Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology最新文献

Background: Ameloblastoma is a benign, slow-growing odontogenic neoplasia that can infiltrate soft tissue and penetrate bone. Molecular markers like IHC staining with Osteopontin and CD10 antibodies can help understand the abnormalities and predict malignant transformation. This study aims to improve diagnosis and treatment by tracking these indicators alongside other clinicopathological aspects.

Material and methods: The study analyzed the correlation between OPN and CD10 expression and ameloblastoma aggressiveness and malignant transformation using 35 paraffin blocks. IHC staining was performed using OPN and CD10 markers, and cell counts and staining intensities were calculated using the IRS method. The IRS score was correlated with clinicopathological parameters using statistical tests (P < 0.05).

Results: The results of the OPN expression examination are strong (37.2%), moderate (37.2%), weak (17.1%), and negative (8.5%) Meanwhile, the results of the CD10 expression examination are moderate (28.6%), weak (54.2%), and negative (17.2%). Correlation test for OPN and CD10 expression is P = 0.940. Correlation test for OPN expression and each clinicopathological feature is radiographic appearance P = 0.708, root resorption P = 0.063, tumour progression P = 0.640, tumour size P = 0.428, tumour duration P = 0.477, and regional lymph nodes enlargement P = 0.687. Correlation test for CD10 expression and each clinicopathological feature is radiographic appearance P = 0.342, tumour progression P = 0.623, root resorption P = 0.940, tumor size P = 0.003, tumor duration P = 0.138, and regional lymph nodes enlargement P = 0.858.

Conclusions: Ameloblastoma aggressiveness is indicated by high OPN and CD10 expression, while malignancy transformation potential is indicated by high OPN and low CD10 expression, with CD10 expression correlated with tumor size.

Background: Macrophages are essential cellular elements of innate and adaptive immunity and one of the most common cell types in chronic inflammatory conditions such as oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the roles of M1 and M2 macrophages in the pathogenesis of erosive OLP (E-OLP) which has the highest malignant potential remain unclear.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the immunohistochemical expression of M1 and M2 macrophages in OLP and OSCC.

Materials and methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 20 OLP (9 erosive, 11 non-erosive) and 30 OSCC (16 well, 8 moderate, and 6 poorly differentiated) cases were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for CD68 (M1) and CD163 (M2). The slides were examined for distribution, intensity, and localisation of CD68 and CD163 expression. Quantitative assessment of the staining was done with the help of Image Pro Plus software. Statistical analysis using Fisher exact test for qualitative assessment and Student t-test and one-way ANOVA for quantitative analysis were done.

Results: Although there was an increase in the density of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in E-OLP, a statistically significant difference was not observed between the subgroups of OLP. However, the density of CD68 and CD163-positive macrophages was relatively higher in moderately differentiated OSCC with no statistically significant difference. However, the staining pattern, intensity, and localisation between CD68 and CD163 in OLP and OSCC showed significant difference.

Conclusion: An increase in the density of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in E-OLP may be associated with the pathogenesis of OLP into malignant transformation.

Context: Head and neck carcinomas are one of the most common malignancies worldwide and account for 30% of all cancers in India. Amongst it, oral cavity carcinomas alone comprised 30% and 90% of these are squamous cell carcinoma. Evaluation of various patterns of invasion (POI) is a simple, inexpensive procedure which can be incorporated into routine reporting as advised in cancer protocol templates (CAP).

Aim: To evaluate the association of worst pattern of invasion (WPOI) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with clinicopathological factors.

Settings and design: Retrospective hospital-based study.

Methods and materials: Histopathological sections were reviewed for a duration of three years. All the relevant clinical and demographic data were obtained from the medical records. Cases were also analysed for all histopathological variables and results documented.

Statistical analysis used: Data were analysed using SPSS software, and appropriate statistical tests were used for analysis.

Results: The association between WPOI and clinicopathological parameters was evaluated using the Fischer's exact/Chi-square test. Out of 52 patients, 38.5% (n = 20) and 61.6% (n = 32) had WPOI I-III and IV-V, respectively. There is significant association between WPOI score and N Stage, grade of tumour, perineural and depth of invasion. However, no association was observed with T stage, lymphovascular emboli, margin status, tumour, and lymph node size.

Conclusions: The pattern of invasion is an easily recognizable histopathological variable which must be included in the reporting of oral SCCs. WPOI IV and V had a worse clinical outcome and are associated with PNI, DOI, and high-grade tumour.

Introduction: Research has been intensive on the possibility of using the ideal oral fluids in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease.

Objectives: This study aimed to detect the most accurate biomarkers that can be used to predict and diagnose periodontal disease.

Methods: Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque samples were collected. The levels of biomarkers ( Human Cathelicidine LL-37 (LL-37), Matrix Metalloproteinase -8 (MMP-8), Matrix Metalloproteinase -9 (MMP-9), interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), osteoprotegerin (OPG), OC and PGE2) were quantified by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), while the subgingival periodontal pathogens (T. forsythia, T. denticola, P. gingivalis and A.a) were identified using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Cumulative Risk Score (CRS), a new statistical approach, was used to evaluate the accuracy of applying oral biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal disease based on three selected biomarkers.

Results: The results of this study showed that MMP-8, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6 in GCF are associated with increased count of periodontal pathogens and different clinical periodontal parameters when compared to the other biomarkers. This association increased significantly by using CRS, which had 2 to 3 times higher odds ratios than the use of any selected biomarkers alone.

Conclusions: In conclusion, this study showed that the levels of biomarkers in the GCF, mainly MMP-8, IL-1β, PGE2 and IL-6, if used separately, could be useful in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease to a certain degree of accuracy. The study also showed that the combination of three GCF biomarkers in a single biomarker package to establish the CRS index is more precise in the prediction and diagnosis of periodontal disease than the use of other biomarkers.

Background: Betel leaf has been documented to be rich in phytochemicals with diverse pharmaceutical properties. Betel leaf from plants grown in Tirur, Malappuram district, Kerala is Geographically indicated and referred as Tirur betel leaf is famous for its flavour and aroma due to its high amounts of essential oils. The anti-cancer phytochemicals in betel leaf extracts have the potential to be used as a chemo preventive or anti-cancer agents in oral carcinogenesis.

Aim: Identify and profile the anti-cancer compounds in the ethyl acetate extracts of Tirur betel leaf (Piper Betel L. Var Puthukodi) by chemical analysis.

Methodology: The betel leaves are sourced from the plantations in Tirur, Malappuram district, Kerala. Betel leaf extract was prepared with ethyl acetate as solvent in Soxlant apparatus. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done with standard methods. Phytochemical compounds profiled using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy.

Results: Alkaloids (14 mg/mL), phenolics (5.13 mg/mL), and terpenoids (7.21 mg/mL) were found to be the main constituents of betel leaf extract by preliminary chemical analysis. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy identified 75 compounds in the extract, and 11 of these compounds identified had documented anti-cancer properties.

Conclusion: Betel leaf extracts especially extracts from Tirur betel leaf are rich with compounds with antineoplastic effects and possibly they can be used as chemo preventive or as anti-cancer agent in the management of oral cancer.

Context: Retroviral infection and its treatment induce significant changes in oral epithelium and can infect and affect keratinocytes. The cytomorphometric alterations caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on oral epithelium in patients with and without highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) can establish the relation with treatment regimen.

Aim: To assess and compare cytomorphometric changes in exfoliated oral epithelial cells with respect to their cytoplasmic area (CA), nuclear area (NA) and nuclear-cytoplasmic area ratio (NA: CA) in HIV seropositive subjects without HAART, with short-term HAART and long-term HAART.

Settings and design: This cross-sectional study included 120 participants. They were selected by a purposive sampling technique as per selection criteria and categorised into four groups of thirty each (untreated seropositives, short-term HAART, long-term HAART, and control groups).

Methods: Oral liquid rinse samples were collected, centrifuged, and stained (H and E and PAP stains). Morphometric measurements were taken for 50 cells per sample using specialised software, assessed and analysed.

Statistical analysis: SPSS V23 (IBM) was used. One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare groups, while Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures were applied for pairwise comparisons.

Result: CA: Control > Long-term HAART > Short-term HAART > Untreated. NA: Untreated > Short-term HAART > Long-term HAART > Control and NA: CA: Highest in untreated, lowest in controls. Cellular changes persisted despite HAART, though improvements were noted over time.

Conclusion: HIV infection causes significant oral epithelial alterations. HAART reduces these changes but does not restore baseline values, indicating a persistent impact of HIV. Monitoring oral cytomorphometry may aid in tracking disease progression and therapy effectiveness.

Background: MALAT1 (Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1) is a long non-coding RNA that helps in disease prognosis.

Objective: The aim of the study is to provide updated evidence on the expression rate of MALAT1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSS) compared to normal cells and its other histopathological gradings, like well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated OSCC.

Materials and methods: The review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO with the registration number CRD42024598836. A thorough search of databases was conducted from January 2000 to April 2024 to identify studies reporting the MALAT1 expression in OSCC cells compared to normal cells and its histological gradings of OSCC. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS) for included studies. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was used for continuous outcomes, while odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) were applied for categorical outcomes, depending on the data reported. A random-effects model was used for all analyses, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05.

Results: Seven studies qualified for inclusion, with four undergoing meta-analysis. Quality assessment indicated a moderate to low risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed increased MALAT1 expression in OSCC cells (SMD = 3.90, 1.20-6.61) compared to normal tissue. Among OSCC grades, MALAT1 expression was higher in moderately differentiated OSCC than in well-differentiated (SMD = 5.50, -15.08-26.08), lower in moderately differentiated than in poorly differentiated (SMD = 10.50, -27.16-6.61), and lower in well-differentiated than in poorly differentiated OSCC (SMD = 1.50, -2.48-0.52). No publication bias was detected in the funnel plot.

Conclusion: MALAT1 is a therapeutic factor in OSCC; its increased expression is related to OSCC growth and could help control metastasis, with overall good clinical relevance, making it a promising prognostic marker for OSCC.

Introduction: Lesions within the oral cavity encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies stemming from various causes. Being knowledgeable about these lesions can aid in both prevention and early detection. The oral cavity frequently hosts congenital and acquired lesions, alongside localized benign and malignant conditions. The vast majority of localized overgrowths of the oral mucosa that are acquired tend to be reactive rather than neoplastic. This study delves into the clinicopathological characteristics of oral lesions diagnosed over a span of two and a half years.

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features of oral lesions and determine their frequency.

Materials and methods: Laboratory records detailing all oral lesions diagnosed between January 2021 and June 2023 were retrieved from the archives of the Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology department. Demographic and histopathological data were compiled and subsequently analysed using SPSS version 20.

Result: Among the total of 219 cases analysed, the majority occurred in individuals aged over 60 years and were predominantly males. Within this group, 64 (29.22%) presented with reactive lesions, 52 (23.74%) with cysts, 49 (22.37%) with pre-malignant and malignant lesions, 31 (14.15%) with benign soft tissue tumours, 13 (5.93%) with fibro-osseous lesions, and 10 (4.56%) with odontogenic tumours.

Conclusion: The findings from this study indicate that the majority of oral cavity lesions are reactive rather than indicative of malignancy. The histopathological and demographic data collected offer valuable guidance for precise diagnosis. It underscores the importance of biopsying any mass lesion, particularly within the oral cavity, to exclude the possibility of malignancy.

Context: Forensic identification often relies on DNA recovery from human remains, with teeth being a preferred source due to their resistance to extreme conditions.

Aim: To evaluate the DNA yield from unrestored teeth exposed to various temperatures and durations and assess its utility in forensic identification.

Settings and design: An experimental study assessing DNA recovery from teeth subjected to controlled heat exposure.

Materials and methods: Unrestored teeth were exposed to temperatures of 200°C, 450°C, 700°C, 950°C, and 1200°C for 30 and 60 min. DNA was then extracted and quantified.

Statistical analysis used: The study analysed DNA yield from unrestored teeth exposed to varying temperatures and durations. Posterior teeth showed higher yields, with DNA decreasing as heat and time increased. Independent t-tests, ANOVA, and Tukey honestly significant difference confirmed statistically significant differences.

Results: DNA was effectively recovered at lower temperatures and shorter durations. Higher temperatures and longer exposures reduced DNA yield, highlighting the relevance of thermal conditions in forensic applications.

Conclusions: Forensic dentistry is crucial in identifying remains exposed to fire or decomposition. Teeth, especially posteriors, often preserve DNA due to their durability and protected position. They offer a reliable, cost-effective source of genetic material, even in harsh conditions. Advancements in extraction methods continue to improve identification in complex forensic cases.

Background: Gender determination is an important part of forensic dentistry and legal investigations. Mandible is the largest, sexually dimorphic, and strongest bone of the facial skeleton. Morphometric measurements of the mandible by using orthopantomogram are widely used in gender determination.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of minimum ramus breath and coronoid height of the mandible for gender determination using orthopantomogram.

Materials and methods: Sixty orthopantomograms of 30 males and 30 females between the age group of 30 to 40 years were collected. The minimum ramus breath and the coronoid height were measured using a computerized software. The data obtained was statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) software.

Results: The mean minimal ramus breath and mean coronoid height were greater in males than in females. The mean minimal ramus breath for males was found to be 37.83 ± 2.24 and for females, it was 33.08 ± 4.87 (P = 0.00). The mean coronoid height of males was 80.67 ± 0.83 and that of females was 73.51 ± 1.26 (P = 0.00).

Conclusion: Our results suggest that the mandible is a sexually dimorphic bone, and the minimum ramus breath and coronoid height can be used in gender determination. However, population specific studies with larger sample sizes are recommended.