Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.008
Stefan Dollinger
The question of how the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Canadianisms ( DCHP-1 ) fares from a perspective of decolonization is the focus of this chapter. DCHP-1 is assessed from both a 1960s perspective, for which it was quite modern, and a present-day perspective, where it inevitably falls short. Examples from DCHP-1 include outdated proper names, e.g. Inuit Eskimo, and the documentation of the terms Indian -- which occurs in 137 compound constructions, including treaty Indian -- and residential school , which is, in gross ignorance of the facts, not properly defined or linguistically marked. DCHP-1 exhibits at least three kinds of colonial bias, which are illustrated with examples. Charles Crate's correspondence with editorial assistant Joan Hall offers a frank view on the effects of colonization in the remote community of Albert Bay, BC, through the eyes of an untrained, but well-meaning non-Indigenous teacher, as Crate was teaching high school in that village while contributing to the dictionary. The chapter, which can merely start to address the issue of decolonization for DCHP-1 , concludes with preliminary thoughts on any remnant colonial bias in the current, 2017 edition, to be found at www.dchp.ca/dchp2 .
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Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.007
Stefan Dollinger
This chapter deals with the Canadian Dictionary War of the late 1990s and early 2000s, when three excellent desk dictionaries were competing on the small Canadian market. Linguistically, in the 1990s it looked as though Canadian English would be doomed in light of competition from American English. At the same time, however, the global diversification of English and ensuing linguistic awareness had created a market for national dictionaries of English that seemed too attractive to foreign publishers to pass up, triggering a new kind of dictionary war in the Canadian context. A genuine public relations and marketing battle ensued between Oxford University Press, the newcomer, and Gage Ltd, the mainstay in Canada. In the end, unlike the American dictionary war of the mid-1800s between Webster and Worcester, which Webster won, the Canadian Dictionary War saw only losers, as all three dictionaries folded by 2008, raising the bigger question of how smaller nations might enable and support adequate language reference sources. The chapter offers a behind-the-scenes look at what makes and breaks a general desk dictionary and defines, linguistically, the notion of Standard Canadian English.
本章讨论的是20世纪90年代末和21世纪初的加拿大词典之战，当时有三本优秀的台式词典在加拿大的小市场上竞争。从语言学的角度来看，在20世纪90年代，加拿大英语似乎注定要面对美式英语的竞争。然而，与此同时，英语的全球多样化和随之而来的语言意识，为国家英语词典创造了一个市场，这对外国出版商来说似乎太有吸引力了，无法放弃，在加拿大语境中引发了一场新的词典之战。一场真正的公关和营销大战在新来者牛津大学出版社(Oxford University Press)和加拿大主流出版社盖奇有限公司(Gage Ltd)之间展开。最后，与19世纪中期韦伯斯特和伍斯特之间的美国词典之战(最终韦伯斯特获胜)不同，加拿大的词典之战只有输家，到2008年，三本词典都倒闭了，这引发了一个更大的问题:小国如何能够提供和支持足够的语言参考来源。本章提供了一个幕后看看是什么成就和破坏一般的书桌字典和定义，语言学上，标准加拿大英语的概念。
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Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.004
Stefan Dollinger
This chapter addresses the nitty-gritty of dictionary making in the pre-digital era. Focussing on the quotation slip in lexicography, which is an attested use of a target word in context, the chapter explains the problems of editing a dictionary in an era when unique, physical paper files had to be sent back and forth across a vast country. With Avis working in Ontario and the dictionary centre located in British Columbia, and Lovell working early on from Illinois, the Dictionary of Canadian English depended on reliable postal delivery by Canada Post. Quotation slips on First Nations band names from the archives show the amount of documentation that the Dictionary of Canadianisms , the "Canadian OED", required, not without highlighting the challenges of Avis taking over Lovell's data collection and of co-editors working together despite being located in very different places. Based on extant correspondence between Avis, Douglas Leechman, Charles Crate, and Joan Hall, the editorial assistant, the genesis of the defining dictionary of Canadian English is traced in considerable detail. Etymologies of Canuck and beaver stone , the latter going back to Early Modern times, round off this more technical chapter.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.006
Stefan Dollinger
The popularity of the Dictionary of Canadianisms happened as predicted in Canada's centennial year 1967, and, for a few years following, Gage Ltd's investment in the historical dictionary produced returns. However, rather than the promised revisions of the Dictionary of Canadianisms , a cheaper abridged version was produced in 1973, which ultimately failed to garner significant uptake. Other editions were either not produced or priced with discounts not large enough. Changes in focus in the wider field of linguistics, combined with the high price of the dictionary, combined to let the dictionary fall into relative oblivion just a decade after its much-celebrated publication. Douglas Leechman, one of the key contributors to the 1967 edition, moved on in 1968 to become the perhaps most important Canadian consultant for Robert Burchfield's Supplements to the Oxford English Dictionary , so he was unavailable for revising the Dictionary of Canadianisms . The Chomskyan and Labovian schools coming to the fore, the latter with its renewed focus on spoken non-standard language, helps explain the relatively sudden lack of attraction for academic linguists in the Canadian English dictionary work.
《加拿大语词典》的流行正如1967年加拿大一百周年纪念日所预测的那样，在接下来的几年里，盖奇有限公司对这部历史词典的投资产生了回报。然而，与承诺的加拿大语词典修订版相比，1973年出版的是一个更便宜的删节版，最终未能获得广泛认可。其他版本要么没有生产，要么定价折扣不够大。语言学更广泛领域的关注点发生了变化，再加上这本词典的高昂价格，这些因素加在一起，使得这本词典在其备受赞誉的出版仅仅十年后就被相对遗忘了。道格拉斯·利奇曼(Douglas Leechman)是1967年版的主要贡献者之一，1968年，他成为罗伯特·伯奇菲尔德(Robert Burchfield)的《牛津英语词典补编》(Oxford English Dictionary)的最重要的加拿大顾问，所以他无法修改加拿大语词典。乔姆斯基(Chomskyan)和拉博维亚(Labovian)学派的崛起，后者重新关注非标准口语，这有助于解释为什么学术语言学家在加拿大英语词典工作中突然缺乏吸引力。
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Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.002
Stefan Dollinger
This chapter traces the contributions of the two key scholars, Charles Julien Lovell and Walter Spencer Avis, towards the making of Canadian English. Both are either unknown or, at best, opaque figures in today's linguistic circles, yet their contributions have far outlived them. Lovell, the American autodidact with nothing more than a high-school degree to his name, and Avis, Ph.D.-trained linguist and towering figure in Canadian linguistics, had very different levels of formal training, yet shared the same vision, passion, and drive to "create" Canadian English with a series of dictionaries. This series, the "Dictionary of Canadian English" was begun by Lovell and was, after his fatal heart attack at the age of 52, carried on and seen to completion by Avis. The chapter details the early planning stages of the dictionary series, building from the correspondence between Avis and Lovell and others, with special emphasis on A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles , the flagship dictionary. The chapter highlights the women involved in linguistics at the time, such as Helen Munroe, Joan Hall, and Faith Hutchison Avis, who, often if not always in underprivileged roles, played important and often thankless parts in the birthing process of Canadian English.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.003
Stefan Dollinger
This chapter focusses on Avis rescuing the faltering dictionary project after Lovell's unexpected death in 1960, after only two years at the helm of the project. It explores the intellectual background of Avis at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, where he met his future wife Faith Hutchison, who was one of the most educated women in all of Canada at the time. It traces Avis' academic socialization to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he was trained and surrounded by the best linguists and dialectologists of their day. Avis, just like Lovell, died relatively young of a heart attack, and there are a number of further parallels and differences between the two men that are highlighted. Parallels between Avis and Lovell on the one hand and Noah Webster and Henry L. Mencken, the American spokespeople for linguistic autonomy, round off the chapter.
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Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.009
Stefan Dollinger
The final chapter goes beyond the set time frame of 1940-98 and into the present. Analyzing news coverage since the postwar period, in this chapter we identify a recurring Canadian news coverage on Canadian English, presenting the concept of "Canadian English" as either new or weird. In the light of the evidence presented throughout the book, the readers are in the position to decide for themselves whether there is a Canadian English. Canadian intellectuals are shown as often taking a rather negative stance, treating expressions of national identity as more or less akin to national jingoism, which is surprising given their generally international orientation. Attitude data are used to show that a "Canadian way of speaking" is firmly entrenched in the minds of today's Canadian residents, with 80 per cent of Canadians across all age groups positively confirming the concept. This is a radical change from only a generation or two ago, when especially younger Canadians were often sceptical. News coverage has since also seen a shift, being today exclusively positive. Such data should encourage educators to teach about Canadian English expressly, starting in elementary school. Using examples from www.dchp.ca/dchp2 , it is shown that much remains to be explored about Canadian English.
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Pub Date : 2019-06-30DOI: 10.1017/9781108596862.005
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