ABSTRACT: Within the United States, the current sales and use tax (SUT) system is riddled with complexity, in part because of the lack of coordination between jurisdictions. One vehicle of cooperative state action is the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This study employs an in-depth qualitative analysis of three states to examine the institutional and political influences on a state's decision to adopt legislation conforming to the provisions of this interjurisdictional tax agreement, and the political strategies and tactics used by supporting and opposing interest groups. Relying on interest group theory and institutional theory, case study results indicate that governmental interest groups, rather than businesses, play an important role in the adoption of inter-jurisdictional tax policy changes. The presence of strong institutional entrepreneurs and normative pressures to adopt are also critical. These findings have significant implications for jurisdictions that seek to adopt a consoli...
{"title":"Institutional and Political Antecedents of Interjurisdictional Tax Harmonization: Lessons from Three States","authors":"Amy M. Hageman, D. Schmitt","doi":"10.2308/APIN-50872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-50872","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: Within the United States, the current sales and use tax (SUT) system is riddled with complexity, in part because of the lack of coordination between jurisdictions. One vehicle of cooperative state action is the Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement (SSUTA). This study employs an in-depth qualitative analysis of three states to examine the institutional and political influences on a state's decision to adopt legislation conforming to the provisions of this interjurisdictional tax agreement, and the political strategies and tactics used by supporting and opposing interest groups. Relying on interest group theory and institutional theory, case study results indicate that governmental interest groups, rather than businesses, play an important role in the adoption of inter-jurisdictional tax policy changes. The presence of strong institutional entrepreneurs and normative pressures to adopt are also critical. These findings have significant implications for jurisdictions that seek to adopt a consoli...","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"35 1","pages":"1-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68954192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: This paper uses survival analysis to investigate financial indicators of impending reductions of public services provided by U.S. municipalities. We hypothesize that reductions in public services are positively correlated with revenue risk and debt usage, and negatively correlated with organizational slack and entity resources. We develop and test a model to predict whether a municipality will significantly reduce public services. The model correctly classifies up to 83 percent of the sampled municipalities. The results show that the most important signal of an impending reduction in public services is a high level of intergovernmental revenues relative to total revenues. These results provide important information to citizens, policy-makers, and stakeholders interested in preventing, detecting, and mitigating fiscal conditions that could lead to a reduction in public services. JEL Classifications: H72, H83, M48 Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in this study.
{"title":"The Symptoms and Consequences of Fiscal Distress in Municipalities: An Investigation of Reductions in Public Services","authors":"John M. Trussel, Patricia A. Patrick","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10373","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This paper uses survival analysis to investigate financial indicators of impending reductions of public services provided by U.S. municipalities. We hypothesize that reductions in public services are positively correlated with revenue risk and debt usage, and negatively correlated with organizational slack and entity resources. We develop and test a model to predict whether a municipality will significantly reduce public services. The model correctly classifies up to 83 percent of the sampled municipalities. The results show that the most important signal of an impending reduction in public services is a high level of intergovernmental revenues relative to total revenues. These results provide important information to citizens, policy-makers, and stakeholders interested in preventing, detecting, and mitigating fiscal conditions that could lead to a reduction in public services. JEL Classifications: H72, H83, M48 Data Availability: Data are available from public sources identified in this study.","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"13 1","pages":"151-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68953848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meredith B. Larkin, Richard A. Bernardi, Susan M. Bosco
ABSTRACT: This study examined the association between corporate transparency and ethical orientation of Fortune 500 companies and the number of females represented on the board of directors from the Fortune (2010) annual report data. Our basis for this judgment was whether the firm was listed on either (both) Ethisphere Magazine's “2010 World's Most Ethical Companies” (Ethisphere Magazine 2011) or (and) Corporate Responsibility Magazine's “100 Best Corporate Citizens 2010” (Corporate Responsibility Magazine 2011) list(s). Our results indicated that, as the number of women directors increased, the probability of a corporation appearing on these lists increased. We also found that a “critical mass” of women directors was indicated by the data for Ethisphere Magazine's but not Corporate Responsibility Magazine's list.
{"title":"Does Female Representation on Boards of Directors Associate with Increased Transparency and Ethical Behavior","authors":"Meredith B. Larkin, Richard A. Bernardi, Susan M. Bosco","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10374","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This study examined the association between corporate transparency and ethical orientation of Fortune 500 companies and the number of females represented on the board of directors from the Fortune (2010) annual report data. Our basis for this judgment was whether the firm was listed on either (both) Ethisphere Magazine's “2010 World's Most Ethical Companies” (Ethisphere Magazine 2011) or (and) Corporate Responsibility Magazine's “100 Best Corporate Citizens 2010” (Corporate Responsibility Magazine 2011) list(s). Our results indicated that, as the number of women directors increased, the probability of a corporation appearing on these lists increased. We also found that a “critical mass” of women directors was indicated by the data for Ethisphere Magazine's but not Corporate Responsibility Magazine's list.","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"13 1","pages":"132-150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68953914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: This paper fills some of the theoretical and empirical deficiencies regarding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dimensions in Islamic Banking and Financial Institutions (IBFIs). The firms' CSR initiatives are the key to secure success in modern business and society, and there is a scope to develop a broader understanding of CSR in globally integrated business and financial markets. This paper provides the Islamic perspective of CSR, which is etho-religious based and, thus, more meaningful and intensified. It proposes a CSR framework for IBFIs based on principles of Islamic economics and society. The proposed framework urges IBFIs to engage in community-based banking, work toward the betterment of the poor, ensure the most efficient and socially desirable utilization of financial resources, develop their institutional frameworks, infrastructures, and innovative products to facilitate the wider circulation of wealth and sustainable development in the world. This paper observes that IBFIs have ...
{"title":"Developing a Conceptual Framework to Appraise the Corporate Social Responsibility Performance of Islamic Banking and Finance Institutions","authors":"M. M. Khan","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10375","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This paper fills some of the theoretical and empirical deficiencies regarding Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) dimensions in Islamic Banking and Financial Institutions (IBFIs). The firms' CSR initiatives are the key to secure success in modern business and society, and there is a scope to develop a broader understanding of CSR in globally integrated business and financial markets. This paper provides the Islamic perspective of CSR, which is etho-religious based and, thus, more meaningful and intensified. It proposes a CSR framework for IBFIs based on principles of Islamic economics and society. The proposed framework urges IBFIs to engage in community-based banking, work toward the betterment of the poor, ensure the most efficient and socially desirable utilization of financial resources, develop their institutional frameworks, infrastructures, and innovative products to facilitate the wider circulation of wealth and sustainable development in the world. This paper observes that IBFIs have ...","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"13 1","pages":"191-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68953968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that political action committee (PAC) contributions paid by the accounting profession are indirectly associated with the speech performance of congressional committee members debating issues related to auditor independence during the 107th Congress (2001–2002). The hypothesis is based on the assumption that PAC contributions represent payments for access to lobby legislators and a theory of lobbying as legislative subsidy that predicts legislators who are granted legislative subsidies will increase their participation and effort. Legislative effort is measured as the qualitatively coded speech counts of 126 individual committee members during 17 hearings related to financial auditing held over 21 days by 6 committees of the U.S. House of Representatives. The results indicate a positive association between aggregate PAC contributions paid by the Big 5 and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and anti-regulatory speech counts of House commi...
{"title":"Accounting PAC Contributions and Committee Speech during the 107th U.S. Congress","authors":"Steven W. Thornburg","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10379","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This study tests the hypothesis that political action committee (PAC) contributions paid by the accounting profession are indirectly associated with the speech performance of congressional committee members debating issues related to auditor independence during the 107th Congress (2001–2002). The hypothesis is based on the assumption that PAC contributions represent payments for access to lobby legislators and a theory of lobbying as legislative subsidy that predicts legislators who are granted legislative subsidies will increase their participation and effort. Legislative effort is measured as the qualitatively coded speech counts of 126 individual committee members during 17 hearings related to financial auditing held over 21 days by 6 committees of the U.S. House of Representatives. The results indicate a positive association between aggregate PAC contributions paid by the Big 5 and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and anti-regulatory speech counts of House commi...","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"13 1","pages":"172-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68954020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: This paper reports the findings of a case study conducted to learn about the information, actors, actions, and processes involved in energy-efficiency investment decisions in the social-housing sector. These decisions draw on environmental, social, and economic factors, which are studied from a “triple bottom line” (TBL) accounting perspective. The quantitative methods we use rely on Levels I, II, and III fair-value measures similar to those used in financial accounting. The qualitative methods rely primarily on interviews conducted and transcribed by the researchers. Our main findings show that a pure financial bottom-line approach would not fully indicate the overall desirability of the type of energy-efficiency investment undertaken in this case. By factoring in other quantitative and qualitative outcomes drawn from the research methods applied, a different conclusion may be reached. Data Availability: Available upon request from the authors.
{"title":"Triple Bottom Line Accounting and Energy-Efficiency Retrofits in the Social-Housing Sector: A Case Study","authors":"Kathryn Bewley, T. Schneider","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10359","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: This paper reports the findings of a case study conducted to learn about the information, actors, actions, and processes involved in energy-efficiency investment decisions in the social-housing sector. These decisions draw on environmental, social, and economic factors, which are studied from a “triple bottom line” (TBL) accounting perspective. The quantitative methods we use rely on Levels I, II, and III fair-value measures similar to those used in financial accounting. The qualitative methods rely primarily on interviews conducted and transcribed by the researchers. Our main findings show that a pure financial bottom-line approach would not fully indicate the overall desirability of the type of energy-efficiency investment undertaken in this case. By factoring in other quantitative and qualitative outcomes drawn from the research methods applied, a different conclusion may be reached. Data Availability: Available upon request from the authors.","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"13 1","pages":"105-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68954281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: All states in the U.S. regulate the practice of public accounting. An important part of the regulatory apparatus is the state accountancy board (SAB). SABs implement the laws that govern public accounting. State societies of CPAs (SSCPAs), in contrast, are advocacy mechanisms that can potentially be used by members of the profession to achieve their regulatory objectives. Economic theory raises the possibility that regulatory bodies such as SABs might be captured by the profession that they regulate. We examine the composition of SABs and find that the majority of members are CPAs. A survey of CPA SAB members reveals that nearly one-third of the respondents are past leaders of their SSCPAs. We further find that the percentage of board members who are CPAs and the percentage of our respondents who are past leaders of their SSCPAs are positively associated with the rapidity with which states adopt two important accountancy laws (interstate mobility and the 150-hour education requirement) that can ...
{"title":"Have CPAs Captured State Accountancy Boards","authors":"Gary Colbert, D. Murray","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10342","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: All states in the U.S. regulate the practice of public accounting. An important part of the regulatory apparatus is the state accountancy board (SAB). SABs implement the laws that govern public accounting. State societies of CPAs (SSCPAs), in contrast, are advocacy mechanisms that can potentially be used by members of the profession to achieve their regulatory objectives. Economic theory raises the possibility that regulatory bodies such as SABs might be captured by the profession that they regulate. We examine the composition of SABs and find that the majority of members are CPAs. A survey of CPA SAB members reveals that nearly one-third of the respondents are past leaders of their SSCPAs. We further find that the percentage of board members who are CPAs and the percentage of our respondents who are past leaders of their SSCPAs are positively associated with the rapidity with which states adopt two important accountancy laws (interstate mobility and the 150-hour education requirement) that can ...","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"146 1","pages":"85-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68953586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: In this study of auditor perceptions, we examine sanction severity for a broad array of workplace sanctions, ranging from informal to formal, and stemming from multiple sources (clients, coworkers, audit partners, professional bodies). We also probe perceptions of violation detection, with a specific focus on the individuals most likely to detect a violation (coworker, audit partner, client, professional body). Through detailed examinations, we are able to identify gaps in patterns of sanction severity and sources of detection. While the profession assigns the most severe sanctions, our study suggests auditors believe the violations associated with professional sanctions are more likely to be detected by the client rather than the coworker or the audit partner. We assert that such perceptions could lead to vulnerabilities in the power and effectiveness of professional sanctions.
{"title":"How Auditors Perceive Sanction Severity and the Detection of Violations: Insights into Professional Vulnerabilities","authors":"Marietta Peytcheva, Danielle E. Warren","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10343","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: In this study of auditor perceptions, we examine sanction severity for a broad array of workplace sanctions, ranging from informal to formal, and stemming from multiple sources (clients, coworkers, audit partners, professional bodies). We also probe perceptions of violation detection, with a specific focus on the individuals most likely to detect a violation (coworker, audit partner, client, professional body). Through detailed examinations, we are able to identify gaps in patterns of sanction severity and sources of detection. While the profession assigns the most severe sanctions, our study suggests auditors believe the violations associated with professional sanctions are more likely to be detected by the client rather than the coworker or the audit partner. We assert that such perceptions could lead to vulnerabilities in the power and effectiveness of professional sanctions.","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68954216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT: In this paper, we investigate the relationship between corporate competitive strategy and environmental disclosure in the voluntary channel. Two major competitive strategies, investment in brand image and investment in research and development (RD conversely, companies emphasizing investment in R&D tend to disclose more when their environmental performance is good. When trying to interpret environmental disclosures, stakeholders should be aware of a company's strategy and adjust their assessment of environmental performance accordingly. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the text.
{"title":"Competitive Strategy and Voluntary Environmental Disclosure: Evidence from the Chemical Industry","authors":"Qianhua Ling, Maryanne M. Mowen","doi":"10.2308/APIN-10344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/APIN-10344","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT: In this paper, we investigate the relationship between corporate competitive strategy and environmental disclosure in the voluntary channel. Two major competitive strategies, investment in brand image and investment in research and development (RD conversely, companies emphasizing investment in R&D tend to disclose more when their environmental performance is good. When trying to interpret environmental disclosures, stakeholders should be aware of a company's strategy and adjust their assessment of environmental performance accordingly. Data Availability: Data are available from sources identified in the text.","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"13 1","pages":"55-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2308/APIN-10344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68954236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.2308/1530-9320-12.1.xi
R. Roberts
{"title":"Accounting and the Public Interest Editor's Report","authors":"R. Roberts","doi":"10.2308/1530-9320-12.1.xi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/1530-9320-12.1.xi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38883,"journal":{"name":"Accounting and the Public Interest","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68929625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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