Pub Date : 2017-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00005
Justin Flynn, J. Sumberg
Based on fieldwork in Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda, and Ghana, in the paper we provide new evidence that young people’s engagement with savings groups in Africa is deeply embedded in networks of family and social relations. Savings group members rely on money that is given to them by partners and family members to make savings contributions to the groups, while they also transfer some of their share-outs and loans to family members and friends. This is particularly true for younger members. As such we argue that the socially embedded nature of young people's engagement with savings group needs to be taken into account. The tension between the primary focus on the individual within youth saving programming, and the socially embedded nature of their engagement, has important implications for programme design, implementation and evaluation.
{"title":"Youth savings groups in Africa: they’re a family affair","authors":"Justin Flynn, J. Sumberg","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00005","url":null,"abstract":"Based on fieldwork in Tanzania, Zambia, Uganda, and Ghana, in the paper we provide new evidence that young people’s engagement with savings groups in Africa is deeply embedded in networks of family and social relations. Savings group members rely on money that is given to them by partners and family members to make savings contributions to the groups, while they also transfer some of their share-outs and loans to family members and friends. This is particularly true for younger members. As such we argue that the socially embedded nature of young people's engagement with savings group needs to be taken into account. The tension between the primary focus on the individual within youth saving programming, and the socially embedded nature of their engagement, has important implications for programme design, implementation and evaluation.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"147-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43324963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00037
J. Queralt, Jonathan Fu, M. Romano
Approximately 2 billion adults, just below half of the world’s adult population, are financially excluded. They lack access to formal or semi-formal savings, credit, and insurance services. The vast majority of these adults live a hand-to-mouth existence in the developing world. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development takes a rather unambitious approach to financial inclusion (FI). It recognizes its importance in advancing several sustainable development goals (SDGs), but it does not include it as a stand-alone goal. This paper criticizes this approach and claims that the new agenda has been a missed opportunity to focus efforts on finding ways of meeting the financial needs of the global poor. We analyse three of the main reasons for not including FI as a sustainable goal: namely, the instrumentality argument, the free market argument, and the veil argument.
{"title":"Financial inclusion and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: a missed opportunity","authors":"J. Queralt, Jonathan Fu, M. Romano","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00037","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 2 billion adults, just below half of the world’s adult population, are financially excluded. They lack access to formal or semi-formal savings, credit, and insurance services. The vast majority of these adults live a hand-to-mouth existence in the developing world. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development takes a rather unambitious approach to financial inclusion (FI). It recognizes its importance in advancing several sustainable development goals (SDGs), but it does not include it as a stand-alone goal. This paper criticizes this approach and claims that the new agenda has been a missed opportunity to focus efforts on finding ways of meeting the financial needs of the global poor. We analyse three of the main reasons for not including FI as a sustainable goal: namely, the instrumentality argument, the free market argument, and the veil argument.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"200-211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41734626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00023
Sydney Chikalipah
This paper examines what determines financial sustainability among 324 microfinance institutions (MFI) in 33 sub-Saharan African countries for the period covering 2003 to 2014. Using a well-specified Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique, the empirical results provide strong evidence that return on assets (ROA) is the major determinant of financial sustainability of microfinance institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. This significant finding suggests that MFIs’ ability to generate higher net income from their credit portfolio is the critical factor for achieving financial sustainability. The implication of these findings is that MFIs should implement robust pre-loan screening systems, which can assess the creditworthiness of borrowers. This would undoubtedly contribute to reducing the loan default rates among MFIs operating in the region.
{"title":"Financial sustainability of microfinance institutions in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from GMM estimates","authors":"Sydney Chikalipah","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00023","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines what determines financial sustainability among 324 microfinance institutions (MFI) in 33 sub-Saharan African countries for the period covering 2003 to 2014. Using a well-specified Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation technique, the empirical results provide strong evidence that return on assets (ROA) is the major determinant of financial sustainability of microfinance institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. This significant finding suggests that MFIs’ ability to generate higher net income from their credit portfolio is the critical factor for achieving financial sustainability. The implication of these findings is that MFIs should implement robust pre-loan screening systems, which can assess the creditworthiness of borrowers. This would undoubtedly contribute to reducing the loan default rates among MFIs operating in the region.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"182-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48473099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-3ED
W. Steel
What does ‘microfinance’ really mean in these days of financial inclusion and digital financial services? Is ‘financial inclusion’ simply a rebranding of ‘microfinance’, that is itself a rebranding of ‘microenterprise credit’? In the 1990s, microfinance became recognized as a set of methodologies that can make provision of financial services to the lower-income, ‘unbanked’ population viable and affordable. ‘Banking for the poor’ involved managing the costs and risks that made commercial banks avoid small financial transactions and informal enterprises – largely by passing them on to clients via solidarity groups and by using dynamic incentives such as short repayment periods and gradually increasing loan sizes. Initially, ‘microfinance’ and ‘microfinance institutions’ (MFIs) were virtually synonymous – both implying outside the formal financial system.
{"title":"Guest Editorial: Does ‘microfinance’ mean what it used to?","authors":"W. Steel","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-3ED","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-3ED","url":null,"abstract":"What does ‘microfinance’ really mean in these days of financial inclusion and digital financial services? Is ‘financial inclusion’ simply a rebranding of ‘microfinance’, that is itself a rebranding of ‘microenterprise credit’? In the 1990s, microfinance became recognized as a set of methodologies that can make provision of financial services to the lower-income, ‘unbanked’ population viable and affordable. ‘Banking for the poor’ involved managing the costs and risks that made commercial banks avoid small financial transactions and informal enterprises – largely by passing them on to clients via solidarity groups and by using dynamic incentives such as short repayment periods and gradually increasing loan sizes. Initially, ‘microfinance’ and ‘microfinance institutions’ (MFIs) were virtually synonymous – both implying outside the formal financial system.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"362 3","pages":"145-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-3ED","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41263280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00035
J. Donovan, D. Stoian, Keith Poe
This article draws on four contrasting cases of value chain development (VCD) in Nicaragua to assess approaches and tools used in design and implementation. We interviewed 28 representatives from the international NGOs leading the interventions, the local NGOs that participated in implementation, principal buyers, and cooperatives. Despite the complexity of market systems, results showed a relatively basic approach to VCD, reflected in: 1) reliance on a single tool for design and implementation; 2) expected outcomes based on technical assistance and training for smallholders and cooperatives; 3) local NGOs and cooperatives with key roles in implementation; and 4) limited engagement with other chain actors, service providers, and researchers. We conclude with a call for a broader approach to VCD, based on a combination of tools to account for multiple, context-specific needs of diverse stakeholders, deeper collaboration between key actors within and outside the value chain, and evidence-based reflection an...
{"title":"Value chain development in Nicaragua: prevailing approaches and tools used for design and implementation","authors":"J. Donovan, D. Stoian, Keith Poe","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00035","url":null,"abstract":"This article draws on four contrasting cases of value chain development (VCD) in Nicaragua to assess approaches and tools used in design and implementation. We interviewed 28 representatives from the international NGOs leading the interventions, the local NGOs that participated in implementation, principal buyers, and cooperatives. Despite the complexity of market systems, results showed a relatively basic approach to VCD, reflected in: 1) reliance on a single tool for design and implementation; 2) expected outcomes based on technical assistance and training for smallholders and cooperatives; 3) local NGOs and cooperatives with key roles in implementation; and 4) limited engagement with other chain actors, service providers, and researchers. We conclude with a call for a broader approach to VCD, based on a combination of tools to account for multiple, context-specific needs of diverse stakeholders, deeper collaboration between key actors within and outside the value chain, and evidence-based reflection an...","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"10-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43848081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00027
S. L. Middelberg
Smallholder farmers in Zambia comprise 85 per cent of the farmers’ population. Such farmers are regarded as not creditworthy and furthermore their agricultural productivity could be improved. The aim of this paper is to present recent evidence on value chain financing (VCF) as a framework to increase access to agricultural finance for Zambian smallholder farmers. Such financing will act as an enabler to mechanize and, in turn, might improve productivity. Qualitative data collection techniques were followed to provide the results as presented in three illustrative case studies. Each case study highlights the benefits of financing, using the value chain framework, but also emphasizes certain challenges and risks associated with the approach. The Zambian case is not perfect, but provides recent evidence of how various roleplayers in Zambia’s agricultural sector have applied the VCF framework to coordinate the actions of various chain actors, and by doing so allow smallholders access to finance within the local and country-specific context. Although two of the three VCF programmes have been discontinued, they still provide useful learning points: for instance, commercial banks should assign more resources to manage the VCF products; and the risk should be shared between all the VCF participants.
{"title":"Value chain financing: evidence from Zambia on smallholder access to finance for mechanization","authors":"S. L. Middelberg","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00027","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder farmers in Zambia comprise 85 per cent of the farmers’ population. Such farmers are regarded as not creditworthy and furthermore their agricultural productivity could be improved. The aim of this paper is to present recent evidence on value chain financing (VCF) as a framework to increase access to agricultural finance for Zambian smallholder farmers. Such financing will act as an enabler to mechanize and, in turn, might improve productivity. Qualitative data collection techniques were followed to provide the results as presented in three illustrative case studies. Each case study highlights the benefits of financing, using the value chain framework, but also emphasizes certain challenges and risks associated with the approach. The Zambian case is not perfect, but provides recent evidence of how various roleplayers in Zambia’s agricultural sector have applied the VCF framework to coordinate the actions of various chain actors, and by doing so allow smallholders access to finance within the local and country-specific context. Although two of the three VCF programmes have been discontinued, they still provide useful learning points: for instance, commercial banks should assign more resources to manage the VCF products; and the risk should be shared between all the VCF participants.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"112-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43563245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00028
S. Flores, J. Bastiaensen
In Nicaragua, gender analysis in value chains is usually restricted to a study of men and women as producers or workers within the chain itself. This overlooks many relevant dimensions of gender struggles. We therefore propose a gender analysis in value chains that pays attention to the interrelation of the value chain with intra-household dynamics in microenterprises and the broader community. We apply our approach to two dairy chains, not to compare which is better for women producers but to show the gender complexity in both that needs to be considered in value chain analyses. Based on case studies, we identify gender differentiation overlapping with conflictual-cooperative relations between men and women within the sphere of economic and family relations in the two dairy chains.
{"title":"Household-microenterprise – the missing link in gendered value chain analysis: lessons from an analysis of dairy chains in Nicaragua","authors":"S. Flores, J. Bastiaensen","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00028","url":null,"abstract":"In Nicaragua, gender analysis in value chains is usually restricted to a study of men and women as producers or workers within the chain itself. This overlooks many relevant dimensions of gender struggles. We therefore propose a gender analysis in value chains that pays attention to the interrelation of the value chain with intra-household dynamics in microenterprises and the broader community. We apply our approach to two dairy chains, not to compare which is better for women producers but to show the gender complexity in both that needs to be considered in value chain analyses. Based on case studies, we identify gender differentiation overlapping with conflictual-cooperative relations between men and women within the sphere of economic and family relations in the two dairy chains.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"98-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46045786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1CF
J. Belt, J. Hellin
Improved access by disadvantaged smallholders and other poor people to lucrative agri-food value chains remains one of the most promising options for reducing rural poverty at scale. There is general agreement that the private sector plays a critical role in building value chains with the rural poor; however, debate in EDM and elsewhere has said little about the conditions under which the private sector is willing and able to lead the way in building inclusive value chains. This crossfire brings together two experts, John Belt of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) and Jonathan Hellin of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), to debate the following proposition: Value chains are more likely to include and substantially benefit large numbers of poor producers, and to continue to do so, if they are initiated, financed and managed by private for-profit businesses rather than by donors or NGOs.
{"title":"Crossfire: 'private sector engagement in smallholder value chains'.","authors":"J. Belt, J. Hellin","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1CF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1CF","url":null,"abstract":"Improved access by disadvantaged smallholders and other poor people to lucrative agri-food value chains remains one of the most promising options for reducing rural poverty at scale. There is general agreement that the private sector plays a critical role in building value chains with the rural poor; however, debate in EDM and elsewhere has said little about the conditions under which the private sector is willing and able to lead the way in building inclusive value chains. This crossfire brings together two experts, John Belt of the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) and Jonathan Hellin of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), to debate the following proposition: Value chains are more likely to include and substantially benefit large numbers of poor producers, and to continue to do so, if they are initiated, financed and managed by private for-profit businesses rather than by donors or NGOs.","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"6-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.2017.28-1CF","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45042944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00034
B. Even, J. Donovan
Despite the widespread use of value chain development (VCD) approaches to poverty reduction, there has been limited debate on how VCD is implemented in the field, from the approaches, methods, and tools used, to the investments and partnerships made. The article presents five case studies: tea, dairy, horticulture, cinnamon, and fish in Vietnam. For each case, we conducted interviews with development agencies, producer organizations, and principal buyers. The cases examined how VCD interventions were designed, the role of different stakeholders in the implementation process, and the challenges faced by practitioners and chain actors to achieve impact at scale. Results suggest that VCD interventions tended to focus on supporting smallholder participation in high-value, fast-growing markets, but based on a narrow set of activities, mainly around upgrading smallholder production capacities and establishing producer associations. Overall, collaboration with downstream buyers and service providers was muted an...
{"title":"Value chain development in Vietnam: a look at approaches used and options for improved impact","authors":"B. Even, J. Donovan","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00034","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the widespread use of value chain development (VCD) approaches to poverty reduction, there has been limited debate on how VCD is implemented in the field, from the approaches, methods, and tools used, to the investments and partnerships made. The article presents five case studies: tea, dairy, horticulture, cinnamon, and fish in Vietnam. For each case, we conducted interviews with development agencies, producer organizations, and principal buyers. The cases examined how VCD interventions were designed, the role of different stakeholders in the implementation process, and the challenges faced by practitioners and chain actors to achieve impact at scale. Results suggest that VCD interventions tended to focus on supporting smallholder participation in high-value, fast-growing markets, but based on a narrow set of activities, mainly around upgrading smallholder production capacities and establishing producer associations. Overall, collaboration with downstream buyers and service providers was muted an...","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"28-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44220495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-01DOI: 10.3362/1755-1986.16-00020
Ruerd Ruben
Voluntary commodity standards are widely used to enhance the performance of tropical agro-food chains and to support the welfare and sustainability of smallholder farmers. Different methods and approaches are used to assess the effectiveness and impact of these certification schemes at farm-household, village, cooperative, and regional level. We provide an overview of the results from robust impact studies on coffee, tea, banana, cocoa, and cotton certification programmes. Overall outcomes show rather modest net revenue effects for farmers, small direct income effect for wage workers, and contested sustainability effects. Most impact studies focus on primary sourcing, but devote less attention to changes in trust and governance throughout the value chain. Moreover, implications for gender issues and supply chain trust are not always fully addressed. In order to better understand these somewhat disappointing effects, we discuss different fallacies and drawbacks that affect impact studies concerning commodi...
{"title":"Impact assessment of commodity standards: towards inclusive value chains","authors":"Ruerd Ruben","doi":"10.3362/1755-1986.16-00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00020","url":null,"abstract":"Voluntary commodity standards are widely used to enhance the performance of tropical agro-food chains and to support the welfare and sustainability of smallholder farmers. Different methods and approaches are used to assess the effectiveness and impact of these certification schemes at farm-household, village, cooperative, and regional level. We provide an overview of the results from robust impact studies on coffee, tea, banana, cocoa, and cotton certification programmes. Overall outcomes show rather modest net revenue effects for farmers, small direct income effect for wage workers, and contested sustainability effects. Most impact studies focus on primary sourcing, but devote less attention to changes in trust and governance throughout the value chain. Moreover, implications for gender issues and supply chain trust are not always fully addressed. In order to better understand these somewhat disappointing effects, we discuss different fallacies and drawbacks that affect impact studies concerning commodi...","PeriodicalId":39025,"journal":{"name":"Enterprise Development and Microfinance","volume":"28 1","pages":"82-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3362/1755-1986.16-00020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42281357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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