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Just Because We Can, Doesn’t Mean We Should: An Argument for Simplicity and Data Privacy With Name Authority Work in the Linked Data Environment 仅仅因为我们可以,并不意味着我们应该:在关联数据环境中,名称授权工作的简单性和数据隐私的争论
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2019.1589684
Amber Billey
Abstract Neutrality is a core tenet of librarianship, although it is widely accepted that cataloging is not a neutral act. In 1876, Charles Ammi Cutter outlined the model for a library catalog. That model remained largely unchanged for over 120 years; however the publication and adoption of Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), and Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) by the international cataloging community in the late 1990s and early 2000s ushered in new models for organizing and describing bibliographic resources. Although the “FRBR Family” of models remains true to Cutter’s guiding principles at their core, they explicitly introduced specific attributes for describing bibliographic entity groups. In particular, FRAD greatly expanded the attributes to record about Persons, and these attributes were codified in the contemporary cataloging standard Resource Description and Access (RDA). As a result, catalogers now capture much more information about people in authority records than ever before. The contribution of all this new additional metadata into authority files has the potential to harm the actual people we are now cataloging by misidentifying or censoring information through cataloger bias or by capturing personally identifying information that could be used against the person. This has great ramifications in the linked data environment when the metadata is reused and can no longer be controlled by the individuals or institutions who created the original data. The risks are too great and we have yet to see the results in our discovery systems to rationalize adding so much personal information about people in library authority records. This paper argues that we should return to a simpler, pre-RDA authority record. However, the likelihood of changing RDA is slim, but we can adjust our cataloging practice to record only the most necessary information in authority records to curb catalog bias and insure personal data privacy for authors and contributors in our authority files.
尽管编目不是一种中立的行为被广泛接受,但中立性是图书馆工作的核心原则。1876年,查尔斯·阿米·卡特概述了图书馆目录的模型。这种模式在120多年里基本没有改变;然而,国际编目界在20世纪90年代末和21世纪初出版并采用了《书目记录功能需求》(FRBR)、《权威数据功能需求》(FRAD)和《主题权威数据功能需求》(FRSAD),开创了组织和描述书目资源的新模式。尽管“FRBR家族”的模型在其核心仍然忠于Cutter的指导原则,但它们明确地为描述书目实体组引入了特定的属性。特别是,FRAD极大地扩展了关于人物的记录属性,并将这些属性编入当代编目标准资源描述与访问(RDA)中。因此,编目人员现在比以往任何时候都能从权威记录中获得更多关于人的信息。所有这些新的附加元数据对权威文件的贡献有可能伤害我们现在正在编目的实际人物,因为编目者的偏见导致错误识别或审查信息,或者通过捕获可能用于对个人不利的个人识别信息。当元数据被重用,并且不能再由创建原始数据的个人或机构控制时,这在链接数据环境中会产生很大的影响。风险太大了,我们还没有看到我们的发现系统的结果,以合理地在图书馆权威记录中添加如此多的个人信息。本文认为,我们应该回到一个更简单的、rda之前的权威记录。然而,改变RDA的可能性很小,但我们可以调整编目实践,在权威记录中只记录最必要的信息,以遏制编目偏见,并确保权威文件中作者和贡献者的个人数据隐私。
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引用次数: 6
Assessing Author Identifiers: Preparing for a Linked Data Approach to Name Authority Control in an Institutional Repository Context 评估作者标识符:为机构存储库环境中名称权限控制的关联数据方法做准备
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2019-03-27 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2019.1590936
Moira Downey
Abstract Linked data solutions for name authority control in digital libraries are an area of growing interest, particularly among institutional repositories (IRs). This article first considers the shift from traditional authority files to author identifiers, highlighting some of the challenges and possibilities. An analysis of author name strings in Duke University's open access repository, DukeSpace, is conducted to identify a suitable source of author URIs for Duke's newly launched repository for research data. Does one of the three prominent international authority sources—Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF), Virtual International Authority File (VIAF), and Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID)—demonstrate the most comprehensive uptake? Finally, recommendations surrounding a technical approach to leveraging author Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) at Duke are briefly considered.
数字图书馆中名称权限控制的关联数据解决方案是一个越来越受关注的领域,特别是在机构存储库(IRs)中。本文首先考虑从传统的权威文件到作者标识符的转变,重点介绍了其中的一些挑战和可能性。对杜克大学开放存取存储库DukeSpace中的作者姓名字符串进行分析,以确定杜克大学新推出的研究数据存储库的作者uri的合适来源。三个著名的国际权威来源——国会图书馆名称权威文件(LCNAF)、虚拟国际权威文件(VIAF)和开放研究人员和贡献者标识符(ORCID)——其中之一是否表现出最全面的吸收?最后,简要讨论了围绕杜克大学利用作者统一资源标识符(Uniform Resource Identifiers, uri)的技术方法的建议。
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引用次数: 5
Unraveling Challenges: Rights Statements in Digital Cultural Heritage Collections 揭示挑战:数字文化遗产收藏中的权利声明
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1540328
Hannah Stitzlein, Myung-Ja K. Han, S. Benson
Abstract Describing copyright for cultural heritage objects in a rights statement can be a complicated undertaking when there is not enough information about the object. Similarly the complexity and misunderstanding of copyright law can lead to erroneous claims of copyright ownership when objects are digitized. These challenges are further compounded by confusingly written and poorly implemented rights information, leaving the user in doubt as to how they may interact with, or reuse a digital object. An audit of rights statements in the Illinois Digital Heritage Hub (IDHH) was performed to determine how standardized rights statements from RightsStatements.org can mitigate some of the issues surrounding information used in the rights field of metadata for digital objects. The audit highlighted common issues found throughout the digital object metadata harvested by the IDHH, which were then analyzed to understand how contributors use and apply the rights field. Possible solutions to these issues are included, such as copyright education and outreach programs that help contributing institutions understand copyright laws and the use of proper rights statements.
在没有足够的文物信息的情况下,在权利声明中描述文物的版权是一项复杂的工作。同样,版权法的复杂性和误解也可能导致在数字化对象时对版权所有权的错误主张。令人困惑的书写和执行不力的权利信息进一步加剧了这些挑战,使用户对如何与数字对象交互或重用产生怀疑。我们对伊利诺伊州数字遗产中心(IDHH)中的权利声明进行了审计,以确定RightsStatements.org中的标准化权利声明如何缓解围绕数字对象元数据权利字段中使用的信息的一些问题。审计突出了IDHH收集的数字对象元数据中发现的常见问题,然后对这些问题进行了分析,以了解贡献者如何使用和应用权利字段。这些问题包括可能的解决方案,如版权教育和外展计划,帮助贡献机构了解版权法和使用适当的权利声明。
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引用次数: 10
Content, Media, and Carrier (336/337/338) Fields in the Public Display 公开显示中的Content, Media, and Carrier(336/337/338)字段
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1549014
L. Romano
Abstract This study seeks to determine if libraries are displaying the content type, media type, carrier type (336/337/338) fields to the public in their library systems and if they are continuing to use (general material designator) GMDs in their records. It also examines how these new fields are labeled, what types of icons are used, and how specific these icons are. The largest 100 libraries in the United States are examined.
摘要本研究旨在确定图书馆是否在其图书馆系统中向公众显示内容类型、媒体类型、载体类型(336/337/338)字段,以及他们是否在其记录中继续使用(一般材料标识)gmd。它还研究了如何标记这些新字段,使用什么类型的图标,以及这些图标有多具体。对美国最大的100家图书馆进行了调查。
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引用次数: 1
Hierarchical Categorization of Big Content Using Concept Topology 基于概念拓扑的大内容分层分类
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1538610
Andrew Yates, Daniel S. Dotson, Stephanie J. Schulte, R. Ramnath
Abstract Methods that are both computationally feasible and practically effective are needed to make sense of big corpuses of content, or “big content.” For example, supervised categorization techniques for open-access academic publishing are ill-suited for automated categorization because they rely on an existing categorization scheme, but no supervised scheme can stay abreast of the rapidly evolving landscape of scholarly work. This problem also applies to any domain with very large document corpuses where no good categorization scheme exists. To address this challenge, we present an unsupervised method to fit a hierarchical categorization scheme to a corpus based on clustering the network of shared concepts in the corpus, or its “concept topology.” Our method potentially applies to any type of content, and it scales to large networks of millions of vertices. We have demonstrated the application of our method to a corpus of 1.5 million scholarly texts representing the majority of open access (OA) academic publications on the web, validating our results using expert librarian annotations. We have made our datasets openly accessible for research by others. We believe that our resulting categorization scheme best represents OA academic publishing as it exists today.
摘要要理解内容的大语料库或“大内容”,需要既在计算上可行又在实践上有效的方法。例如,开放获取学术出版的监督分类技术不适合自动分类,因为它们依赖于现有的分类方案,但是没有监督方案可以跟上学术工作的快速发展。这个问题也适用于任何具有非常大的文档语料库且不存在好的分类方案的领域。为了解决这一挑战,我们提出了一种无监督的方法,基于对语料库中共享概念网络或其“概念拓扑”的聚类,将层次分类方案拟合到语料库中。我们的方法可能适用于任何类型的内容,并且可以扩展到包含数百万个顶点的大型网络。我们已经演示了我们的方法在150万学术文本语料库中的应用,这些文本代表了网络上大多数开放获取(OA)学术出版物,并使用专家图书管理员注释验证了我们的结果。我们已经开放了我们的数据集供其他人研究。我们相信我们的分类方案最能代表开放获取学术出版的现状。
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引用次数: 0
The ZOONIVERSE is Expanding: Crowdsourced Solutions to the Hidden Collections Problem and the Rise of the Revolutionary Cataloging Interface ZOONIVERSE正在扩展:隐藏收藏问题的众包解决方案和革命性编目界面的兴起
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1489449
Samuel T. Barber
Abstract Experimental crowdsourced strategies pertaining to library resource description are becoming increasingly common. This research introduces the term “revolutionary cataloging interface” to describe the characteristics of crowdsourced metadata creation portals: capable of being learned during a 10–15 minute tutorial, requiring little or no previous cataloging experience, yet with demonstrated potential for producing robust and rich metadata with an impressive level of automated quality control. Focusing on a case study of Zooniverse’s Operation War Diary, this paper investigates, explains, and assesses the potential of such innovations to meet successfully the challenges posed by Hidden Collections.
与图书馆资源描述相关的实验性众包策略正变得越来越普遍。本研究引入了术语“革命性的编目界面”来描述众包元数据创建门户的特点:能够在10-15分钟的教程中学习,需要很少或不需要以前的编目经验,但具有产生强大而丰富的元数据的潜力,具有令人印象深刻的自动化质量控制水平。本文以《Zooniverse》的《Operation War Diary》为例,调查、解释并评估了这种创新的潜力,以成功应对《Hidden Collections》所带来的挑战。
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引用次数: 7
Proposed Special Issue: Name Authority Work in the Linked Data Environment 建议的特刊:关联数据环境中的名称授权工作
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1486791
Lampron Patricia, Wacker Melanie
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引用次数: 0
Meaningful Data Sharing: Developing the Illinois Data Bank Metadata Framework 有意义的数据共享:开发伊利诺伊州数据库元数据框架
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1488561
Ayla Stein Kenfield, Elise Dunham
Abstract In Summer 2016, the Illinois Data Bank, the new data repository at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, was launched. This paper will cover the development of the repository’s metadata schema, including the team’s decisions in balancing external and internal stakeholder requirements, finding solutions to challenges both foreseen and not, as well as future plans.
2016年夏天,伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校(University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)的新数据存储库伊利诺伊数据库(Illinois Data Bank)启动。本文将涵盖存储库元数据模式的开发,包括团队在平衡外部和内部涉众需求方面的决策,寻找可预见和不可预见的挑战的解决方案,以及未来的计划。
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引用次数: 3
MAchine Readable Cataloging to MAchine Understandable Data with Distributed Big Data Management 机器可读编目到机器可理解数据与分布式大数据管理
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1461177
K. Sharma, U. Marjit, U. Biswas
ABSTRACT In recent years, the library domain has been using semantic web technologies to enable the data-centric information that can be processed directly by machines. Attempts have been evolved for data transitioning from MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) formats into the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Storing library data in RDF format enhances interlinking and reusing of the resources on the web. Moreover, the machine can interpret library resources meaningfully because of rich source of semantics. Existing approaches rely on the single-node environment but they fail when they meet the large volume of the input data. Some of the bibliographic records in MARC 21 formats are huge in size that traditional data-management tools become incapable during data processing and requires larger storage area. Such data need serious attention by the systems that can perform tasks in parallel. In this article, we propose a distributed approach to convert legacy library data into RDF format using Apache Spark and Hadoop. We describe the process of data conversion from MARC 21 formats for Bibliographic data into RDF and show preliminary reports on the processing speed and storage analysis. The performance of the conversion process is improved in terms of processing time and the storage size.
近年来,图书馆领域一直在使用语义web技术,使以数据为中心的信息可以由机器直接处理。人们已经尝试将数据从机器可读编目(MARC)格式转换为资源描述框架(RDF)。以RDF格式存储库数据增强了web上资源的相互链接和重用。此外,由于丰富的语义来源,机器可以对图书馆资源进行有意义的解释。现有的方法依赖于单节点环境,但当它们满足大量输入数据时就会失败。MARC 21格式的一些书目记录由于规模巨大,传统的数据管理工具在数据处理过程中无法胜任,需要更大的存储面积。这些数据需要能够并行执行任务的系统认真关注。在本文中,我们提出了一种使用Apache Spark和Hadoop将遗留库数据转换为RDF格式的分布式方法。我们描述了将书目数据从MARC 21格式转换为RDF的过程,并给出了处理速度和存储分析的初步报告。转换过程的性能在处理时间和存储大小方面得到了改善。
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引用次数: 2
Abstraction, Concrescence, and Identity in Descriptive Metadata 描述性元数据中的抽象、一致性和同一性
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2018-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/19386389.2018.1461455
Erik Radio
ABSTRACT Descriptive metadata is affected by the challenge of using language that is resilient to semantic transformation over time. Yet, part of this is directly related to a bibliographic rift between abstract and concrete elements. By exploring the materiality of information objects and how descriptive values are subsequently derived, ideological formations and their impact become apparent. An examination of the origins of abstract elements demonstrates their identitarian tendencies and the effect on conceptual organization. Alternatives offered by negative dialectics and critical realism are explored toward a different model of information organization and retrieval.
描述性元数据受到使用具有随时间语义转换弹性的语言的挑战的影响。然而,其中一部分直接与书目中抽象元素和具体元素之间的裂痕有关。通过探索信息对象的物质性以及随后如何衍生出描述性价值,意识形态的形成及其影响变得显而易见。对抽象元素起源的考察表明了它们的同一性倾向和对概念组织的影响。否定辩证法和批判现实主义为信息组织和检索提供了一种不同的模式。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Library Metadata
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