. Post-treatment gel contraction also reduced by approximately 50%, supported by linear regression analysis (R ² = 0.955).

Conclusion: Swertia purpurascens Wall extract effectively attenuates fibrosis-related cellular processes in OSF-derived fibroblasts. Its ability to suppress TGF-β1 signalling, limit fibroblast proliferation, and inhibit ECM contraction highlights its potential as a plant-based antifibrotic therapy for OSF and related fibrotic disorders.

Context: Child labour remains a significant concern in India, with numerous children engaged in hazardous occupations, often lacking valid age documentation. Forensic odontology, a specialised discipline within dentistry, can play a pivotal role in age estimation and individual identification in such cases. However, its integration into child labour enforcement mechanisms is limited.

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and awareness of Karnataka State Labour Department officials regarding the role of forensic odontology in age estimation related to child labour cases.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 80 officials from the Karnataka State Labour Department, each with a minimum of 5 years of experience. A structured questionnaire comprising 20 items assessed knowledge, attitude, and awareness regarding forensic odontology and its relevance to child labour cases. Multivariate data analysis was performed using The Unscrambler X software from CAMO Analytics.

Results: While a majority of officials had heard of forensic odontology, their primary source of information was media rather than formal training. Most participants acknowledged the significance of forensic odontology in age estimation and expressed interest in undergoing formal training. However, limited access to resources and lack of training were cited as major barriers to its implementation.

Conclusion: The study reveals a significant knowledge and training gap among Labour Department officials regarding forensic odontology. Incorporating structured training programs and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration could enhance the effective application of forensic odontology in child labour cases.

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma arising from oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is highly invasive with metastasis and high recurrence rate. WHO has categorized oral carcinoma as 6^th most common cancer in male and 10^th most common cancer in female. It is estimated that there are 7-13% chances of malignant transformation of OSMF, with 60% of cases fall under well-differentiated OSCC. CD147 also called as EMMPRIN (Basigin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and found to be highly expressed by active cells like tumour cells and lymphocytes.

Aims and objectives: This study aims at evaluating the expression of EMMPRIN (CD147) in both OSMF and in oral squamous cell carcinoma through immunohistochemical technique, to use EMMPRIN as a marker for disease progression and prognosis.

Materials and method: In this study, we have taken 12 samples of OSMF and 12 samples of OSCC along with 5 normal tissue blocks as control. The tissue samples were all retrieved and taken from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology which were reconfirmed by histopathological diagnosis. All the samples were poly-HRP (horse radish peroxidase) and PolyExcel Stunn substrate and chromogen. The staining was scored and analysed statistically.

Results: There was a significantly good expression in OSMF with 83.3% of cases, that is, 10 out of 12 show positive staining. Weak positive cases and moderately positive cases were 4 each, and strong positive cases were 2. This indicates that the staining increases as the stage advances. In OSCC, the number of cases showing positive staining was 5, which makes up to 41.7%. As the stage of OSCC increases, the expression of EMMPRIN (CD147) is expected to increase as it is a component important in both angiogenesis and metastasis.

Conclusion: The 42% positive CD147 (EMMPRIN) expression in OSCC indicates that it may progress to the next stage of invasion and metastasis, whereas the 83% of positive cases of OSMF indicate that it is likely to transform into OSCC as early as possible. But further study with large sample size and proper distribution of samples in each stage of OSMF and OSCC can help in better analysis of the marker CD147 (EMMPRIN) as a predictor of prognosis.

Background: The use of tobacco significantly affects oral health and causes serious hazards like oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and Oral Cancer. This study analyses the prevalence of various oral mucosal lesions among tobacco users.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using medical records of subjects with various types of tobacco habit reported over a period of five years. The subjects were grouped as smokers, smokeless tobacco users and subjects with mixed habits. A working classification was formulated to include all the tobacco-induced lesions in the study subjects. Three categories of lesions in this classification were Oral Cancer, OPMD and Tobacco-induced oral lesions without malignant potential. The pattern of tobacco use, age and gender distribution, and the correlation between tobacco use in all the three habit patterns with tobacco-induced oral lesions were analyzed statistically and P value was determined using Chi square test.

Results: Tobacco smoking was found to be highly prevalent in this study, with all types of tobacco habits being more common among males. Tobacco-induced lesions without malignant potential were more prevalent than oral cancers and OPMD among the group of smokers whereas OPMD were highly prevalent among the smokeless tobacco users and subjects with mixed habit. Statistically significant correlation was found between smokeless tobacco usage and OPMD and other tobacco-induced lesions without malignant potential.

Conclusion: The results of this study can be utilised to educate patients with tobacco habits, with the aim of improving oral health and preventing the occurrence of OPMD.

Background: The Indian subcontinent has the highest incidence and prevalence of Oral Squamous cell carcinoma. Recently, there has been a shift in paradigm favoring natural products to combat cancer, owing to the high costs and immense side effects associated with the conventional treatments such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Cancer statistics express that consumption of diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables is inversely associated with cancer incidence. The same has led to the increased number of studies in this area in recent times. The cytotoxic effect of many fruit extracts on various cancers, like cervical cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer, has been reported.

Aim: To evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry) and Punica granatum (pomegranate) extracts on oral cancer cell lines.

Materials and methods: Ethanolic extract of Punica granatum pericarp, fruit, and Vaccinium macrocarpon fruit were prepared. Oral cancer (KB) cell line was procured and cultured. Anti- proliferative assay (MTT assay) was performed with various concentrations of all three fruit extracts on oral cancer. Percentage of cell viability for each concentration was calculated, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was derived for the extracts. The role of apoptosis in the cytotoxicity of these extracts was assessed by analysing DNA fragmentation via gel electrophoresis. The data obtained was analysed using Pearson's correlation.

Results: The study revealed a significant decrease in the percentage of viable cells with increasing concentration of the extract. The IC50 value of Punica granatum pericarp, fruit, and Vaccinium macrocarpon extract was 5.625 μg/mL, 15 μg/mL, and 27.5 μg/mL, respectively. On comparison, Punica granatum pericarp extract showed the highest anti-carcinogenic activity. The DNA fragmentation assay showed a DNA laddering pattern, indicative of apoptosis, in the cells treated with Punica granatum pericarp extract.

Conclusion: Punic granatum pericarp, fruit, and Vaccinium macrocarpon exhibited sufficient anticancer activity against oral cancer (KB) cells. Apoptosis was shown to play a role in the cytotoxic effect of Punica granatum pericarp extract against oral cancer cells.

Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder with a high rate of malignant transformation. Pirfenidone is an anti-fibrotic drug currently used in the treatment of idiopathic lung fibrosis (ILF). As both ILF and OSMF are mediated through transforming growth factor-beta, Pirfenidone could be beneficial in treating early stages of OSMF.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of oral Pirfenidone in increasing the mouth opening, reducing fibrosis and burning sensation.

Settings and design: A single-arm prospective clinical trial conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, at a recognised dental college.

Materials and methods: Eleven subjects of either sex, of 21-55 years diagnosed with OSMF Stage 2 according to Chandramani More et al. classification, were recruited for the study and prescribed Pirfenidone 200 mg, 1 tablet TID with meals for 1 week, and later 2 tablets TID with meals for 5 weeks. The patients were monitored for adverse effects, and treatment response was assessed as unit of improvement. Data were analysed using SPSS; parametric tests such as ANOVA followed by post hoc test and non-parametric tests such as Friedman's followed by Wilcoxon signed rank test were applied with significance at P < 0.05.

Results: 60% of the patients showed +1 unit of improvement with no serious adverse effect.

Conclusions: The patient-related clinical outcomes were quite significant showing the effectiveness of Pirfenidone as a promising adjuvant therapy in the management of OSMF.

Objective: The present immunohistochemical investigation attempted to evaluate the concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a prospective DNA damage biomarker in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients compared to healthy tissues to analyse the immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining intensity levels across different histopathological levels of OSCC.

Materials and methods: The control group consisted of tissue samples from the normal mucosa (n = 10). The study groups consisted of tissue blocks sourced from patients with primary OSCC (n = 55). The principal antibody utilised was 8-OHdG Antibody, and a control specimen was treated identically to the OSCC group but treated in non-immune serum rather than the primary antibody. The data were estimated using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. The Fisher's exact test was employed to examine the variations between the sample groups at a 5% significance level.

Results: The OSCC group had 20 well-differentiated (WD), 20 moderately differentiated (MD), and 15 poorly differentiated (PD) samples. Compared to normal tissue samples, a marked elevation of 8-OHdG antigen production was observed in OSCC tissue samples (P < 0.0001). The WD cohort showed moderate expression of the 8-OHdG antigen in 50%, mild in 30%, and intense in 20%. In MD samples, 5% showed intense expression, moderate in 55%, and mild staining in 40%. In PD samples, 46.67% showed mild and moderate 8-OHdG expression, whereas 6.66% showed intense expression. However, the difference was insignificant (P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The Oxidative stress (OS) marker 8-OHdG has higher concentrations in the tissue samples with OSCC than in healthy tissues and serves as a predictive biomarker for OSCC.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic effects of systemic metformin and exenatide administration on bone tissue regeneration in an experimental rat model by utilising micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analysis.

Materials and methods: Uniform craniotomy defects measuring 3 mm in diameter and 2 mm depth were performed in the parietal bones of 27 female albino Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into three groups: 1) a group receiving 100 mg/kg/day of oral metformin, 2) a group receiving 3 μg/kg/day of intraperitoneal exenatide, and 3) a control group receiving no medication. Bone volume and density at the defect site were evaluated using micro-CT scanning and analysis.

Results: Bone regeneration and the integration of newly formed bone into intact bone were assessed through histological and immunohistochemical examinations. In all three groups, the results showed no significant differences in bone volume, bone density, the presence of fibrous connective tissue, or the complete integration of the defect area into the bone tissue. However, the experimental groups exhibited significant differences in the number of osteoblasts (P = 0.007) and osteoclasts (P = 0.007) when compared to the control group.

Conclusions: Metformin and exenatide enhance the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone defects, promoting osteogenic potential during the healing process in non-diabetic rats.