Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080025250-2
Alexander A. Stolyarov
The article deals with the charters from Bengal and Bihar of the early Middle Ages (late 8th – early 13th centuries), which are the research subject of two auxiliary historical disciplines – epigraphy and diplomatics, or legal source studies – at the same time. The concept of a document specification form is given, moreover, the author develops a pattern for recording specific forms of copper-plate grants of North India, categorized by region, starting with the Eastern one, which includes both Bengal and Bihar. The complex of Bengali and Bihar charters of the Pāla era (second half of the 8th – early 13th centuries) is currently the most studied. Two lists have been developed as preconditions for constructing a record scheme for specific forms. List 1 is made up of reference designations for the form’s components, such as invocation (address to a deity), genealogy, place of issue, place of grant, annunciation, date, benedictions, and imprecations. List 2 includes reference designations for the Sanskrit formulae that separate large parts of the specification form and its components. As a result, a pattern for the records of individual forms of 26 Pāla dynasty era copper-plate grants was drawn out. The preliminary conclusions state that the resulting pattern is a kind of a standard model, which allows to evaluate the structure and content of the copper-plate charters given by the leaders who ruled the neighboring regions of Bengal and, most likely, fell under political influence of the Pāla dynasty.
{"title":"Framing the Pattern of the Specification Form of Copper-plate Charters from the Pāla Era Bengal and Bihar","authors":"Alexander A. Stolyarov","doi":"10.31857/s086919080025250-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025250-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the charters from Bengal and Bihar of the early Middle Ages (late 8th – early 13th centuries), which are the research subject of two auxiliary historical disciplines – epigraphy and diplomatics, or legal source studies – at the same time. The concept of a document specification form is given, moreover, the author develops a pattern for recording specific forms of copper-plate grants of North India, categorized by region, starting with the Eastern one, which includes both Bengal and Bihar. The complex of Bengali and Bihar charters of the Pāla era (second half of the 8th – early 13th centuries) is currently the most studied. Two lists have been developed as preconditions for constructing a record scheme for specific forms. List 1 is made up of reference designations for the form’s components, such as invocation (address to a deity), genealogy, place of issue, place of grant, annunciation, date, benedictions, and imprecations. List 2 includes reference designations for the Sanskrit formulae that separate large parts of the specification form and its components. As a result, a pattern for the records of individual forms of 26 Pāla dynasty era copper-plate grants was drawn out. The preliminary conclusions state that the resulting pattern is a kind of a standard model, which allows to evaluate the structure and content of the copper-plate charters given by the leaders who ruled the neighboring regions of Bengal and, most likely, fell under political influence of the Pāla dynasty.","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080025893-9
Aleksei V. Sarabyev
Annotated translation from Arabic of fragment of the treatise “Prayers of the Seven Days” by the medieval Nusayri sheikh al-Makzun al-Sinjari (c. 1188–1240). The introduction provides an overview of the principles of text construction, the basis of the author's approach to the religious weekly cycle, and it describes the problems of the Nusayri heritage study. This hymnographic treatise is built in the form of prayers for each day of the week; it contains the richest symbolism, dogmas, personalities of the Nusayri sacred history, and even internal polemics with opponents. The treatise belongs to the late period of Makzun's work, and his ideas appear in it in a concentrated form. The third of the translated prayers, the Friday prayer, has a powerful polemical charge. It denounces with particular force the internal enemies of this Shiite community, which are spoken of allegorically. An important focus of the prayers was the community spirit of the Nusayris – full of steadfastness in faith. The theme of reason and consciousness, is clearly heard, which makes the problems of these Nusayri prayers related, for example, to the central theme of reason among the Ismailis, another secret confessional community with which the Nusayris were in close contact at different periods of history. Although Makzun's Sufi method includes a passionate comprehension of divine secrets – through love and sensual images, in these later texts of his, the dominant role of reason and prudence is noticeable on the special Islamic path of obedience to God that he adopted.
{"title":"From the Treatise “Prayers of Seven Days” of al-Makzun al-Sinjari","authors":"Aleksei V. Sarabyev","doi":"10.31857/s086919080025893-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025893-9","url":null,"abstract":"Annotated translation from Arabic of fragment of the treatise “Prayers of the Seven Days” by the medieval Nusayri sheikh al-Makzun al-Sinjari (c. 1188–1240). The introduction provides an overview of the principles of text construction, the basis of the author's approach to the religious weekly cycle, and it describes the problems of the Nusayri heritage study. This hymnographic treatise is built in the form of prayers for each day of the week; it contains the richest symbolism, dogmas, personalities of the Nusayri sacred history, and even internal polemics with opponents. The treatise belongs to the late period of Makzun's work, and his ideas appear in it in a concentrated form. The third of the translated prayers, the Friday prayer, has a powerful polemical charge. It denounces with particular force the internal enemies of this Shiite community, which are spoken of allegorically. An important focus of the prayers was the community spirit of the Nusayris – full of steadfastness in faith. The theme of reason and consciousness, is clearly heard, which makes the problems of these Nusayri prayers related, for example, to the central theme of reason among the Ismailis, another secret confessional community with which the Nusayris were in close contact at different periods of history. Although Makzun's Sufi method includes a passionate comprehension of divine secrets – through love and sensual images, in these later texts of his, the dominant role of reason and prudence is noticeable on the special Islamic path of obedience to God that he adopted.","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080025431-1
Nelli K. Semenova
The beginning of the formation of a targeted process of using overseas Chinese port investments was stimulated by the new national policy of openness to the outside world, the strategy of "Going global". Over the past two decades, China's port industry and shipping have developed rapidly due to integration into the world economy, as well as the rapid development of China's own economy and foreign trade. Taking full advantage of the experience and advantages of building ports inland, China is promoting the improvement of port infrastructure in countries along the Maritime Silk Road, which contributes to the development of the port industry and the economy of the hinterland in the host country. At present, China regards the 21st century Maritime Silk Road as a new concept and an important strategy for national development, establishing a new international economic and political order. Forms of cooperation with countries in terms of port construction are diverse and effective. The article provides a periodization of the investment development of foreign port construction by Chinese capital, due to the influence of state policy and development strategies of the PRC. Although the current geographical structure of China's overseas port investment is highly decentralized, it covers the global shipping area and covers strategic maritime regions, straits and bays. The overseas port structure of China is analyzed in the article from the point of view of regional distribution by types of investment projects, the capital ratio of Chinese companies, ways and mechanisms of China's entry into foreign ports.
{"title":"Overseas ports of China: evolution, geography, investment structure.","authors":"Nelli K. Semenova","doi":"10.31857/s086919080025431-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025431-1","url":null,"abstract":"The beginning of the formation of a targeted process of using overseas Chinese port investments was stimulated by the new national policy of openness to the outside world, the strategy of "Going global". Over the past two decades, China's port industry and shipping have developed rapidly due to integration into the world economy, as well as the rapid development of China's own economy and foreign trade. Taking full advantage of the experience and advantages of building ports inland, China is promoting the improvement of port infrastructure in countries along the Maritime Silk Road, which contributes to the development of the port industry and the economy of the hinterland in the host country. At present, China regards the 21st century Maritime Silk Road as a new concept and an important strategy for national development, establishing a new international economic and political order. Forms of cooperation with countries in terms of port construction are diverse and effective. The article provides a periodization of the investment development of foreign port construction by Chinese capital, due to the influence of state policy and development strategies of the PRC. Although the current geographical structure of China's overseas port investment is highly decentralized, it covers the global shipping area and covers strategic maritime regions, straits and bays. The overseas port structure of China is analyzed in the article from the point of view of regional distribution by types of investment projects, the capital ratio of Chinese companies, ways and mechanisms of China's entry into foreign ports.","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080025187-2
Sergius Kuzmin
The article discusses different kinds of falsifications of documents, memoirs and artifacts as one of the sources of making mythologized narratives on the life and activity of Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg (1886–1921), one of well-known warlords during the Civil War in Russia, who restored the independence of Outer Mongolia in the year 1921. Falsifications and hyperbolizations of events became important factors influencing the development of the historiography of Ungern. The most important cause of these falsifications and hyperbolizations was ideologization. Ideological and propagandistic clichés were broadly used by both sides, “red” and “white”, of the confrontation during the Civil War in Russia and the Bolsheviks-aided revolution of 1921 in Mongolia. Studies of documents, memoirs, mass media, scientific and popular publications revealed that these more or less similar labels were introduced into historical discourse mainly as a result of multiyear repetitions of the same ideological clichés. Examples of different kinds of falsifications are given. A number of items of phaleristics connected with the Asiatic Cavalry Division, commanded by R.F. Ungern, are the objects made after this division ceased to exist. Some texts claimed to be documents, related and/or written by R.F. Ungern, which were published in scientific journals, were demonstrated to be fakes. Some of these materials, indicated as documents from Russian state archives, were found to be really absent from these archives. It is concluded that the fact of publication of a document does not mean its authenticity. In some cases a document's published version may also contain falsifications
{"title":"Falsifications as a source of myth-making in the historiography of Baron R.F. Ungern","authors":"Sergius Kuzmin","doi":"10.31857/s086919080025187-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025187-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses different kinds of falsifications of documents, memoirs and artifacts as one of the sources of making mythologized narratives on the life and activity of Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg (1886–1921), one of well-known warlords during the Civil War in Russia, who restored the independence of Outer Mongolia in the year 1921. Falsifications and hyperbolizations of events became important factors influencing the development of the historiography of Ungern. The most important cause of these falsifications and hyperbolizations was ideologization. Ideological and propagandistic clichés were broadly used by both sides, “red” and “white”, of the confrontation during the Civil War in Russia and the Bolsheviks-aided revolution of 1921 in Mongolia. Studies of documents, memoirs, mass media, scientific and popular publications revealed that these more or less similar labels were introduced into historical discourse mainly as a result of multiyear repetitions of the same ideological clichés. Examples of different kinds of falsifications are given. A number of items of phaleristics connected with the Asiatic Cavalry Division, commanded by R.F. Ungern, are the objects made after this division ceased to exist. Some texts claimed to be documents, related and/or written by R.F. Ungern, which were published in scientific journals, were demonstrated to be fakes. Some of these materials, indicated as documents from Russian state archives, were found to be really absent from these archives. It is concluded that the fact of publication of a document does not mean its authenticity. In some cases a document's published version may also contain falsifications","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080027750-2
Anna Voskresenskaya
This article discusses the Franco-Tunisian relations during the "Bizerte crisis" in 1961. The conflict arose when France refused to withdraw from Bizerte, its largest military base in Tunisia, leading to a short but violent armed conflict. The status of the base became a major issue after Tunisia gained independence. The French government, due to its interest in maintaining troops in Tunisia because of the events in Algeria, delayed negotiations for the base's evacuation. Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba strongly opposed this policy, leading to further escalation of the conflict. Through analyzing foreign policy documents, the author examines the changes and priorities in the relations between France and Tunisia in the early 1960s. The article highlights the impact of the crisis on the future development of Franco-Tunisian relations. This publication aims to address the lack of works on this topic in national historiography and provide a comprehensive view of the French-Tunisian relations during the Bizerte crisis.
{"title":"The Bizerte question in Franco-Tunisian relations (1961-1963)","authors":"Anna Voskresenskaya","doi":"10.31857/s086919080027750-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080027750-2","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the Franco-Tunisian relations during the "Bizerte crisis" in 1961. The conflict arose when France refused to withdraw from Bizerte, its largest military base in Tunisia, leading to a short but violent armed conflict. The status of the base became a major issue after Tunisia gained independence. The French government, due to its interest in maintaining troops in Tunisia because of the events in Algeria, delayed negotiations for the base's evacuation. Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba strongly opposed this policy, leading to further escalation of the conflict. Through analyzing foreign policy documents, the author examines the changes and priorities in the relations between France and Tunisia in the early 1960s. The article highlights the impact of the crisis on the future development of Franco-Tunisian relations. This publication aims to address the lack of works on this topic in national historiography and provide a comprehensive view of the French-Tunisian relations during the Bizerte crisis.","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080025186-1
Vitaliy Naumkin
{"title":"[Review of:] Kudelin A.B. The Life of Muḥammad by Ibn Isḥāq – Ibn Hishām as a Monument of Medieval Arabic Literature. Moscow: IWL RAS, 2022, 320 p. ISBN 978-5-9208-0692-5","authors":"Vitaliy Naumkin","doi":"10.31857/s086919080025186-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025186-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.31857/s086919080026568-1
Galina Nelaeva
{"title":"Book review: Nielsen M.B. Britain, Germany and Colonial Violence in South-West Africa, 1884–1919. The Herero and Nama Genocide. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2022, 238 p. ISBN 978-3-030-94560-2","authors":"Galina Nelaeva","doi":"10.31857/s086919080026568-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31857/s086919080026568-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39193,"journal":{"name":"Vostok (Oriens)","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135263134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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