In order to effectively evaluate the potential benefits and costs of transportation investments, transportation planners need to forecast future vehicle crashes. This study describes an approach to develop and apply a planning-level crash prediction model at the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level for safety benefit estimation associated with planning-level transportation projects. First, different categories of factors from the regional transportation planning model were identified by using geographic information system (GIS) functions. These factors are used to develop a planning-level crash estimation model based on negative binomial regression. Following this, the safety benefits for two transportation planning projects were estimated by applying this model in combination with the transportation planning model from a region-wide perspective. The regression results show that the final zonal crash prediction model (ZCPM) contains vehicle hours traveled as the exposure variable and two predicting variables, the number of low-income households and the number of signalized intersections. The ZCPM shows a reasonable goodness of fit when comparing observed and estimated crashes, and safety benefit estimates for two planning projects in this study appear in general consistent with intuitive expectations. This study indicates that the modeling framework seems a useful approach in estimating future crashes and project safety benefits with certain assumptions, which may fill some gaps in current planning-level project evaluation by explicitly considering future safety. Language: en
{"title":"Estimation of new-capacity projects' safety benefits using transportation planning model and zonal safety planning model","authors":"M. An, Xuedong Yan, C. Casper, W. Wu","doi":"10.4399/97888548728994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548728994","url":null,"abstract":"In order to effectively evaluate the potential benefits and costs of transportation investments, transportation planners need to forecast future vehicle crashes. This study describes an approach to develop and apply a planning-level crash prediction model at the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level for safety benefit estimation associated with planning-level transportation projects. First, different categories of factors from the regional transportation planning model were identified by using geographic information system (GIS) functions. These factors are used to develop a planning-level crash estimation model based on negative binomial regression. Following this, the safety benefits for two transportation planning projects were estimated by applying this model in combination with the transportation planning model from a region-wide perspective. The regression results show that the final zonal crash prediction model (ZCPM) contains vehicle hours traveled as the exposure variable and two predicting variables, the number of low-income households and the number of signalized intersections. The ZCPM shows a reasonable goodness of fit when comparing observed and estimated crashes, and safety benefit estimates for two planning projects in this study appear in general consistent with intuitive expectations. This study indicates that the modeling framework seems a useful approach in estimating future crashes and project safety benefits with certain assumptions, which may fill some gaps in current planning-level project evaluation by explicitly considering future safety. Language: en","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548728994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers, practitioners and local administrators tend to pay poor attention to Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs), thus affecting safety levels. The poor availability of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to increase PTWs safety is evidence of the underestimation of this mode's role, although ITS applications in this field are largely beneficial to increasing road safety. A specific ITS tool to collect PTWs accidents data, tested on 23 sites in Rome, is described. The objective was to have the tested sites ranked according to a series of safety indicators, which describe the road characteristics in the most comprehensive way. Such safety indicators were selected after a review of the scientific literature in this field, focusing on those which resulted the most consistent with the Rome urban environment. The methodology began with a survey of useful ITS to collect data and "feed" the indicators, the selection of the most appropriate ITS tool for the Rome case study, and the process to apply the PTWs' safety indicators within the selected ITS tool's environment, before the test phase. After the test, results stressed that the use of the ITS tool applied could largely improve accuracy in the safety analysis, as it allowed the merging of GIS and GPS-based data in one single processing environment and improvement in the quality of indicators by integrating the accident dynamic parameters, features of road geometry, and vehicle behaviour during the accident. Language: en
{"title":"An application of ITS devices for powered two-wheelers safety analysis: the Rome case study","authors":"Sgarra, P. D. Mascio, M. Corazza, A. Musso","doi":"10.4399/97888548728997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548728997","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers, practitioners and local administrators tend to pay poor attention to Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs), thus affecting safety levels. The poor availability of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) to increase PTWs safety is evidence of the underestimation of this mode's role, although ITS applications in this field are largely beneficial to increasing road safety. A specific ITS tool to collect PTWs accidents data, tested on 23 sites in Rome, is described. The objective was to have the tested sites ranked according to a series of safety indicators, which describe the road characteristics in the most comprehensive way. Such safety indicators were selected after a review of the scientific literature in this field, focusing on those which resulted the most consistent with the Rome urban environment. The methodology began with a survey of useful ITS to collect data and \"feed\" the indicators, the selection of the most appropriate ITS tool for the Rome case study, and the process to apply the PTWs' safety indicators within the selected ITS tool's environment, before the test phase. After the test, results stressed that the use of the ITS tool applied could largely improve accuracy in the safety analysis, as it allowed the merging of GIS and GPS-based data in one single processing environment and improvement in the quality of indicators by integrating the accident dynamic parameters, features of road geometry, and vehicle behaviour during the accident. Language: en","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"85-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548728997","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70746004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2012, the United States Congress passed the H.R. Bill 4348 "Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century", and subsequently signed in to law as part of Title 23 of the United States Code (USC), (2012) by President Obama, also recognized as MAP-21, allocates $105 Billion over 2 years for the continued improvement of the Nation's transportation system. In addition to continuing its requirements for Visualization set forth in the previous Reauthorization of 2005, MAP-21 incorporates two critical elements that set the stage for advancing the use of Driving Simulation in Geometric Highway Design: 1) Performance Management (refocusing Federal transportation funds towards national transportation Goals - i.e. reducing crashes congestion, system reliability, etc.), and 2) Advanced Modeling Technology. Since safety continues to be a leading goal of our nation's transportation efforts and constitutes a critical measure of Performance, the industry stands to gain notable returns by integrating Driving Simulation with Geometric Highway Design. Additionally, Section 1502 of MAP-21 calls for the "Use of Advanced Modeling Technologies" to include 3-dimensional digital modeling that can be used (in part) to "increase safety". To date, most 3D modeling in transportation agencies has been used either for Visualization applications in Public Involvement, or improving efficiencies in Construction. Recent advancements in highway design software now make it easier for engineers to generate 3D models, increasing the availability of 3D project design data for use in driving simulators for project-specific safety evaluations. Finally, MAP-21 provides the opportunity to use driving simulation and human factors as an integral part of Public Participation. So the same data used for simulators in roadway design can be applied in meetings with public stakeholders improving decision efficiencies and public confidence throughout the project development process. There are already examples of this in the United States (FORUM8 (2009)). This paper will explain the convergence of recent Policy, Technology, Processes, and Best Practices that are shaping the direct use of driving simulation within roadway design, discuss barriers to progress, and offer a framework for applied research activities to make this standard practice for optimizing safety during roadway design. Language: en
{"title":"How MAP-21 reauthorization by United States congress advances opportunities for human factors in geometric highway design safety evaluations","authors":"M. Manore","doi":"10.4399/97888548735375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735375","url":null,"abstract":"In 2012, the United States Congress passed the H.R. Bill 4348 \"Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century\", and subsequently signed in to law as part of Title 23 of the United States Code (USC), (2012) by President Obama, also recognized as MAP-21, allocates $105 Billion over 2 years for the continued improvement of the Nation's transportation system. In addition to continuing its requirements for Visualization set forth in the previous Reauthorization of 2005, MAP-21 incorporates two critical elements that set the stage for advancing the use of Driving Simulation in Geometric Highway Design: 1) Performance Management (refocusing Federal transportation funds towards national transportation Goals - i.e. reducing crashes congestion, system reliability, etc.), and 2) Advanced Modeling Technology. Since safety continues to be a leading goal of our nation's transportation efforts and constitutes a critical measure of Performance, the industry stands to gain notable returns by integrating Driving Simulation with Geometric Highway Design. Additionally, Section 1502 of MAP-21 calls for the \"Use of Advanced Modeling Technologies\" to include 3-dimensional digital modeling that can be used (in part) to \"increase safety\". To date, most 3D modeling in transportation agencies has been used either for Visualization applications in Public Involvement, or improving efficiencies in Construction. Recent advancements in highway design software now make it easier for engineers to generate 3D models, increasing the availability of 3D project design data for use in driving simulators for project-specific safety evaluations. Finally, MAP-21 provides the opportunity to use driving simulation and human factors as an integral part of Public Participation. So the same data used for simulators in roadway design can be applied in meetings with public stakeholders improving decision efficiencies and public confidence throughout the project development process. There are already examples of this in the United States (FORUM8 (2009)). This paper will explain the convergence of recent Policy, Technology, Processes, and Best Practices that are shaping the direct use of driving simulation within roadway design, discuss barriers to progress, and offer a framework for applied research activities to make this standard practice for optimizing safety during roadway design. Language: en","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. D. Blasiis, M. D. Prete, C. Guattari, Veraldi, G. Chiatti, F. Palmieri
In the last 20 years the attention of international organizations towards air pollution has been improved, leading to definition of laws and regulations. In order to evaluate strategies and policies, forecasting tools have been adopted by institutions. Mainly, two groups of emission models are available: the former is represented by the static or “standard” models, in which the amount of pollutant is computed as a function of average parameters; the latter is represented by the dynamic models, where the amount of pollutant is computed as a function of instantaneous parameter, such as instantaneous speed or acceleration. The well-known traffic increase of the recent years has significantly changed the actual flow conditions, producing a strong rise of interferences. As this facet affects the operating condition of each vehicle, the use of a standard emission models at high traffic interference can lead to some inaccuracies. In such cases, instantaneous emission models introduce deeper capabilities; essentially, the pollutant prediction is directly tied to the engine vehicle operation point in real-like traffic condition. However, this approach requires a large amount of input data (i.e. video recordings or remote sensing analysis), which are not always available. In order to overtake such a difficulty, the present study is based on an integrated simulation tool. Emissions from road traffic are simulated through a dynamic model, whose input data are obtained by the output of virtual reality simulation. Indeed, the analysis took advantage of the experiments carried out in the vehicle virtual reality laboratory: on typical highway geometry, three different flow conditions have been simulated. Investigations have highlighted the dependence of emission level and fuel consumption on drivers’ behavior. The comparison between a gasoline and a diesel compact passenger car in terms of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption has been also reported. In order to assess the differences between static and instantaneous emission models, a comparative analysis has been carried out.
{"title":"The Effects Of Traffic Flow Conditions On The Pollutants Emissions: A Driving Simulator Study","authors":"M. D. Blasiis, M. D. Prete, C. Guattari, Veraldi, G. Chiatti, F. Palmieri","doi":"10.4399/97888548735377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735377","url":null,"abstract":"In the last 20 years the attention of international organizations towards air pollution has been improved, leading to definition of laws and regulations. In order to evaluate strategies and policies, forecasting tools have been adopted by institutions. Mainly, two groups of emission models are available: the former is represented by the static or “standard” models, in which the amount of pollutant is computed as a function of average parameters; the latter is represented by the dynamic models, where the amount of pollutant is computed as a function of instantaneous parameter, such as instantaneous speed or acceleration. The well-known traffic increase of the recent years has significantly changed the actual flow conditions, producing a strong rise of interferences. As this facet affects the operating condition of each vehicle, the use of a standard emission models at high traffic interference can lead to some inaccuracies. In such cases, instantaneous emission models introduce deeper capabilities; essentially, the pollutant prediction is directly tied to the engine vehicle operation point in real-like traffic condition. However, this approach requires a large amount of input data (i.e. video recordings or remote sensing analysis), which are not always available. In order to overtake such a difficulty, the present study is based on an integrated simulation tool. Emissions from road traffic are simulated through a dynamic model, whose input data are obtained by the output of virtual reality simulation. Indeed, the analysis took advantage of the experiments carried out in the vehicle virtual reality laboratory: on typical highway geometry, three different flow conditions have been simulated. Investigations have highlighted the dependence of emission level and fuel consumption on drivers’ behavior. The comparison between a gasoline and a diesel compact passenger car in terms of pollutant emissions and fuel consumption has been also reported. In order to assess the differences between static and instantaneous emission models, a comparative analysis has been carried out.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"59-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate eye tracking technologies are becoming increasingly affordable to the research community, attracting prolific use of them in studying various types of driver behaviors. This paper presents a refined eye tracking study aimed at isolating out the sources, both stationary and temporal, that cause drivers to turn their visual attentions away from the roadway ahead. The eye tracking datasets were generated by 35 drivers using a dash-mounted eye tracker. Each driver drove through two test routes, Route A and Route B. The routes consisted of different types of roadways (expressways, on/off-ramps, local roads, et cetera.) and each took about 25 minutes to drive through. Tests were done during off-peak periods, in the early afternoon and after dark hours. About 1.5 million image frames with valid fixations, proper speed values, and associated roadway types were analyzed. The samples were grouped by roadway type, driving speed, and visibility. Fixation patterns across the 50 × 50 pixel grid cells corresponding to different sample groups were analyzed to screen out events that have a high likelihood of involving visual distraction. The study is built upon the lead author's previous work presented at the 3rd International Conference of Road Safety and Simulation. It includes significant refinements in grouping criteria by speed. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
{"title":"Isolating Stationary and Temporal Sources of Driver Distraction through Eye Tracking Study","authors":"Wenfen Zhang, Eleftheria Kontou","doi":"10.4399/97888548735449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735449","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate eye tracking technologies are becoming increasingly affordable to the research community, attracting prolific use of them in studying various types of driver behaviors. This paper presents a refined eye tracking study aimed at isolating out the sources, both stationary and temporal, that cause drivers to turn their visual attentions away from the roadway ahead. The eye tracking datasets were generated by 35 drivers using a dash-mounted eye tracker. Each driver drove through two test routes, Route A and Route B. The routes consisted of different types of roadways (expressways, on/off-ramps, local roads, et cetera.) and each took about 25 minutes to drive through. Tests were done during off-peak periods, in the early afternoon and after dark hours. About 1.5 million image frames with valid fixations, proper speed values, and associated roadway types were analyzed. The samples were grouped by roadway type, driving speed, and visibility. Fixation patterns across the 50 × 50 pixel grid cells corresponding to different sample groups were analyzed to screen out events that have a high likelihood of involving visual distraction. The study is built upon the lead author's previous work presented at the 3rd International Conference of Road Safety and Simulation. It includes significant refinements in grouping criteria by speed. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Akinwuntan, R. Chong, G. Daniel, J. Fleming, K. Lokey
Driving simulators are increasingly being used for the evaluation and rehabilitation of fitness-to-drive. However, difficulties with Simulator Adaptation Syndrome (SAS) are commonly reported in the literature. In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between SAS and incongruences between vestibular and visual inputs. Fifteen individuals (age = 61±13 years, 9 females) who developed SAS (SAS+) and 10 individuals (age = 58±13 years, 4 females) who did not develop SAS (SAS-) during two recently completed simulator-based driving studies participated in this study. Participants were each administered the six conditions of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), made to rest for 30 minutes, and then drove four Wii®-based programs. Performance on the six SOT conditions and on the four the Wii®-based driving programs by SAS+ participants were compared to those of the SAS- participants. No participant reported feeling sick during the SOT. Participants in the SAS+ group performed better (p = 0.0053) than those in the SAS- group only on the SOT fifth condition, which required reliance on vestibular input for maintaining balance control. Four participants in the SAS+ versus one in the SAS- group experienced SAS during the Wii®-based driving (chi-square = 4.63, p = .0314). The results of the study suggest that individuals who developed SAS in the driving simulator probably relied more heavily on their vestibular system than individuals who did not develop SAS, and thus performed better when in situations that required significant integration of vestibular input for maintenance of equilibrium. The independent effect of the driving simulator versus the Wii driving game also suggests that specific characteristics of simulator environment immersion also likely played a role in eliciting SAS. Individuals who rely heavily on their vestibular system for balance control may be more prone to developing SAS in virtual environments that provide only minimal vestibular feedback. More studies are needed to better understand SAS and develop more effective strategies to mitigate it.
{"title":"Simulator Adaptation Syndrome (SAS) and the Vestibular System: An Exploratory Study","authors":"A. Akinwuntan, R. Chong, G. Daniel, J. Fleming, K. Lokey","doi":"10.4399/97888548735374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735374","url":null,"abstract":"Driving simulators are increasingly being used for the evaluation and rehabilitation of fitness-to-drive. However, difficulties with Simulator Adaptation Syndrome (SAS) are commonly reported in the literature. In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between SAS and incongruences between vestibular and visual inputs. Fifteen individuals (age = 61±13 years, 9 females) who developed SAS (SAS+) and 10 individuals (age = 58±13 years, 4 females) who did not develop SAS (SAS-) during two recently completed simulator-based driving studies participated in this study. Participants were each administered the six conditions of the Sensory Organization Test (SOT), made to rest for 30 minutes, and then drove four Wii®-based programs. Performance on the six SOT conditions and on the four the Wii®-based driving programs by SAS+ participants were compared to those of the SAS- participants. No participant reported feeling sick during the SOT. Participants in the SAS+ group performed better (p = 0.0053) than those in the SAS- group only on the SOT fifth condition, which required reliance on vestibular input for maintaining balance control. Four participants in the SAS+ versus one in the SAS- group experienced SAS during the Wii®-based driving (chi-square = 4.63, p = .0314). The results of the study suggest that individuals who developed SAS in the driving simulator probably relied more heavily on their vestibular system than individuals who did not develop SAS, and thus performed better when in situations that required significant integration of vestibular input for maintenance of equilibrium. The independent effect of the driving simulator versus the Wii driving game also suggests that specific characteristics of simulator environment immersion also likely played a role in eliciting SAS. Individuals who rely heavily on their vestibular system for balance control may be more prone to developing SAS in virtual environments that provide only minimal vestibular feedback. More studies are needed to better understand SAS and develop more effective strategies to mitigate it.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The likelihood that a car-following driving condition can lead to a rear-end collision is usually assessed through the Time Headway (TH) and Time To Collision (TTC), considered as safety indicators of traffic conditions. The present study computed and compared TH and TTC on the basis of data recorded by means of a traffic control system of an Italian highway. Specifically four measurements sites were investigated for two days and almost 200000 travelling vehicles were collected. About 50% of vehicles were travelling in car-following conditions. The overall objectives of this paper consisted in verifying if, on highways, TH and TTC are independent of each other and, therefore, do not provide the same information on the driver behaviour in car-following situation but could be used for evaluating different conditions. Moreover the effects of different visibility conditions (day or night driving), the type of lead vehicle (passenger car or heavy vehicle) and the type of travelling lane (left or right) on TH and TTC were evaluated in order to increase the knowledge of drivers behavior in car-following conditions. The results demonstrated that TH and TTC provide different information on driver behaviour in carfollowing conditions as they can be considered practically independent of each other. Moreover it was found that shorter THs are used by the following driver during daytime, behind passenger vehicle and driving on the passing lane. On the contrary only few cases with critical TTC values were recorded, demonstrating that TTC is more effective for detecting impending dangerous situations. Language: en
通常通过车头时距(Time车头时距)和碰撞时间(Time to collision, TTC)作为交通状况的安全指标来评估汽车跟随驾驶状态导致追尾的可能性。本研究以意大利高速公路交通控制系统记录的数据为基础，计算并比较了TH和TTC。具体来说，对四个测量点进行了为期两天的调查，收集了近20万辆旅行车辆。约50%的车辆在车辆跟随状态下行驶。本文的总体目标包括验证在高速公路上，TH和TTC是否相互独立，因此，不能提供关于车辆跟随情况下驾驶员行为的相同信息，但可以用于评估不同的条件。此外，还评估了不同能见度条件(白天或夜间驾驶)、领先车辆类型(乘用车或重型车辆)和行驶车道类型(左车道或右车道)对TH和TTC的影响，以增加对车辆跟随条件下驾驶员行为的认识。结果表明，TH和TTC在汽车跟随条件下提供了不同的驾驶员行为信息，因为它们实际上是相互独立的。此外，我们还发现，在白天，在客运车辆后面以及在超车道上行驶时，后面的司机使用的是较短的THs。相反，只有少数具有临界TTC值的案例被记录下来，这表明TTC对于检测即将发生的危险情况更有效。语言:在
{"title":"An empirical study on traffic safety indicators for the analysis of car-following conditions","authors":"F. Bella, A. Calvi, F. D’Amico","doi":"10.4399/97888548735442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735442","url":null,"abstract":"The likelihood that a car-following driving condition can lead to a rear-end collision is usually assessed through the Time Headway (TH) and Time To Collision (TTC), considered as safety indicators of traffic conditions. The present study computed and compared TH and TTC on the basis of data recorded by means of a traffic control system of an Italian highway. Specifically four measurements sites were investigated for two days and almost 200000 travelling vehicles were collected. About 50% of vehicles were travelling in car-following conditions. The overall objectives of this paper consisted in verifying if, on highways, TH and TTC are independent of each other and, therefore, do not provide the same information on the driver behaviour in car-following situation but could be used for evaluating different conditions. Moreover the effects of different visibility conditions (day or night driving), the type of lead vehicle (passenger car or heavy vehicle) and the type of travelling lane (left or right) on TH and TTC were evaluated in order to increase the knowledge of drivers behavior in car-following conditions. The results demonstrated that TH and TTC provide different information on driver behaviour in carfollowing conditions as they can be considered practically independent of each other. Moreover it was found that shorter THs are used by the following driver during daytime, behind passenger vehicle and driving on the passing lane. On the contrary only few cases with critical TTC values were recorded, demonstrating that TTC is more effective for detecting impending dangerous situations. Language: en","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"5-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Billot-Grasset, V. Viallon, E. Amoros, M. Hours
Bicycles are an alternative means of transport, promoted for health benefits. However, cycling is risky. In France the annual incidence of cycling injuries is estimated at 70 per 100,000. Most existing cycling safety studies are based on police data, which is inappropriate to cyclist safety research, being biased as to accident type (single vs. multi-vehicle crash) and recording as much as 10 times fewer cyclists than a road trauma registry for the same geographical area. The present study therefore used a postal survey sent to victims injured while cycling in 2009-2011 and identified in a road trauma registry. The survey sample comprised 1,078 injured cyclists. This article presents the construction of a Typology of Bicycle Crashes. A multifactorial approach is adopted with the Partitioning Around Medoids algorithm. Seventeen crash configurations compose the typology (7 utilitarian trips, 3 leisure rides and 7 sport practices), with 35 variables; the most discriminatory variables were "collide with another road user", "commutes", "practices sport" and "aged 60 and over". Each accident configuration is described by the proportion of its main characteristics in comparison with that in the overall sample. Some other factors, such as “avoids another road user” (10%), "bad weather" (13%), "riding at night" (14%), "off-road ride" (20%) and "slips on the road" (40%), discriminated for collisions with another road user or obstacle. Injury severity in the 17 configurations is explored.
{"title":"Typology of bicycle crashes based on a survey of a thousand injured cyclists from a road trauma registry","authors":"A. Billot-Grasset, V. Viallon, E. Amoros, M. Hours","doi":"10.4399/97888548735373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735373","url":null,"abstract":"Bicycles are an alternative means of transport, promoted for health benefits. However, cycling is risky. In France the annual incidence of cycling injuries is estimated at 70 per 100,000. Most existing cycling safety studies are based on police data, which is inappropriate to cyclist safety research, being biased as to accident type (single vs. multi-vehicle crash) and recording as much as 10 times fewer cyclists than a road trauma registry for the same geographical area. The present study therefore used a postal survey sent to victims injured while cycling in 2009-2011 and identified in a road trauma registry. The survey sample comprised 1,078 injured cyclists. This article presents the construction of a Typology of Bicycle Crashes. A multifactorial approach is adopted with the Partitioning Around Medoids algorithm. Seventeen crash configurations compose the typology (7 utilitarian trips, 3 leisure rides and 7 sport practices), with 35 variables; the most discriminatory variables were \"collide with another road user\", \"commutes\", \"practices sport\" and \"aged 60 and over\". Each accident configuration is described by the proportion of its main characteristics in comparison with that in the overall sample. Some other factors, such as “avoids another road user” (10%), \"bad weather\" (13%), \"riding at night\" (14%), \"off-road ride\" (20%) and \"slips on the road\" (40%), discriminated for collisions with another road user or obstacle. Injury severity in the 17 configurations is explored.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"2 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pedestrians are considered vulnerable road users largely due to their lack of protection. In a collision with a vehicle, pedestrians are always the weakest party and are at a greater risk of injury or death compared with most other road users. In the emirate of Abu Dhabi (AD) UAE, over a period of six years pedestrian crashes represent about 21% of total traffic crashes, which lead to 18% of total severe injuries and 26% of total fatalities. Over the years, several studies have attempted to investigate the external factors that may affect the severity of injuries and fatalities of pedestrians involved in motor vehicle crashes. The majority of these studies have focused on the impact-speed of vehicles and the pedestrian characteristics as main factors. However, relatively few studies have investigated the impact of road and site characteristics on the crash-injury severity of pedestrians while crossing roads. This paper aims to investigate the impact of some external factors such as road and site characteristics on the severity of injuries and fatalities of pedestrian who were involved in vehicle collisions while they were trying to cross roads. The studied road factors are the speed limit, road width (in terms of number of lanes), and road type. In addition, the studied site factors are the crash location, the presence of crosswalk facility, and the surrounding land use type. For this study, the employed data was extracted from AD traffic police database for the last six years (from 2007 to 2012). The medical report of pedestrian crashes classifies the severity into four levels: slight injury, medium injury, severe injury, and fatality. In general, the study shows that there is a significant impact of the studied road and site factors on the crashinjury severity level of pedestrians involved in vehicle collisions. Further it also shows that there is a strong relationship between crash-injury severity level of pedestrians and both the speed limit and road width. Language: en
{"title":"The Impact of Road and Site Characteristics on the Crash-Injury Severity of Pedestrian Crashes","authors":"M. Shawky, A. Garib, Hussain Al-Harthei","doi":"10.4399/97888548735444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735444","url":null,"abstract":"Pedestrians are considered vulnerable road users largely due to their lack of protection. In a collision with a vehicle, pedestrians are always the weakest party and are at a greater risk of injury or death compared with most other road users. In the emirate of Abu Dhabi (AD) UAE, over a period of six years pedestrian crashes represent about 21% of total traffic crashes, which lead to 18% of total severe injuries and 26% of total fatalities. Over the years, several studies have attempted to investigate the external factors that may affect the severity of injuries and fatalities of pedestrians involved in motor vehicle crashes. The majority of these studies have focused on the impact-speed of vehicles and the pedestrian characteristics as main factors. However, relatively few studies have investigated the impact of road and site characteristics on the crash-injury severity of pedestrians while crossing roads. This paper aims to investigate the impact of some external factors such as road and site characteristics on the severity of injuries and fatalities of pedestrian who were involved in vehicle collisions while they were trying to cross roads. The studied road factors are the speed limit, road width (in terms of number of lanes), and road type. In addition, the studied site factors are the crash location, the presence of crosswalk facility, and the surrounding land use type. For this study, the employed data was extracted from AD traffic police database for the last six years (from 2007 to 2012). The medical report of pedestrian crashes classifies the severity into four levels: slight injury, medium injury, severe injury, and fatality. In general, the study shows that there is a significant impact of the studied road and site factors on the crashinjury severity level of pedestrians involved in vehicle collisions. Further it also shows that there is a strong relationship between crash-injury severity level of pedestrians and both the speed limit and road width. Language: en","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735444","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70745808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eftihia G. Nathanail, G. Adamos, Paraskevi Kapetanopoulou, E. Efraimidou
Driver distraction is indicated as one of the most significant causes of road accidents. In literature, among the internal factors causing distraction, the in-vehicle passenger or remote conversation, seems to affect significantly driving performance and behavior, and the relevant measurements on representative variables, such as reaction time, speed, deceleration reactions, time-to-collision and distance from the centerline. This paper aims at investigating the impact of conversing with a fellow passenger on driving performance, depending on the level of conversation, the driver characteristics and the driving conditions. For this purpose, a driving simulator experiment was carried out, in which 42 male and female participants were asked to talk with a fellow passenger while driving on a mountainous rural road during daytime. Driving performance was assessed through three variables, reaction time, speed and distance from the centerline, as affected by drivers’ age, gender and driving experience, under three conversation scenarios: “no conversation”, “simple conversation” and “complex conversation”. Results showed that reaction time, speed and distance from the centerline are significantly affected by conversation, with speed being indicated as the variable mostly affected compared to the other two variables. Regarding drivers’ characteristics, it was indicated that reaction time is significantly affected by age and driving experience, speed is affected by age, gender and driving experience, and, distance from the centerline is affected by age.
{"title":"Does talking with a fellow passenger affect everybody the same? An impact assessment on driving performance and behavior","authors":"Eftihia G. Nathanail, G. Adamos, Paraskevi Kapetanopoulou, E. Efraimidou","doi":"10.4399/97888548735448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4399/97888548735448","url":null,"abstract":"Driver distraction is indicated as one of the most significant causes of road accidents. In literature, among the internal factors causing distraction, the in-vehicle passenger or remote conversation, seems to affect significantly driving performance and behavior, and the relevant measurements on representative variables, such as reaction time, speed, deceleration reactions, time-to-collision and distance from the centerline. This paper aims at investigating the impact of conversing with a fellow passenger on driving performance, depending on the level of conversation, the driver characteristics and the driving conditions. For this purpose, a driving simulator experiment was carried out, in which 42 male and female participants were asked to talk with a fellow passenger while driving on a mountainous rural road during daytime. Driving performance was assessed through three variables, reaction time, speed and distance from the centerline, as affected by drivers’ age, gender and driving experience, under three conversation scenarios: “no conversation”, “simple conversation” and “complex conversation”. Results showed that reaction time, speed and distance from the centerline are significantly affected by conversation, with speed being indicated as the variable mostly affected compared to the other two variables. Regarding drivers’ characteristics, it was indicated that reaction time is significantly affected by age and driving experience, speed is affected by age, gender and driving experience, and, distance from the centerline is affected by age.","PeriodicalId":39032,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Transportation Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4399/97888548735448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70746021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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