Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010294
A. Zaar, E. Neves, A. Rouboa, V. Reis
Background : Long-distance running is a popular recreational exercise. It is a beneficial activity for health and wellness. However, the running can also cause injury, particularly in the lower extremities. There is no consensus in the literature on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that cause these musculoskeletal injuries. In theory, most injuries are caused by methodological errors, the type of footwear and terrain. Objective : To identify the factors associated with injuries in recreational runners based on evidence. Method : The data sources used were: PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science. Compiled the English-language articles identified by keywords, titles of medical affairs and research of electronic databases above. With this research from the review process, controlled trials were grouped in a study population consisted of recreational runners. Results : Evidences suggest that injuries are common for runners. Many variables can contribute to the injury process, among them extrinsic factors such as training methodology, running shoes and surface. Conclusion : To modify one or more of these factors may help prevent injury, so coaches and runners should consider it, and prevention efforts need to be tailored to this group to reduce the risk of specific injuries.
背景:长跑是一种流行的休闲运动。这是一项有益健康的活动。然而，跑步也会造成伤害，尤其是下肢。关于引起这些肌肉骨骼损伤的内在和外在因素，文献中没有达成共识。理论上，大多数伤害都是由方法上的错误，鞋子的类型和地形造成的。目的:基于证据确定休闲跑步者损伤的相关因素。方法:数据来源:PubMed、Science Direct和Web of Science。对以上电子数据库中按关键词、医事标题、研究等识别的英文文章进行整理。在回顾过程中的这项研究中，对照试验被分组在一个由休闲跑步者组成的研究人群中。结果:有证据表明，跑步者受伤是常见的。许多变量都可能导致损伤过程，其中包括外在因素，如训练方法、跑鞋和地面。结论:改变这些因素中的一个或多个可能有助于预防伤害，因此教练和跑步者应该考虑到这一点，并且需要针对这一群体量身定制预防措施，以降低特定伤害的风险。
{"title":"Determinative Factors in The Injury Incidence on Runners: Synthesis of Evidence “Injuries on Runners”","authors":"A. Zaar, E. Neves, A. Rouboa, V. Reis","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010294","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Long-distance running is a popular recreational exercise. It is a beneficial activity for health and wellness. However, the running can also cause injury, particularly in the lower extremities. There is no consensus in the literature on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that cause these musculoskeletal injuries. In theory, most injuries are caused by methodological errors, the type of footwear and terrain. Objective : To identify the factors associated with injuries in recreational runners based on evidence. Method : The data sources used were: PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science. Compiled the English-language articles identified by keywords, titles of medical affairs and research of electronic databases above. With this research from the review process, controlled trials were grouped in a study population consisted of recreational runners. Results : Evidences suggest that injuries are common for runners. Many variables can contribute to the injury process, among them extrinsic factors such as training methodology, running shoes and surface. Conclusion : To modify one or more of these factors may help prevent injury, so coaches and runners should consider it, and prevention efforts need to be tailored to this group to reduce the risk of specific injuries.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"294-304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47885262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010222
E. Neves, A. Rouboa, L. Machado
Readers will find studies that used: thermal imaging to identify injury from overtraining, absorptiometry radiological dual energy (DXA) to evaluate body composition, mathematical models, biomechanical gait analysis, biomechanical analysis based on Finite Element Method (FEM), tri-axial accelerometers and force sensors, kinematic analysis, wavelet analysis, biochemical markers, physical activity questionnaires and systematic review.
{"title":"Technologies for Assessment of Training Effects on Health and Performance","authors":"E. Neves, A. Rouboa, L. Machado","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010222","url":null,"abstract":"Readers will find studies that used: thermal imaging to identify injury from overtraining, absorptiometry radiological dual energy (DXA) to evaluate body composition, mathematical models, biomechanical gait analysis, biomechanical analysis based on Finite Element Method (FEM), tri-axial accelerometers and force sensors, kinematic analysis, wavelet analysis, biochemical markers, physical activity questionnaires and systematic review.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"222-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44669439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010263
J. Pinho, B. Mezêncio, D. C. Porras, J. C. Serrão, A. Amadio
RESEARCH ARTICLE Relationship Between Knee Extensors Power Output and Vastus Lateralis EMG Activation in Elderly Women: Influence of Mother Wavelet Selection João Pedro Pinho, Bruno Mezêncio, Desidério Cano Porras, Julio Cerca Serrão and Alberto Carlos Amadio Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
研究文章老年妇女膝关节伸展器功率输出和血管侧肌电激活之间的关系：母亲小波选择的影响João Pedro Pinho、Bruno Mezêncio、Desidério Cano Porras、Julio Cerca Serrão和Alberto Carlos Amadio圣保罗大学生物力学实验室，巴西圣保罗圣保罗大学
{"title":"Relationship Between Knee Extensors Power Output and Vastus Lateralis EMG Activation in Elderly Women: Influence of Mother Wavelet Selection","authors":"J. Pinho, B. Mezêncio, D. C. Porras, J. C. Serrão, A. Amadio","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010263","url":null,"abstract":"RESEARCH ARTICLE Relationship Between Knee Extensors Power Output and Vastus Lateralis EMG Activation in Elderly Women: Influence of Mother Wavelet Selection João Pedro Pinho, Bruno Mezêncio, Desidério Cano Porras, Julio Cerca Serrão and Alberto Carlos Amadio Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Department of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"263-271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45661155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010229
D. Soares, M. Castro, E. Mendes, L. Machado
Objective : Wedges custom made have been used to improve the gait pattern of individuals with transfemoral (TF) Amputation. However, the prescription and test of these wedges is mostly based on a highly subjective gait evaluation. The purpose of this study was to develop a rational and quantitative method to prescribe wedges custom made for the sound limb of individuals with TF using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Method : First, the effect of different wedges was assessed in able-bodied subjects (CG). Second, using the influence of the wedges in CG, and the gait pattern of each TF individually, wedges were prescribed in order to modify their gait according to the specific effect of each wedge. The variables analyzed were the ground reaction force components and center of pressure displacement. The Mahalanobis distance for each variable and the 95% confidence interval (CI) based on CG data was calculated. Results showed, by the Mahalanobis distance of the variables, that TF subjects improved their gait pattern, TF subjects improved their gait; the variables that were out of the boundaries of 95% CI of CG, moved inside these boundaries with the use of wedges. Result : The application of wedges to the sound limb of TF amputees can improve their gait patterns, thus the application of PCA can help clinicians to decide the best device for each patient, and consequently improve TF patient quality of life.
{"title":"A New Method to Prescribe Wedges Custom Made For Individuals With Transfemoral Amputation Using Principal Component Analysis","authors":"D. Soares, M. Castro, E. Mendes, L. Machado","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010229","url":null,"abstract":"Objective : Wedges custom made have been used to improve the gait pattern of individuals with transfemoral (TF) Amputation. However, the prescription and test of these wedges is mostly based on a highly subjective gait evaluation. The purpose of this study was to develop a rational and quantitative method to prescribe wedges custom made for the sound limb of individuals with TF using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Method : First, the effect of different wedges was assessed in able-bodied subjects (CG). Second, using the influence of the wedges in CG, and the gait pattern of each TF individually, wedges were prescribed in order to modify their gait according to the specific effect of each wedge. The variables analyzed were the ground reaction force components and center of pressure displacement. The Mahalanobis distance for each variable and the 95% confidence interval (CI) based on CG data was calculated. Results showed, by the Mahalanobis distance of the variables, that TF subjects improved their gait pattern, TF subjects improved their gait; the variables that were out of the boundaries of 95% CI of CG, moved inside these boundaries with the use of wedges. Result : The application of wedges to the sound limb of TF amputees can improve their gait patterns, thus the application of PCA can help clinicians to decide the best device for each patient, and consequently improve TF patient quality of life.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"229-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46475243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010279
Carlos Oliveira, Armando A. Soares, A. Simões, Síl, Gonzaga, A. Rouboa
Background : The interaction of blood flow with walls of blood vessels is central for the development and maintenance of cardiovascular health. The analysis of wall shear stress is, therefore, fundamental in hemodynamic studies. Objective : The aim of this work is to study numerically the influence of the shear thinning blood properties on the hemodynamics in the abdominal aortic bifurcation for a patient-specific at rest. Methods : Were tested two models for the blood dynamic viscosity, one Newtonian and other non-Newtonian, with dependence on hematocrit and total protein minus albumin. Results and Conclusion : The results show the shear thinning behavior influence on the velocity distribution and wall shear stress. Furthermore, wall shear stress values are globally lower for non-Newtonian blood model at high velocity values than those for the Newtonian blood model. However, for low velocity values this behavior is inverted.
{"title":"Numerical Study of Non-Newtonian Blood Behavior in the Abdominal Aortic Bifurcation of a Patient-Specific at Rest","authors":"Carlos Oliveira, Armando A. Soares, A. Simões, Síl, Gonzaga, A. Rouboa","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010279","url":null,"abstract":"Background : The interaction of blood flow with walls of blood vessels is central for the development and maintenance of cardiovascular health. The analysis of wall shear stress is, therefore, fundamental in hemodynamic studies. Objective : The aim of this work is to study numerically the influence of the shear thinning blood properties on the hemodynamics in the abdominal aortic bifurcation for a patient-specific at rest. Methods : Were tested two models for the blood dynamic viscosity, one Newtonian and other non-Newtonian, with dependence on hematocrit and total protein minus albumin. Results and Conclusion : The results show the shear thinning behavior influence on the velocity distribution and wall shear stress. Furthermore, wall shear stress values are globally lower for non-Newtonian blood model at high velocity values than those for the Newtonian blood model. However, for low velocity values this behavior is inverted.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"279-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44956098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010272
Susana Soares, A. Toubekis, L. Machado, J. Vilas-Boas, R. Fernandes, J. Abraldes
Background : Wavelet analysis has been used to locate speed variation changes in swimmers, but this elaborated technique was not so far tested in lifesavers carrying a manikin and using one upper limb and fins for propulsion. Objective : Our purpose was to examine the feasibility of using the wavelet analysis to locate time-points of speed variation changes in a manikin carry lifesaving race using stiff and fiber fins. Method : Fourteen male lifesavers with a mean age of 20.79±4.93 years performed two 25 m all-out manikin carry swimming races using one upper limb and stiff or fiber fins for propulsion. Speed was recorded with a speedometer and its variation was analysed using a wavelet transform analysis. Video recordings were used to measure stroke rate and stroke length within each race. Results : Wavelet analysis detected, for some lifesavers, one (stiff: 10.50±1.29 vs. fiber: 9.75±0.50 s; p>0.05) and, for other lifesavers, two time-points (stiff: 6.75±0.96 and 11.50±1.29; fiber: 7.00±1.41 and 12.00±1.83 s; p>0.05) of speed variation changes. Mean speed was no different with fin types (stiff: 1.38±0.06 vs. fiber: 1.42±0.09 m∙s-1; p>0.05), as well as average, maximum and minimum speed. Stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index did not change within each race. Conclusion : Wavelet analysis was effective in detecting one and two time-points of speed variation changes within a short duration manikin carry race independently of the type of fins used. Fiber and stiff fins showed similar biomechanical and speed variations within race changes.
{"title":"Using Wavelet Transform for Speed Fluctuation Analysis During Manikin Carry with Fins","authors":"Susana Soares, A. Toubekis, L. Machado, J. Vilas-Boas, R. Fernandes, J. Abraldes","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010272","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Wavelet analysis has been used to locate speed variation changes in swimmers, but this elaborated technique was not so far tested in lifesavers carrying a manikin and using one upper limb and fins for propulsion. Objective : Our purpose was to examine the feasibility of using the wavelet analysis to locate time-points of speed variation changes in a manikin carry lifesaving race using stiff and fiber fins. Method : Fourteen male lifesavers with a mean age of 20.79±4.93 years performed two 25 m all-out manikin carry swimming races using one upper limb and stiff or fiber fins for propulsion. Speed was recorded with a speedometer and its variation was analysed using a wavelet transform analysis. Video recordings were used to measure stroke rate and stroke length within each race. Results : Wavelet analysis detected, for some lifesavers, one (stiff: 10.50±1.29 vs. fiber: 9.75±0.50 s; p>0.05) and, for other lifesavers, two time-points (stiff: 6.75±0.96 and 11.50±1.29; fiber: 7.00±1.41 and 12.00±1.83 s; p>0.05) of speed variation changes. Mean speed was no different with fin types (stiff: 1.38±0.06 vs. fiber: 1.42±0.09 m∙s-1; p>0.05), as well as average, maximum and minimum speed. Stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index did not change within each race. Conclusion : Wavelet analysis was effective in detecting one and two time-points of speed variation changes within a short duration manikin carry race independently of the type of fins used. Fiber and stiff fins showed similar biomechanical and speed variations within race changes.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"272-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42915865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-29DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010257
J. Claudino, B. Mezêncio, R. Soncin, J. Pennone, J. Pinho, Eduardo P. Borges, Leonardo Castiglio, P. Miyashiro, Eric Pomi, Wellington Masuko, Vinicius Soares, Paulo Dias, Luiz Henrique Goés, A. Piazzi, A. Amadio, J. C. Serrão
RESEARCH ARTICLE Relationship Between Knee Valgus and Ground Reaction Force in Soccer Players Using Soccer Boots Landing on an Official Artificial Turf João Gustavo Claudino, Bruno Mezêncio, Rafael Soncin, Juliana Pennone, João Pedro Pinho, Eduardo Borges, Leonardo Castiglio, Pedro Sampaio Miyashiro, Eric Pomi, Wellington Masuko, Vinicius Soares, Paulo Dias, Luiz Henrique Goés, Alessandro Fromer Piazzi, Alberto Carlos Amadio and Júlio Cerca Serrão Laboratory of Biomechanics – School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Centro de Formação de Atletas Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, São Paulo, Brazil.
研究文章使用足球靴降落在官方人造草坪上的足球运动员的膝外翻和地面反作用力之间的关系若昂·古斯塔沃·克劳蒂诺、布鲁诺·梅津西奥、拉斐尔·松辛、朱莉安娜·彭农、若昂·佩德罗·皮尼奥、爱德华多·博尔赫斯、莱昂纳多·卡斯蒂利奥、佩德罗·桑帕约·宫城、埃里克·波米、惠灵顿·马苏科、维尼修斯·苏亚雷斯、保罗·迪亚斯、路易斯·恩里克·戈塞斯，Alessandro Fromer Piazzi、Alberto Carlos Amadio和Júlio Cerca Serrão巴西圣保罗大学体育学院生物力学实验室。巴西圣保罗的西班牙体育协会中心。
{"title":"Relationship Between Knee Valgus and Ground Reaction Force in Soccer Players Using Soccer Boots Landing on an Official Artificial Turf","authors":"J. Claudino, B. Mezêncio, R. Soncin, J. Pennone, J. Pinho, Eduardo P. Borges, Leonardo Castiglio, P. Miyashiro, Eric Pomi, Wellington Masuko, Vinicius Soares, Paulo Dias, Luiz Henrique Goés, A. Piazzi, A. Amadio, J. C. Serrão","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010257","url":null,"abstract":"RESEARCH ARTICLE Relationship Between Knee Valgus and Ground Reaction Force in Soccer Players Using Soccer Boots Landing on an Official Artificial Turf João Gustavo Claudino, Bruno Mezêncio, Rafael Soncin, Juliana Pennone, João Pedro Pinho, Eduardo Borges, Leonardo Castiglio, Pedro Sampaio Miyashiro, Eric Pomi, Wellington Masuko, Vinicius Soares, Paulo Dias, Luiz Henrique Goés, Alessandro Fromer Piazzi, Alberto Carlos Amadio and Júlio Cerca Serrão Laboratory of Biomechanics – School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Centro de Formação de Atletas Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, São Paulo, Brazil.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"257-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49341882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010191
C. Pickering, J. Kiely
Background : Traditional exercise prescription is based on the assumption that exercise adaptation is predictable and standardised across individuals. However, evidence has emerged in the past two decades demonstrating that large inter-individual variation exists regarding the magnitude and direction of adaption following exercise. Objective : The aim of this paper was to discuss the key factors influencing this personalized response to exercise in a narrative review format. Findings : Genetic variation contributes significantly to the personalized training response, with specific polymorphisms associated with differences in exercise adaptation. These polymorphisms exist in a number of pathways controlling exercise adaptation. Environmental factors such as nutrition, psycho-emotional response, individual history and training programme design also modify the inter-individual adaptation following training. Within the emerging field of epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA allow environmental and lifestyle factors to impact genetic expression. These epigenetic mechanisms are themselves modified by genetic and non-genetic factors, illustrating the complex interplay between variables in determining the adaptive response. Given that genetic factors are such a fundamental modulator of the inter-individual response to exercise, genetic testing may provide a useful and affordable addition to those looking to maximise exercise adaption, including elite athletes. However, there are ethical issues regarding the use of genetic tests, and further work is needed to provide evidence based guidelines for their use. Conclusion : There is considerable inter-individual variation in the adaptive response to exercise. Genetic assessments may provide an additional layer of information allowing personalization of training programmes to an individual’s unique biology.
{"title":"Understanding Personalized Training Responses: Can Genetic Assessment Help?","authors":"C. Pickering, J. Kiely","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010191","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Traditional exercise prescription is based on the assumption that exercise adaptation is predictable and standardised across individuals. However, evidence has emerged in the past two decades demonstrating that large inter-individual variation exists regarding the magnitude and direction of adaption following exercise. Objective : The aim of this paper was to discuss the key factors influencing this personalized response to exercise in a narrative review format. Findings : Genetic variation contributes significantly to the personalized training response, with specific polymorphisms associated with differences in exercise adaptation. These polymorphisms exist in a number of pathways controlling exercise adaptation. Environmental factors such as nutrition, psycho-emotional response, individual history and training programme design also modify the inter-individual adaptation following training. Within the emerging field of epigenetics, DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA allow environmental and lifestyle factors to impact genetic expression. These epigenetic mechanisms are themselves modified by genetic and non-genetic factors, illustrating the complex interplay between variables in determining the adaptive response. Given that genetic factors are such a fundamental modulator of the inter-individual response to exercise, genetic testing may provide a useful and affordable addition to those looking to maximise exercise adaption, including elite athletes. However, there are ethical issues regarding the use of genetic tests, and further work is needed to provide evidence based guidelines for their use. Conclusion : There is considerable inter-individual variation in the adaptive response to exercise. Genetic assessments may provide an additional layer of information allowing personalization of training programmes to an individual’s unique biology.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"191-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45576113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010214
Gavriil G Arsoniadis, P. Botonis, Ioannis S. Nikitakis, Dimitrios Kalokiris, A. Toubekis
Methods: Eight swimmers, (five male, three female; age: 14.1±1.5, height: 163.8±9.9 cm, body mass: 55.8±10 kg) were tested at four timepoints, before and after the 12-week specific preparation period, within two successive training years (at year-1: start-1, end-1, at year-2: start-2, end-2). In each time-point were timed in distances of 50, 200 and 400 m front crawl to calculate the critical speed (CS). Subsequently, performed 5x200 m front crawl progressively increasing intensity and the lactate concentration was determined after each repetition. Using the individual speed vs. lactate concentration curve, the speed corresponding to 4 mmolL concentration (V4) and the speed corresponding to lactate threshold (sLT) were calculated.
{"title":"Effects of Successive Annual Training on Aerobic Endurance Indices in Young Swimmers","authors":"Gavriil G Arsoniadis, P. Botonis, Ioannis S. Nikitakis, Dimitrios Kalokiris, A. Toubekis","doi":"10.2174/1875399X01710010214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875399X01710010214","url":null,"abstract":"Methods: Eight swimmers, (five male, three female; age: 14.1±1.5, height: 163.8±9.9 cm, body mass: 55.8±10 kg) were tested at four timepoints, before and after the 12-week specific preparation period, within two successive training years (at year-1: start-1, end-1, at year-2: start-2, end-2). In each time-point were timed in distances of 50, 200 and 400 m front crawl to calculate the critical speed (CS). Subsequently, performed 5x200 m front crawl progressively increasing intensity and the lactate concentration was determined after each repetition. Using the individual speed vs. lactate concentration curve, the speed corresponding to 4 mmolL concentration (V4) and the speed corresponding to lactate threshold (sLT) were calculated.","PeriodicalId":38865,"journal":{"name":"Open Sports Sciences Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"214-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49601689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-31DOI: 10.2174/1875399X01710010179
A. Agostinelli, M. Morettini, A. Sbrollini, E. Maranesi, Lucia Migliorelli, F. Nardo, S. Fioretti, L. Burattini
Background : Scattered analysis of some cross country skiing techniques is present in the literature. Objective : To provide an exhaustive classification and systematic overview of techniques in cross country skiing. Method : This paper classifies six techniques for skate skiing (gliding diagonal skate skiing G1, paddling G2, double dance G3, two skate G4, marathon skate, combiskate G5), four techniques for classical skiing (running diagonal stride RUN DS, diagonal stride DS, double poling kick DK, and double poling DP), five techniques for both skate skiing and classical skiing (herringbone HB, side-stepping G6, low tuck G7, plowing, skidding), and five techniques for steep terrain ski mountaineering. Classification occurs according to degrees of inclination of the terrain, speed ranges, whether the technique is propulsive or for downhill velocity control/turning, frequency of time applied, and literature references. Furthermore, techniques depend on snow conditions, friction, competition, training, wind, positioning within a race, the skier’s expertise, exhaustion level, acceleration, deceleration, etc. Results : Techniques can influence who wins races in cross-country skiing. Reasons for technique changes are provided, exemplified with technique changes through terrains with different inclines. Literature references are given for inclines and speeds for the various techniques. Conclusion : Essential for maturing skiers are the frequency and quality by which the six techniques for skate skiing, four techniques for classical skiing, and five techniques for both styles except mountaineering, are trained, when to use them, how and in which sequence they are introduced, and adequate supplementary training (e.g. crunches for double poling DP). A research program is sketched.
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