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Evaluation of Physical Properties of Leather on the Bating Process by Combination of Papain Enzyme with Surfactant 木瓜蛋白酶与表面活性剂联用对皮革物理性能的评价
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.3
M. Z. Abidin, R. Yuliatmo, G. Griyanitasari
Bating is one of the important stages in the tanning process that has a role as a determinant of leather properties. It is commonly carried out with the assistance of protease enzymes such as papain. By using surfactants, sorbitol and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), it can help the penetration of enzymes into the skin or hides. Thereby, the study aimed to evaluate the use of papain on the bating process of kacang goat skin by assisted surfactants. Accordingly, three different concentrations (1, 1.5, & 2%) of enzymes were added with two different types of surfactants (SDS and Sorbitol) for the bating process. For the result, the leather was evaluated based on physical properties and histology studies. The presence of surfactant in the bating process improves the absorption of papain towards the hydrolysis of non-collagenous proteins. Based on the physical properties and histology studies, they perform better than leather without surfactant agents. Cleary, the surfactant agents can be used as bating auxiliary.
击球是制革过程中的一个重要阶段,它对皮革性能起着决定作用。它通常在蛋白酶如木瓜蛋白酶的辅助下进行。通过使用表面活性剂,山梨醇和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),它可以帮助酶渗透到皮肤或皮革中。因此,本研究旨在评价木瓜蛋白酶在辅助表面活性剂对卡仓山羊皮蜡染工艺中的应用。因此,在软化过程中,向三种不同浓度(1%、1.5%和2%)的酶中加入两种不同类型的表面活性剂(SDS和山梨醇)。结果,根据物理性能和组织学研究对皮革进行了评估。表面活性剂在软化过程中的存在提高了木瓜蛋白酶对非胶原蛋白水解的吸收。根据物理性能和组织学研究,它们的性能优于不含表面活性剂的皮革。表面活性剂可以作为蜡染助剂使用。
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引用次数: 0
The Use of the Fuzzy Inference System in Determining the Quality of Goatskin as Raw Material for the Leather Industry 模糊推理系统在制革原料山羊皮质量评定中的应用
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.4
S. Mutiar, A. Kasim, E. Emriadi, A. Asben
Leather products are affected by the quality of the raw hide, the pre-treatment, and the tanning process. Furthermore, some leather products use quality goatskins with the right determination as raw materials. This study aims to determine the quality of goatskin through the use of Fuzzy Logic science. It was conducted using the Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System (FIS), while data analysis was carried out through the Matlab R2018a program. The criteria for using this method were the factors that affected the quality of raw goatskin such as thickness, length of the backline, skin area, number of scratches on the skin, number of holes, presence of boils, lice bumps, and hair loss. The results of the analysis showed that Sugeno FIS could be used to help determine the quality of goatskin with a good accuracy level with a MAPE value of 18%. Furthermore, the FIS method could be used as an appropriate modeling system for determining the quality of goatskin as a raw material for the leather tanning industry.
皮革制品受到生皮质量、预处理和制革工艺的影响。此外,一些皮革产品使用经过正确测定的优质山羊皮作为原料。本研究旨在运用模糊逻辑科学方法测定山羊皮的品质。它使用Sugeno模糊推理系统(FIS)进行,而数据分析则通过Matlab R2018a程序进行。使用这种方法的标准是影响生山羊皮质量的因素,如厚度、背线长度、皮肤面积、皮肤上的划痕数量、孔洞数量、是否有疖子、虱子凸起和脱发。分析结果表明,Sugeno FIS可用于测定山羊皮的质量,具有良好的准确度,MAPE值为18%。此外,FIS方法可以作为一个合适的建模系统来确定山羊皮作为皮革制革工业原料的质量。
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引用次数: 0
Preliminary Study on the Adhesiveness Properties of Hide Glue 兽皮胶粘接性能的初步研究
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.7
L. Miu, M. Niculescu
Adhesives based on collagen extracted from the skin, tendons, cartilage, bones of animals and fish have been widely used over time as binders and consolidating agents for various organic and inorganic materials. The use of these types of adhesives or glues or gelatins in the restoration activity has been practiced by restorers due to their properties, but also to the special requirements of reversibility of treatments that are stipulated in national and international norms specific to the restoration of heritage objects. For this purpose, the technology of gelatin extraction from bovine hide was studied, and then gelatins were characterized in terms of chemical properties (ash, total nitrogen, amino nitrogen, dermal substance, pH of analytical solution) and gluing experiments were conducted on collagen substrates (leather and parchment, newly made specifically for the restoration activity and some samples of historical parchment, pieces of parchment detached from the back of a heritage object) and characterized in terms of physical-mechanical properties (shear strength and peel strength). Gelatins made from bovine hide were also compared to a commercial product, rabbit glue, a material frequently used in the field of restoration.
从动物和鱼类的皮肤、肌腱、软骨、骨骼中提取的胶原蛋白为基础的粘合剂,长期以来被广泛用作各种有机和无机材料的粘合剂和固结剂。由于这些类型的粘合剂或胶水或明胶的特性,修复者在修复活动中使用这些类型的粘合剂或胶水或明胶,但也符合国家和国际规范中对文物修复具体规定的处理可逆性的特殊要求。为此,研究了从牛皮中提取明胶的工艺,从化学性质(灰分、总氮、氨基氮、真皮物质、分析液pH)对明胶进行了表征,并在胶原基质(皮革和羊皮纸,专门为修复活性而新制作的羊皮纸和一些历史羊皮纸样品)上进行了胶接实验。从文物的背面撕下的羊皮纸),并以物理机械性能(剪切强度和剥离强度)为特征。由牛皮制成的明胶还与一种商业产品——兔胶进行了比较,兔胶是一种经常用于修复领域的材料。
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引用次数: 0
Fur Skin – A Valuable Material, Considerations on Quality Assessment 毛皮——一种有价值的材料,关于质量评价的考虑
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.5
C. Gaidău, Elisavet Amanatidou, Stoica Tonea
This work is intended to reveal the most important physico-chemical and physico-mechanical characteristics of the fur skins that determine their quality. Values of these characteristics are discussed as depending on the semifinished product related to technological significance and consequence for the user. The main characteristics and values for fine furs are proposed, thus providing some guidelines in evaluating their quality. Investigations in this field can lead to the determination of some new quality characteristics of woolen sheepskins and fine furs. A case study on fine and common furskins is presented and reveals the uniqueness and versatility of the combination of two protein layers, represented by natural furs, composed of collagen and keratin, unmatched by any synthetic material.
这项工作旨在揭示决定毛皮质量的最重要的物理化学和物理机械特性。这些特性的值被讨论为取决于与用户的技术意义和结果相关的半成品。提出了精细毛皮的主要特性和价值,为评估其质量提供了一些指导。对该领域的研究可以确定毛羊皮和精细毛皮的一些新的质量特征。介绍了一个关于精细和常见毛皮的案例研究,揭示了以天然毛皮为代表的两层蛋白质组合的独特性和多功能性,由胶原蛋白和角蛋白组成,是任何合成材料都无法比拟的。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Developing a Size System and Designing Shoe Lasts for Men with Diabetes in Vietnam 越南糖尿病男性尺码系统开发与鞋楦设计研究
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.1
Van-Huan Bui, Thi-Kien-Chung Cao, Duy-Nam Phan
This paper presents the method and results of developing a shoe last sizing system on the basis of the foot parameter system, designing shoe lasts for men with diabetes in Vietnam. Diabetic patients often have foot complications and need to use extra depth shoes or custom shoes to protect their feet and prevent foot ulcers. The parameters of 5 shoe last sizes by length and 3 sizes by width according to the French sizing system have been developed. The results show that the shoe last parameters for men with diabetes are much larger than those for healthy men, especially the ball girth and width are larger by about 20 mm and 5 mm, respectively. Afterward, shoe lasts were designed and modified using 3D CAD tools for style, fit and comfort specifically suited for men with diabetes. Using shoe last design software, 3D printing technology to design and fabricate a shoe last, the proposed approach proved the viability of designing and manufacturing extra depth shoes for men with diabetes in Vietnam.
本文介绍了在足部参数系统的基础上开发鞋楦定型系统的方法和结果,为越南糖尿病男性设计鞋楦。糖尿病患者经常有足部并发症,需要使用超深鞋或定制鞋来保护他们的脚,防止足部溃疡。根据法国尺码系统,制定了5种鞋楦长度尺寸和3种鞋楦宽度尺寸的参数。结果表明,糖尿病男性的鞋楦参数远大于健康男性,尤其是球围和球宽分别大了约20mm和5mm。之后,使用3D CAD工具对鞋楦进行了设计和修改,以达到特别适合糖尿病男性的款式、贴合度和舒适度。利用鞋楦设计软件和3D打印技术设计和制造鞋楦,该方法证明了为越南糖尿病男性设计和制造超深鞋的可行性。
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引用次数: 2
3D Modelling of Customized Lasts Based on Anthropometric Data Acquired from 3D Foot Scanning – One Case Study 基于从3D足部扫描获得的人体测量数据的定制鞋楦的3D建模-一个案例研究
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.2
Maria Costea, A. Mihai, A. Seul
Designing and manufacturing personalized lasts are the first steps in obtaining the right fitted footwear for various users, especially for sports or/and medical purposes. The accurate dimensional relationship between foot and last represents the key element for this activity. The critical shape of the last should always be determined by the shape of the foot and the cumulative relationship between lengths, widths, heights and girths, whatever method is used. Some corrections and constraints must always be considered because the shoe-last is not identical to the foot. The foot anthropometric measurements are modified based on biomechanical constraints and technological limitations and they are interactively transformed into last’s dimensions by using 3D modelling. The present study brings together the modern scanning technique with the new methodology for modifying a reference last, and it is aimed to explore the philosophy of re-designing functional lasts. It also tests and highlights the limits of the actual methodology for shoe-last virtual prototyping based on anthropometric data acquired from a commercially available 3D foot scanning system.
设计和制造个性化鞋头是为各种用户,特别是体育或/和医疗目的,获得合适的鞋款的第一步。脚和鞋楦之间的精确尺寸关系代表了这项活动的关键要素。鞋楦的关键形状应始终由脚的形状以及长度、宽度、高度和围梁之间的累积关系来确定,无论使用何种方法。必须始终考虑一些修正和限制,因为鞋楦与脚不完全相同。足部人体测量基于生物力学约束和技术限制进行修改,并通过使用3D建模将其交互式转换为鞋头的尺寸。本研究将现代扫描技术与修改参考鞋楦的新方法结合起来,旨在探索重新设计功能鞋楦的哲学。它还测试并强调了基于从商业上可用的3D足部扫描系统获取的人体测量数据的鞋楦虚拟原型设计的实际方法的局限性。
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引用次数: 1
Mechanical Properties of Wet Blue Following Acid Bating Process Treated with Crude Enzyme from Rhizopus oligosporus 寡孢根霉粗酶处理湿蓝后的力学性能
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-06-30 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.2.6
A. Nugraha, O. Suparno, N. S. Indrasti, H. Hoerudin
Enzyme is one of the ingredients used in several tanning processes such as bating. Bating is generally conducted under alkaline conditions, but it can also be carried out under acidic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate mechanical and physical properties of wet blue following bating conducted under acidic conditions treated with enzymes synthesized by R. oligosporus compared to those of the conventional process. This study was arranged on a completely randomized design with a single factor, i.e., five levels of enzyme activity (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 U mL-1). The results showed that the use of enzymes from R. oligosporus influenced positively mechanical properties of the wet blue produced. Increasing levels of enzyme activity produced significantly higher tear strength and lower elongation at break values. No significant differences in tensile strength were observed following applications of both the synthesized and conventional enzymes. The synthesized enzyme was best applied at an activity level of 5 U mL-1 producing leather with good tear strength (55.40 ± 5.49 N mm-1) and elongation at break (45.63 ± 4.17 %) values, which were significantly different from those of 0 U mL-1, but not significantly different from those of 10 U mL-1 and the conventional process. Mechanical properties of the leather produced met the standard values for goat/sheep leather jacket as specified in Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 4593:2011. The results suggest that the synthesized enzyme from R. oligosporus can potentially replace the conventional enzyme commonly used in the bating process.
酶是几种制革工艺中使用的成分之一,如蜡染。击球通常在碱性条件下进行,但也可以在酸性条件下进行。本研究旨在评估在酸性条件下用寡孢R.oligosporus合成的酶处理蜡染后的湿蓝与传统工艺相比的机械和物理性能。本研究采用完全随机设计,采用单一因素,即五个酶活性水平(0、2.5、5、7.5和10 U mL-1)。结果表明,寡孢R.oligosporus酶的使用对所生产的湿蓝的机械性能产生了积极影响。酶活性水平的增加产生显著更高的撕裂强度和更低的断裂伸长率。在应用合成酶和常规酶之后,没有观察到拉伸强度的显著差异。合成的酶在5 U mL-1的活性水平下应用效果最好,可生产出具有良好撕裂强度(55.40±5.49 N mm-1)和断裂伸长率(45.63±4.17%)的皮革,与0 U mL-1有显著差异,但与10 U mL-1和常规工艺无显著差异。生产的皮革的机械性能符合印度尼西亚国家标准(SNI)4593:2011中规定的山羊/绵羊皮夹克的标准值。结果表明,由寡孢R.oligosporus合成的酶有可能取代蜡染过程中常用的传统酶。
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of Wet Blue Following Acid Bating Process Treated with Crude Enzyme from Rhizopus oligosporus","authors":"A. Nugraha, O. Suparno, N. S. Indrasti, H. Hoerudin","doi":"10.24264/lfj.22.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24264/lfj.22.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Enzyme is one of the ingredients used in several tanning processes such as bating. Bating is generally conducted under alkaline conditions, but it can also be carried out under acidic conditions. This study aimed to evaluate mechanical and physical properties of wet blue following bating conducted under acidic conditions treated with enzymes synthesized by R. oligosporus compared to those of the conventional process. This study was arranged on a completely randomized design with a single factor, i.e., five levels of enzyme activity (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 U mL-1). The results showed that the use of enzymes from R. oligosporus influenced positively mechanical properties of the wet blue produced. Increasing levels of enzyme activity produced significantly higher tear strength and lower elongation at break values. No significant differences in tensile strength were observed following applications of both the synthesized and conventional enzymes. The synthesized enzyme was best applied at an activity level of 5 U mL-1 producing leather with good tear strength (55.40 ± 5.49 N mm-1) and elongation at break (45.63 ± 4.17 %) values, which were significantly different from those of 0 U mL-1, but not significantly different from those of 10 U mL-1 and the conventional process. Mechanical properties of the leather produced met the standard values for goat/sheep leather jacket as specified in Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 4593:2011. The results suggest that the synthesized enzyme from R. oligosporus can potentially replace the conventional enzyme commonly used in the bating process.","PeriodicalId":38857,"journal":{"name":"Leather and Footwear Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43371577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Polymer composite based on NBR rubber compounded with rubber waste functionalized with potassium oleate 丁腈橡胶与油酸钾功能化橡胶废弃物复配的聚合物复合材料
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.1.5
M. Nițuică, M. Stelescu, M. Sönmez, L. Alexandrescu, M. Georgescu, D. Gurau, Mirela Pantazi-Băjenaru
Waste is a material that occurs as a result of a biological or technological process that can no longer be used as such. Recycling and reusing waste make it possible to contribute to environmental protection and, of course, to the protection of human health by eliminating toxins during waste incineration. The purpose of this paper is to process and characterize polymer composites based on NBR rubber (butadiene-co-acrylonitrile rubber) and rubber waste functionalized with potassium oleate in terms of rheological characteristics (to determine the optimal vulcanization time), Brabender diagrams and physico-mechanical properties in normal state and after accelerated ageing at 70°C, for 168 h (using elastomer-specific equipment). Functionalized rubber waste (with potassium oleate up to 20% at 60°C) is introduced into the mixture in proportions of 10; 20; 30; 50%. The polymeric composites based on butadiene-co-acrylonitrile elastomer and rubber waste (ground with a cryogenic mill at 10,000 rpm, at the size of 0.35 mm) were compounded on a mixer with a capacity of 350 cm3 according to the working recipes. The mixtures were supplemented with vulcanization activators and accelerators on an electric roller, resulting in formulations in the form of 4 mm thick sheets, which are then subjected to the relevant characterizations according to the standards in force for the footwear industry.
废物是由于生物或技术过程而产生的不能再使用的材料。废物的回收和再利用可以促进环境保护,当然,通过在废物焚烧过程中消除毒素,也有助于保护人类健康。本文的目的是对NBR橡胶(丁二烯-共丙烯腈橡胶)和油酸钾功能化橡胶废弃物在正常状态和70℃加速老化168 h后的流变特性(确定最佳硫化时间)、Brabender图和物理力学性能(使用弹性体专用设备)进行加工和表征。功能化橡胶废料(60℃时油酸钾含量高达20%)按10的比例加入混合物;20;30;50%。将丁二烯-共丙烯腈弹性体与废橡胶(10000转/分低温磨磨,尺寸为0.35 mm)在容量为350 cm3的混炼机上按工作配方进行复合。这些混合物在电动滚筒上添加硫化活化剂和促进剂,形成4毫米厚的配方,然后根据鞋类行业现行标准进行相关表征。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison and assessment of selected parameters of chrome-free and chrome-tanned leather 无铬革与铬鞣革选择参数的比较与评价
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.1.1
E. Bielak, G. Zielińska
In the leather tanning industry, decision-makers act resolutely to eliminate chrome as a tanning agent due to its negative effect on human health and the natural environment. Considering this, it makes sense to research opportunities to use chrome-free leather as a substitute for chrome-tanned leather. This paper demonstrates research on the mechanical and hygienic properties of leather tanned with glutaraldehyde as well as chrome-tanned leather, intended for shoe uppers. The results of the tensile strength and percentage extension measurements made by the Instron tensile machine, and the results of water vapour permeability measurements made by a moisture analyser, have been analysed using Statistica. The statistical data analysis has been performed using the following tests: Kolmogorov-Smirnov with Lilliefors correction, Shapiro-Wilk, T, Levene, Brown and Forsythe, Fisher-Snedecor, and Cochran-Cox. Regarding mechanical parameters, no statistically significant difference has been observed between chrome-free and chrome-tanned leather in dry conditions. However, such differences have been observed in wet samples. The tests showed higher stability of mechanical parameters of leather tanned with modified glutaraldehyde compared to chrome-tanned leather. Leather tanned with a chrome tanning agent, tested in both dry and wet conditions, showed significant differences between them, considering their tensile strength and percentage extension. The hygienic properties of both types of leather being researched are more or less similar – the research has not found any statistically significant differences for water vapour permeability.
在皮革制革行业,由于铬对人体健康和自然环境的负面影响,决策者坚决采取行动,以消除铬作为制革剂。考虑到这一点,研究使用无铬皮革作为铬鞣皮革的替代品是有意义的。本文对戊二醛鞣革和铬鞣革的机械性能和卫生性能进行了研究。用Instron拉伸机测量拉伸强度和拉伸百分率的结果,以及用水分分析仪测量水蒸气渗透性的结果,用Statistica进行了分析。统计数据分析使用以下检验:Kolmogorov-Smirnov with Lilliefors correction, Shapiro-Wilk, T, Levene, Brown and Forsythe, Fisher-Snedecor和Cochran-Cox。关于机械参数,在干燥条件下,无铬皮革和铬鞣皮革之间没有统计学上的显著差异。然而,这种差异已在湿样品中观察到。试验结果表明,改性戊二醛鞣制皮革的力学参数稳定性优于铬鞣制皮革。用铬鞣剂鞣制的皮革,在干湿两种条件下进行测试,考虑到它们的拉伸强度和伸长率,两者之间存在显着差异。被研究的两种皮革的卫生性能或多或少是相似的——研究没有发现水蒸气渗透性有任何统计学上的显著差异。
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引用次数: 1
Plantar footprints and 3D foot shape digital analysis for overweight teenager – one case study 超重青少年足底足迹和三维足形数字分析——一个案例研究
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.24264/lfj.22.1.3
Maria Costea, A. Seul, A. Mihai
Nowadays, one of the most critical health problems among young people is obesity. Because teenagers are still in the growing process, the foot shape and plantar footprints are very important to be analysed and potential problems to be identified. Young adulthood is a risky period for the development of obesity. This study aims to analyse the plantar footprints, the biomechanical parameters obtained through plantar pressure measurements, and the 3D shape of the foot and anthropometrical parameters obtained from scanning. By comparing the results, both feet have been demonstrated to be high arched, as well as high pressures were identified and differences from left to the right foot. With these results, prophylactic footwear and components can be designed, adapted to the subject’s feet.
如今,年轻人最严重的健康问题之一是肥胖。由于青少年仍处于成长过程中,因此足部形状和足底脚印非常重要,需要进行分析,并确定潜在问题。青年期是肥胖发展的危险时期。本研究旨在分析足底足迹、通过足底压力测量获得的生物力学参数、通过扫描获得的足部三维形状和人体测量参数。通过比较结果,两只脚都被证明是高拱形的,同时发现了左脚和右脚的高压和差异。有了这些结果,可以设计出适合受试者脚部的预防性鞋类和部件。
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引用次数: 0
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Leather and Footwear Journal
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