Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.977
M. Malsagov, G. Ougolnitsky, A. Usov
A two-level dynamical game theoretic model "federal state - universities" in open-loop strategies is built and investigated. A refinement of the electronic learning courses, and their differentiation using modern methods of information technologies made by competing a la Cournot universities (agents) are treated as innovative investments. The algorithms of building Nash (in the non-coalitional game of agents) and Stackelberg (in the hierarchical game of the Principal with the grand coalition of agents) equilibria are proposed and implemented. For the solution of the respective dynamic control problems the Pontryagin maximum principle and simulation modeling are used. A comprehensive analysis of the received results is given.
{"title":"A Differential Stackelberg Game Theoretic Model of the Promotion of Innovations in Universities","authors":"M. Malsagov, G. Ougolnitsky, A. Usov","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.977","url":null,"abstract":"A two-level dynamical game theoretic model \"federal state - universities\" in open-loop strategies is built and investigated. A refinement of the electronic learning courses, and their differentiation using modern methods of information technologies made by competing a la Cournot universities (agents) are treated as innovative investments. The algorithms of building Nash (in the non-coalitional game of agents) and Stackelberg (in the hierarchical game of the Principal with the grand coalition of agents) equilibria are proposed and implemented. For the solution of the respective dynamic control problems the Pontryagin maximum principle and simulation modeling are used. A comprehensive analysis of the received results is given.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"166-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46731446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.931
D. Novikov
The paper presents the view of a control theoretician on the theories of personality and activity, in search of their results necessary for the formulation and solution of control problems for systems with active elements (man). The constructions proposed below can be treated as an “interface” that establishes a correspondence between the approaches and results of personality psychology, control methodology, and control science. The paper is intended for control theoreticians, who may read it for getting initial ideas about the theories of personality and activity as well as about their connection with control of social and organizational-technical systems. In turn, psychologists may observe not only the prospects of using their results in the above-mentioned branches of control theory, but also a number of new challenges.
{"title":"Control, Activity, Personality","authors":"D. Novikov","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.931","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the view of a control theoretician on the theories of personality and activity, in search of their results necessary for the formulation and solution of control problems for systems with active elements (man). The constructions proposed below can be treated as an “interface” that establishes a correspondence between the approaches and results of personality psychology, control methodology, and control science. \u0000The paper is intended for control theoreticians, who may read it for getting initial ideas about the theories of personality and activity as well as about their connection with control of social and organizational-technical systems. In turn, psychologists may observe not only the prospects of using their results in the above-mentioned branches of control theory, but also a number of new challenges.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"113-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46303297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.964
A. Voronin, A. Khoperskov, Inessa I. Isaeva, A. Klikunova
We have developed a model of an integrated hydrological, environmental and socio-economic structure of the floodplain area, which is the subject of strategic control based on the observational data, the results of hydrodynamic and geoinformation modeling. The state assessment of each structural element is determined by the degree of correspondence between the hydrological type and the socio-economic type of the floodplain area. The goal of control is to implement a territorial structure that maximizes the value of the aggregated criterion for a stable state of the system. The control mechanism is a complex of hydraulic engineering projects (multiproject) in various channels in the floodplain area. The simulations results of the implementation of the sustainable development strategy of the environmental and socio-economic system of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain northern part are presented.
{"title":"Control Model of the Floodplain Territories Structure","authors":"A. Voronin, A. Khoperskov, Inessa I. Isaeva, A. Klikunova","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.3.964","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a model of an integrated hydrological, environmental and socio-economic structure of the floodplain area, which is the subject of strategic control based on the observational data, the results of hydrodynamic and geoinformation modeling. The state assessment of each structural element is determined by the degree of correspondence between the hydrological type and the socio-economic type of the floodplain area. The goal of control is to implement a territorial structure that maximizes the value of the aggregated criterion for a stable state of the system. The control mechanism is a complex of hydraulic engineering projects (multiproject) in various channels in the floodplain area. The simulations results of the implementation of the sustainable development strategy of the environmental and socio-economic system of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain northern part are presented.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"153-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44129158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.906
I. Pospelov, S. Radionov
We present a natural generalization of the Dixit-Stiglitz monopolistic competition model (DSM) — we assume that there is a continuum of industries, each of them described as in DSM, and each characterized with its own elasticity of substitution. Although firms in all industries share the same level of productivity and costs, exogenous technological progress leads to non-trivial reallocations of labor and production to industries with lower elasticities of substitution. Thus the model, despite is simplicity and the absence of additional assumptions about industry structure, generates the structural changes described in the economic growth literature.
{"title":"Structural Change in Multisector Monopolistic Competition Model","authors":"I. Pospelov, S. Radionov","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.906","url":null,"abstract":"We present a natural generalization of the Dixit-Stiglitz monopolistic competition model (DSM) — we assume that there is a continuum of industries, each of them described as in DSM, and each characterized with its own elasticity of substitution. Although firms in all industries share the same level of productivity and costs, exogenous technological progress leads to non-trivial reallocations of labor and production to industries with lower elasticities of substitution. Thus the model, despite is simplicity and the absence of additional assumptions about industry structure, generates the structural changes described in the economic growth literature.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"119-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49381109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.892
Y. Mitrishkin, N. Kartsev, A. Konkov, M. Patrov
The plasma magnetic control systems for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) are presented. The systems comprise original engineering solutions for plasma position, current and shape control for the two versions of ITER: ITER-1 and ITER-2, including those designed in V. A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of the RAS. It is noted that in ITER-1 the plasma position and shape were controlled by all PF-coils and robust H∞-controllers, while to decrease peaks of control power for suppressing minor disruptions the additional nonlinear circuit was used without significant changes in displacements of the gaps between the plasma separatrix and the first wall. In ITER-2 the special circuit with a fast voltage rectifier was used for plasma vertical speed stabilization about zero, while for plasma current and shape control the special cascade control systems were designed with and without the control channels decoupling, with robust H∞-controllers and predictive model, and with adaptive stabilization of the plasma vertical position as well. To increase the plasma controllability region in the vertical direction the additional horizontal field coils were introduced into the ITER-2 vacuum vessel and the capabilities of the system with the new circuits to control the plasma vertical position at the noise presence were investigated.
介绍了国际热核实验堆(ITER)的等离子体磁控制系统。这些系统包括两个版本的ITER: ITER-1和ITER-2的等离子体位置、电流和形状控制的原始工程解决方案，包括由RAS的V. A. Trapeznikov控制科学研究所设计的那些。值得注意的是，在ITER-1中，等离子体的位置和形状由所有pf线圈和鲁棒H∞控制器控制，而为了降低控制功率的峰值以抑制轻微的中断，使用了额外的非线性电路，而等离子体分离矩阵和第一壁之间的间隙位移没有明显变化。在ITER-2中，采用带快速电压整流器的特殊电路对等离子体垂直速度进行零左右的稳定，而在等离子体电流和形状控制方面，设计了具有控制通道解耦和不具有控制通道解耦、鲁棒H∞控制器和预测模型以及等离子体垂直位置自适应稳定的特殊串级控制系统。为了增加等离子体在垂直方向上的可控范围，在ITER-2真空容器中引入了额外的水平场线圈，并研究了新电路在存在噪声的情况下对等离子体垂直位置的控制能力。
{"title":"Plasma Control in Tokamaks","authors":"Y. Mitrishkin, N. Kartsev, A. Konkov, M. Patrov","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.892","url":null,"abstract":"The plasma magnetic control systems for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) are presented. The systems comprise original engineering solutions for plasma position, current and shape control for the two versions of ITER: ITER-1 and ITER-2, including those designed in V. A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences of the RAS. It is noted that in ITER-1 the plasma position and shape were controlled by all PF-coils and robust H∞-controllers, while to decrease peaks of control power for suppressing minor disruptions the additional nonlinear circuit was used without significant changes in displacements of the gaps between the plasma separatrix and the first wall. In ITER-2 the special circuit with a fast voltage rectifier was used for plasma vertical speed stabilization about zero, while for plasma current and shape control the special cascade control systems were designed with and without the control channels decoupling, with robust H∞-controllers and predictive model, and with adaptive stabilization of the plasma vertical position as well. To increase the plasma controllability region in the vertical direction the additional horizontal field coils were introduced into the ITER-2 vacuum vessel and the capabilities of the system with the new circuits to control the plasma vertical position at the noise presence were investigated.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"136-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43108512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.910
A. Kuznetsov
The article is devoted to the formalization of the resource allocation problem in the hierarchical social system, where resources are distributed according to the agent's role in the system. We study the application of a proposed mathematical model to the organization of the special purpose communication network. Also, we propose an algorithm of the automatic partitioning of the radio communication system according to the role of nodes. None of the nodes has complete knowledge about the entire communication system, and the initially unknown information about the purpose of nodes is established in the process of the beacons exchange.
{"title":"Allocation of Limited Resources in a System with a Stable Hierarchy (on the Example of the Prospective Military Communications System)","authors":"A. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.910","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the formalization of the resource allocation problem in the hierarchical social system, where resources are distributed according to the agent's role in the system. We study the application of a proposed mathematical model to the organization of the special purpose communication network. Also, we propose an algorithm of the automatic partitioning of the radio communication system according to the role of nodes. None of the nodes has complete knowledge about the entire communication system, and the initially unknown information about the purpose of nodes is established in the process of the beacons exchange.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"131-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45642496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.782
G. Ramorino, S. Cecchel, G. Cornacchia
To optimize the strength design of short-fiber injection molding components, a three-dimensional flow and structural analysis simulations were employed. In particular, these Finite Element Analyses (FEA) were based on orthotropic, linear and elastic models including process-induced residual stresses. Through an appropriate interface, the results of injection molding analysis of 35 wt.% fiber reinforced polyphthalamides (PPA) manifold block used in hot-water fluid engineering application are transferred to the structural analysis software. In particular, Autodesk Moldlfow software was used to predict the fiber orientation and the in-cavity residual stresses considering the flow kinetics and moulding parameters. The Abaqus interface for Moldflow was used to translate this data into a form that can be used for the structural analysis. Experimental tests were carried out on the injection moulded component in order to evaluate the internal burst pressure values. The burst strength of the component was then compared with those predicted by the numerical analysis. The computations are found in good agreement with the experimental results.
{"title":"Effect of Fiber Orientation and Residual Stresses on the Structural Performance of Injection Molded Short-Fiber-Reinforced Components","authors":"G. Ramorino, S. Cecchel, G. Cornacchia","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.782","url":null,"abstract":"To optimize the strength design of short-fiber injection molding components, a three-dimensional flow and structural analysis simulations were employed. In particular, these Finite Element Analyses (FEA) were based on orthotropic, linear and elastic models including process-induced residual stresses. Through an appropriate interface, the results of injection molding analysis of 35 wt.% fiber reinforced polyphthalamides (PPA) manifold block used in hot-water fluid engineering application are transferred to the structural analysis software. In particular, Autodesk Moldlfow software was used to predict the fiber orientation and the in-cavity residual stresses considering the flow kinetics and moulding parameters. The Abaqus interface for Moldflow was used to translate this data into a form that can be used for the structural analysis. Experimental tests were carried out on the injection moulded component in order to evaluate the internal burst pressure values. The burst strength of the component was then compared with those predicted by the numerical analysis. The computations are found in good agreement with the experimental results.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46215479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.821
V. Zakharov, Alexander Mugaiskikh
This paper is devoted to the implementation of the dynamic adaptation procedure for the genetic algorithm used for solving large-scale travelling salesman problem. This procedure serves to obtain more profitable solutions by a fixed operating time. In order to evaluate effectiveness of new approach computational experiments were performed on well-known problem instances from TSPLib library. As a result, generated solutions reduce the length of the routing plans in considered problem instances compare to classical genetic heuristics. By that, we show how to use the property of time inconsistency of heuristics to get better solutions. New criteria for estimating the efficiency of heuristics algorithms called experimental level of time consistency is introduced.
{"title":"Dynamic Adaptation of Genetic Algorithm for Solving Routing Problems on Large Scale Systems","authors":"V. Zakharov, Alexander Mugaiskikh","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.821","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is devoted to the implementation of the dynamic adaptation procedure for the genetic algorithm used for solving large-scale travelling salesman problem. This procedure serves to obtain more profitable solutions by a fixed operating time. In order to evaluate effectiveness of new approach computational experiments were performed on well-known problem instances from TSPLib library. As a result, generated solutions reduce the length of the routing plans in considered problem instances compare to classical genetic heuristics. By that, we show how to use the property of time inconsistency of heuristics to get better solutions. New criteria for estimating the efficiency of heuristics algorithms called experimental level of time consistency is introduced.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"32-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49233636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.899
N. Volkov, Elizaveta Yuryevna Dakhova, S. Budennyy, A. Andrianova
Distribution mixture models are widely used in cluster analysis. Particularly, a mixture of Student t-distributions is mostly applied for robust data clustering. In this paper, we introduce EM algorithm for a mixture of Student distributions, where at the E-step, we apply variational Bayesian inference for parameters estimation. Based on a mixture of Student distributions, a machine learning method is constructed that allows solving regression problems for any set of features, clustering, and anomaly detection within one model. Each of these problems can be solved by the model even if there are missing values in the data. The proposed method was tested on real data describing the PVT properties of reservoir fluids. The results obtained by the model do not contradict the basic physical properties. In majority of conducted experiments our model gives more accurate results than well-known machine learning methods in terms of MAPE and RMSPE metrics.
{"title":"Student Mixture and Its Machine Learning Applications to PVT Properties of Reservoir Fluids","authors":"N. Volkov, Elizaveta Yuryevna Dakhova, S. Budennyy, A. Andrianova","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.899","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution mixture models are widely used in cluster analysis. Particularly, a mixture of Student t-distributions is mostly applied for robust data clustering. In this paper, we introduce EM algorithm for a mixture of Student distributions, where at the E-step, we apply variational Bayesian inference for parameters estimation. Based on a mixture of Student distributions, a machine learning method is constructed that allows solving regression problems for any set of features, clustering, and anomaly detection within one model. Each of these problems can be solved by the model even if there are missing values in the data. The proposed method was tested on real data describing the PVT properties of reservoir fluids. The results obtained by the model do not contradict the basic physical properties. In majority of conducted experiments our model gives more accurate results than well-known machine learning methods in terms of MAPE and RMSPE metrics.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"98-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43124594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-30DOI: 10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.886
A. Chernyaev
Two dynamic models of economic growth with the same balance equation are considered. First, we establish the solution of the Harrod-Domar model with time-dependent coefficient of the capital intensity of income growth. (Previously, the only constant coefficients were considered.) Second, we show that in the Solow model with the Cobb-Douglas production function, the capital intensity of income growth depends on time. Comparing these models, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the setting optimal control problems (maximization of the integral discounted utility function) in the extended the Harrod-Domar model.
{"title":"Comparison of Two Dynamic Models of Economic Growth","authors":"A. Chernyaev","doi":"10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25728/ASSA.2020.20.2.886","url":null,"abstract":"Two dynamic models of economic growth with the same balance equation are considered. First, we establish the solution of the Harrod-Domar model with time-dependent coefficient of the capital intensity of income growth. (Previously, the only constant coefficients were considered.) Second, we show that in the Solow model with the Cobb-Douglas production function, the capital intensity of income growth depends on time. Comparing these models, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the setting optimal control problems (maximization of the integral discounted utility function) in the extended the Harrod-Domar model.","PeriodicalId":39095,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Systems Science and Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"71-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45943127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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