Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2022.2063638
I. Peter
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Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2022.2029235
M. Incagli, L. Gibbons
Introduction As its overarching quest, particle physics seeks to discover the complete set of fundamental components of matter and understand the forces through which they interact. Progress in our understanding, eventually culminating the Standard Model (SM) of fundamental particles, has been driven by increasing the energy available in the Center of Mass of collisions, the Energy Frontier, or through highprecision experiments that typically require large statistics, the Intensity Frontier. While the SM explains an astonishing range of phenomena, fundamental questions remain unanswered by the model: why three generations of quarks and of leptons; does the Higgs sector really provide the mass generation mechanism for quarks and leptons; what keeps the Higgs boson mass small when radiative corrections should drive it large; and many others. Explorations in both particle and nuclear physics at both frontiers strive to address these questions. The Intensity Frontier itself encompasses two complementary strategies: the search for rare or forbidden processes, like Lepton Flavor Violating (LFV) decays, that have highly suppressed rates within the SM but can receive significant rate enhancements in extensions of the SM, or the high-precision measurement of a fundamental quantity in which to search for a discrepancy with the value predicted by the SM. A discrepancy between measurement and prediction can hint at new physics, while agreement can often provide limits on the mass scales of new physics in various models well beyond those directly accessible at the energy frontier. This article addresses an example of the second method, the high-precision measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly, often known as g – 2, which has a long and rich history of theoretical and experimental successes that contributed to the establishment of the SM.
{"title":"The Muon g – 2 Experiment","authors":"M. Incagli, L. Gibbons","doi":"10.1080/10619127.2022.2029235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2022.2029235","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction As its overarching quest, particle physics seeks to discover the complete set of fundamental components of matter and understand the forces through which they interact. Progress in our understanding, eventually culminating the Standard Model (SM) of fundamental particles, has been driven by increasing the energy available in the Center of Mass of collisions, the Energy Frontier, or through highprecision experiments that typically require large statistics, the Intensity Frontier. While the SM explains an astonishing range of phenomena, fundamental questions remain unanswered by the model: why three generations of quarks and of leptons; does the Higgs sector really provide the mass generation mechanism for quarks and leptons; what keeps the Higgs boson mass small when radiative corrections should drive it large; and many others. Explorations in both particle and nuclear physics at both frontiers strive to address these questions. The Intensity Frontier itself encompasses two complementary strategies: the search for rare or forbidden processes, like Lepton Flavor Violating (LFV) decays, that have highly suppressed rates within the SM but can receive significant rate enhancements in extensions of the SM, or the high-precision measurement of a fundamental quantity in which to search for a discrepancy with the value predicted by the SM. A discrepancy between measurement and prediction can hint at new physics, while agreement can often provide limits on the mass scales of new physics in various models well beyond those directly accessible at the energy frontier. This article addresses an example of the second method, the high-precision measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly, often known as g – 2, which has a long and rich history of theoretical and experimental successes that contributed to the establishment of the SM.","PeriodicalId":38978,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Physics News","volume":"89 1","pages":"9 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78408260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-03DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2022.2063627
E. Widmann, C. Amsler, P. Bühler
The EXA 2021 International Conference, organized by the Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), took place online 13–17 September 2021 (Figure 1). EXA is a series of international conferences initiated in 2002, which normally takes place every three years in Vienna. The 2021 vintage was initially scheduled in 2020, but was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic. The conference series focuses on muonic, pionic, kaonic, and antiprotonic atoms and related topics, comprising topics such as
{"title":"International Conference on Exotic Atoms and Related Topics: EXA 2021","authors":"E. Widmann, C. Amsler, P. Bühler","doi":"10.1080/10619127.2022.2063627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2022.2063627","url":null,"abstract":"The EXA 2021 International Conference, organized by the Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), took place online 13–17 September 2021 (Figure 1). EXA is a series of international conferences initiated in 2002, which normally takes place every three years in Vienna. The 2021 vintage was initially scheduled in 2020, but was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic. The conference series focuses on muonic, pionic, kaonic, and antiprotonic atoms and related topics, comprising topics such as","PeriodicalId":38978,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Physics News","volume":"35 1","pages":"33 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88523014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2022.2029230
T. Skwarnicki, Liming Zhang, Zehua Xu
Heavy quarks have been unlocking secrets of hadrons (i.e., strongly interacting particles), for nearly half a century. The discovery of the J/ψ , and of the other members of the charmonium family, solidified the quark model of hadrons [1]. The lower mass charmonium states line up to the mass spectrum, which can be well reproduced in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics as bound states of charmed–anticharmed quarks (cc ). Their large masses reflect mostly heaviness of charmed quarks, while their much smaller mass-differences reflect various radial and orbital-momentum excitations, with the positronium-like fine and hyperfine structures testifying to the fermionic nature of quarks. Their masses are well defined (i.e., they have narrow widths), as their decays proceed via OZI suppressed processes (disjoint quark diagrams) or electromagnetic transitions. Adding beauty to the charm, the bottomonium family bb ( ) was discovered, with even heavier constituent inside [1]. Previously known hadrons, made out of light down (d), up (u), and strange (s) quarks, lined up to more confusing mass patterns, complicated by near equality of masses of different quarks [source of the isospin and of the SU(3) flavor symmetries] and the excitation energies exceeding masses of the constituents, making the light quark mesons (qq ) and baryons qqq ( ) highly relativistic systems. Most of the excited states are wide, as they are quite unstable, decaying via OZI allowed processes, which makes quantitative theoretical description of them more complicated. In the previous decade, + − e e colliders operating with the collision energy near the → + − e e bb threshold (the Belle and the BaBar experiments) dominated the research into heavy quarks, not only b, but also c, produced either promptly or via weak → b c decays. While motivated mostly by searches for new fundamental forces in heavy quark decays mediated by loop diagrams, these machines provided an ample source of hadrons with heavy quarks inside. This led to discoveries of several heavy mesons with properties, which did not fit the expectations for either QQ or Qq states, where = Q c b , and = q u d s , , . Such states are often called exotic hadrons. Most of them were relatively narrow and with masses near heavy meson–meson thresholds, Qq Qq ( )( ). This fueled suggestions that these are loosely bound systems of meson pairs, in analogy with deuteron taken as a bound state of proton and neutron. Such four-quark states are usually referred to as “molecular,” since the binding is often described by exchange of light quarks in form of lowmass qq mesons. Notable examples include the X (3872) state (aka χ (3872)) c1 at the D D 0 *0 threshold, cu cu ( )( ),
近半个世纪以来，重夸克一直在解开强子(即强相互作用粒子)的秘密。J/ψ和粲子族其他成员的发现，巩固了强子的夸克模型[1]。低质量的粲-反粲夸克(cc)的束缚态在非相对论量子力学中可以很好地再现。它们的大质量主要反映了粲夸克的质量，而它们小得多的质量差反映了各种径向和轨道动量激励，正电子样的精细和超精细结构证明了夸克的费米子性质。它们的质量有很好的定义(即，它们的宽度很窄)，因为它们的衰变是通过OZI抑制过程(不相交夸克图)或电磁跃迁进行的。更有魅力的是，发现了底溴族bb()，其内部成分更重[1]。先前已知的强子，由光下(d)，上(u)和奇异(s)夸克组成，排列成更令人困惑的质量模式，由于不同夸克的质量接近相等[同位旋和SU(3)味对称的来源]和激发能超过成分的质量，使得轻夸克介子(qq)和重子qqq()成为高度相对论性系统。大多数激发态是宽的，因为它们非常不稳定，通过OZI允许过程衰减，这使得它们的定量理论描述更加复杂。在过去的十年里，以接近→+−e e bb阈值的碰撞能量运行的+−e e对撞机(Belle和BaBar实验)主导了对重夸克的研究，不仅是b，还有c，它们要么迅速产生，要么通过弱→b c衰变产生。虽然这些机器的动机主要是在环图介导的重夸克衰变中寻找新的基本力，但它们提供了大量内部含有重夸克的强子的来源。这导致了几个重介子的发现，它们的性质不符合QQ或QQ状态的期望，其中= qcb和= quds，，。这种状态通常被称为外来强子。它们大多相对较窄，质量接近重介子-介子阈值，Qq Qq()()。这进一步证实了介子对是松散结合的系统，就像氘核是质子和中子的结合态一样。这样的四夸克状态通常被称为“分子”，因为这种结合通常是通过以低质量qq介子的形式交换轻夸克来描述的。值得注意的例子包括X(3872)状态(aka χ (3872)) c1在dd0 *0阈值处，cu cu ()()，
{"title":"The Multiquark States in LHCb","authors":"T. Skwarnicki, Liming Zhang, Zehua Xu","doi":"10.1080/10619127.2022.2029230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2022.2029230","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy quarks have been unlocking secrets of hadrons (i.e., strongly interacting particles), for nearly half a century. The discovery of the J/ψ , and of the other members of the charmonium family, solidified the quark model of hadrons [1]. The lower mass charmonium states line up to the mass spectrum, which can be well reproduced in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics as bound states of charmed–anticharmed quarks (cc ). Their large masses reflect mostly heaviness of charmed quarks, while their much smaller mass-differences reflect various radial and orbital-momentum excitations, with the positronium-like fine and hyperfine structures testifying to the fermionic nature of quarks. Their masses are well defined (i.e., they have narrow widths), as their decays proceed via OZI suppressed processes (disjoint quark diagrams) or electromagnetic transitions. Adding beauty to the charm, the bottomonium family bb ( ) was discovered, with even heavier constituent inside [1]. Previously known hadrons, made out of light down (d), up (u), and strange (s) quarks, lined up to more confusing mass patterns, complicated by near equality of masses of different quarks [source of the isospin and of the SU(3) flavor symmetries] and the excitation energies exceeding masses of the constituents, making the light quark mesons (qq ) and baryons qqq ( ) highly relativistic systems. Most of the excited states are wide, as they are quite unstable, decaying via OZI allowed processes, which makes quantitative theoretical description of them more complicated. In the previous decade, + − e e colliders operating with the collision energy near the → + − e e bb threshold (the Belle and the BaBar experiments) dominated the research into heavy quarks, not only b, but also c, produced either promptly or via weak → b c decays. While motivated mostly by searches for new fundamental forces in heavy quark decays mediated by loop diagrams, these machines provided an ample source of hadrons with heavy quarks inside. This led to discoveries of several heavy mesons with properties, which did not fit the expectations for either QQ or Qq states, where = Q c b , and = q u d s , , . Such states are often called exotic hadrons. Most of them were relatively narrow and with masses near heavy meson–meson thresholds, Qq Qq ( )( ). This fueled suggestions that these are loosely bound systems of meson pairs, in analogy with deuteron taken as a bound state of proton and neutron. Such four-quark states are usually referred to as “molecular,” since the binding is often described by exchange of light quarks in form of lowmass qq mesons. Notable examples include the X (3872) state (aka χ (3872)) c1 at the D D 0 *0 threshold, cu cu ( )( ),","PeriodicalId":38978,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Physics News","volume":"10 1","pages":"24 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91056473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2022.2029250
Faïçal Azaïez, R. Neveling
In February 2020, everyone all over the world started to become acutely aware of the dangers posed by a new virus sweeping the globe. Yet, still, humanity was naively thinking that this problem would pass, like so many before it, without too much of a disruption to our lives. With reports of the COVID-19 virus detected in numerous countries across the globe in the back of their minds, physicists from all over the world converged on the Arabella Hotel and Spa, located in the beautiful Kogelberg Biosphere close to Cape Town, to start the second Conference on Neutrino and Nuclear Physics (CNNP), hosted by iThemba Laboratories for Accelerator Based Sciences and held from 24 to 28 February 2020. The main objective of the CNNP series is to promote collaboration between scientists from the fields of nuclear, neutrino, astro-, and dark-matter physics. Toward this end, the topics discussed at the conference included nuclear double-beta decays, nuclear structure in connection with neutrino physics, nuclear reactions as probes for weak decays, neutrino–nucleus interaction at low and high energies, supernova models and detection of supernovae neutrinos, solar models and detection of solar neutrinos, direct and indirect dark-matter searches, rare beta decays of nuclei for neutrinomass measurements, neutrino oscillations and matter effects, and new detection technologies. The conference was attended by 91 delegates. The program included presentations by invited speakers, suggested by the International Advisory Committee, as well as contributed talks. Approved presentations from the invited speakers can be accessed via the CNNP2020 YouTube channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/ UCQGnk_Ar_2Cn13UNm1zgdHQ/ videos). Twenty masters and doctoral students studying at South African universities attended the first two days of the conference. A special poster session sponsored by the iThemba LABS SAINTS (Southern African Institute for Nuclear Technology and Sciences) was organized to allow these students, doing research in basic/applied nuclear physics, to exhibit the range of topics in nuclear physics studied at South African universities. From the scientific program it was clear that significant progress was made on many fronts since the inaugural Conference on Neutrino and Nuclear Physics (CNNP2017), which was held in Catania in October 2017. In a crescendo of presentations, recent theoretical advances in the calculation of nuclear matrix elements were shared using effective field theory as well as large-scale shell-model calculations. Not only do these advances impact the potential for extracting the neutrino mass from neutrinoless double-beta decay lifetimes, but it was demonstrated that the expansion of the scope of ab initio theory to global calculations of nuclei can lead to a possible solution of the long-standing g A quenching puzzle. Notable improvements were also reported for neutrinoless double-beta decay lifetime limits, as well as reductions of exclusio
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Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2021.1990680
H. Rothard
CIRIL: 40 Years of Interdisciplinary Research at GANIL Soon after the decision was made in 1975 to construct the Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL) in Caen, Normandy, France, it became clear that in addition to nuclear physics, interdisciplinary research (atomic physics, solid-state and materials science, radiobiology, and chemistry) could benefit from the unique heavy ion beams available. Consequently, the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche avec les Ions Lourds (CIRIL) was established in 1982 [1] and the first experiments were conducted in February 1983 [2]. The buildings are situated close to the GANIL beamlines within the campus Jules Horowitz. CIRIL is the welcoming platform of the Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les MAtériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP). The beam-lines available at the advent of the new millennium were already presented in Nucl. Phys. News [1]; here we focus mainly on available experimental equipments. In 2013, a colloquium held in Caen celebrated 30 years of interdisciplinary research at CIRIL, and the proceedings of this meeting offer an overview of interdisciplinary research with GANIL beams [3]. To date, more than 1,200 publications (about 3,000 different authors) and about 200 related theses point out the importance of interdisciplinary research at GANIL. An important mission of CIRIL is to foster the scientific community by means of numerous French and European networks, currently EMIR&A [4] (a federation of accelerator facilities in France) and RADIATE [5] (research and development with ion beams in Europe). The CIRIL platform has played a major role in networks around the world (PAMIR, NEEDS, EMIR, France hadron, LEIF, ITS LEIF, SPIRIT, RADIATE). Interdisciplinary proposals for experiments are evaluated by the GANIL interdisciplinary Program Advisory Committee (iPAC) organized by CIRIL. Depending on the available beam time to be distributed, iPAC takes place once or twice a year. A fraction of beam time (about 20–30%) is distributed via the EMIR and RADIATE networks after evaluation by their respective committees. CIRIL hosts on average about 70 experiments per year in which more than 150 scientists from national, European, and international scientific communities participate. The need for accelerator facilities worldwide was already discussed in Ref. [6]. During the last five years, human and financial investments (CPER E2S2 20162020 in partnership with GANIL for the renovation of beam-lines) brought significant spinoffs for innovation and research. Table 1 highlights milestones of the development of interdisciplinary research at CIRIL–GANIL.
{"title":"CIRIL: Interdisciplinary Research at GANIL","authors":"H. Rothard","doi":"10.1080/10619127.2021.1990680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2021.1990680","url":null,"abstract":"CIRIL: 40 Years of Interdisciplinary Research at GANIL Soon after the decision was made in 1975 to construct the Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL) in Caen, Normandy, France, it became clear that in addition to nuclear physics, interdisciplinary research (atomic physics, solid-state and materials science, radiobiology, and chemistry) could benefit from the unique heavy ion beams available. Consequently, the Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche avec les Ions Lourds (CIRIL) was established in 1982 [1] and the first experiments were conducted in February 1983 [2]. The buildings are situated close to the GANIL beamlines within the campus Jules Horowitz. CIRIL is the welcoming platform of the Centre de Recherche sur les Ions, les MAtériaux et la Photonique (CIMAP). The beam-lines available at the advent of the new millennium were already presented in Nucl. Phys. News [1]; here we focus mainly on available experimental equipments. In 2013, a colloquium held in Caen celebrated 30 years of interdisciplinary research at CIRIL, and the proceedings of this meeting offer an overview of interdisciplinary research with GANIL beams [3]. To date, more than 1,200 publications (about 3,000 different authors) and about 200 related theses point out the importance of interdisciplinary research at GANIL. An important mission of CIRIL is to foster the scientific community by means of numerous French and European networks, currently EMIR&A [4] (a federation of accelerator facilities in France) and RADIATE [5] (research and development with ion beams in Europe). The CIRIL platform has played a major role in networks around the world (PAMIR, NEEDS, EMIR, France hadron, LEIF, ITS LEIF, SPIRIT, RADIATE). Interdisciplinary proposals for experiments are evaluated by the GANIL interdisciplinary Program Advisory Committee (iPAC) organized by CIRIL. Depending on the available beam time to be distributed, iPAC takes place once or twice a year. A fraction of beam time (about 20–30%) is distributed via the EMIR and RADIATE networks after evaluation by their respective committees. CIRIL hosts on average about 70 experiments per year in which more than 150 scientists from national, European, and international scientific communities participate. The need for accelerator facilities worldwide was already discussed in Ref. [6]. During the last five years, human and financial investments (CPER E2S2 20162020 in partnership with GANIL for the renovation of beam-lines) brought significant spinoffs for innovation and research. Table 1 highlights milestones of the development of interdisciplinary research at CIRIL–GANIL.","PeriodicalId":38978,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Physics News","volume":"1 1","pages":"29 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90051938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10619127.2021.1988471
F. Bellini
Abstract The antiproton was experimentally discovered at the Bevatron, Berkeley, in 1955, earning Segré and Chamberlain the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics. After that, light antinuclei, bound states of antiprotons and antineutrons, have been observed in high-energy interactions in the laboratory from antideuteron to antihelium-4 [1]. In nature, antinuclei are extremely rare objects to be found. The search for antinuclei in space has received considerable attention in recent years, following the suggestion that cosmic antinuclei might be produced in the annihilation or decay of dark matter (DM) particles [2]. Alternatively, “secondary” antinuclei could be produced in ordinary high-energy interactions of primary cosmic rays with the interstellar matter in our galaxy. A precise assessment of the background constituted by secondary antinuclei is pivotal for these searches and for the interpretation of the results. The spectrum of antiprotons observed in cosmic rays is consistent with the hypothesis of secondary production. No evidence of primary antiprotons, antihelium, and antideuterons has been found in the cosmic radiation so far. It is clear that the study of the formation of composite antimatter objects cannot but rely on samples of antimatter produced in the laboratory. Comprehensive measurements of different nuclear (and hypernuclear1) species are necessary to meaningfully constrain formation models and require large data samples to be inspected, as the production of nuclear clusters becomes rarer with increasing mass number. Additional fundamental constraints to the production models are obtained from systematic studies of different particle sources, from proton–proton (pp) to heavy-ion collisions, where the size of the system can be experimentally controlled based on the number of particles (multiplicity) produced in the collision.
{"title":"Light Antinuclei from the Laboratory to the Cosmos","authors":"F. Bellini","doi":"10.1080/10619127.2021.1988471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10619127.2021.1988471","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The antiproton was experimentally discovered at the Bevatron, Berkeley, in 1955, earning Segré and Chamberlain the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics. After that, light antinuclei, bound states of antiprotons and antineutrons, have been observed in high-energy interactions in the laboratory from antideuteron to antihelium-4 [1]. In nature, antinuclei are extremely rare objects to be found. The search for antinuclei in space has received considerable attention in recent years, following the suggestion that cosmic antinuclei might be produced in the annihilation or decay of dark matter (DM) particles [2]. Alternatively, “secondary” antinuclei could be produced in ordinary high-energy interactions of primary cosmic rays with the interstellar matter in our galaxy. A precise assessment of the background constituted by secondary antinuclei is pivotal for these searches and for the interpretation of the results. The spectrum of antiprotons observed in cosmic rays is consistent with the hypothesis of secondary production. No evidence of primary antiprotons, antihelium, and antideuterons has been found in the cosmic radiation so far. It is clear that the study of the formation of composite antimatter objects cannot but rely on samples of antimatter produced in the laboratory. Comprehensive measurements of different nuclear (and hypernuclear1) species are necessary to meaningfully constrain formation models and require large data samples to be inspected, as the production of nuclear clusters becomes rarer with increasing mass number. Additional fundamental constraints to the production models are obtained from systematic studies of different particle sources, from proton–proton (pp) to heavy-ion collisions, where the size of the system can be experimentally controlled based on the number of particles (multiplicity) produced in the collision.","PeriodicalId":38978,"journal":{"name":"Nuclear Physics News","volume":"2 1","pages":"11 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89714821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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