on Japanese industry. Complying with this directive requires evaluating the raw materials, especially plastics, that are used in electrical and electronic equipment. However, few plastic reference materials (RMs) were appropriate for evaluation. In response to industry requests, we undertook rapid development of plastic RMs. First, we considered the development of RMs that were needed. To assign property values to candidate RMs, methods important for the homogeneity evaluation, digestion and determination were developed by various trials and errors. We aimed to register our calibration and measurement capabilities to the key comparison database in order to make our CRMs acceptable worldwide. In this paper we introduce our activities up until now including the distribution of CRMs inside and outside Japan.
{"title":"Development of plastic certified reference materials (CRMs) to cope with restrictions on hazardous substances","authors":"A. Hioki, M. Ohata, S. Matsuyama, S. Kinugasa","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.1_29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.1_29","url":null,"abstract":"on Japanese industry. Complying with this directive requires evaluating the raw materials, especially plastics, that are used in electrical and electronic equipment. However, few plastic reference materials (RMs) were appropriate for evaluation. In response to industry requests, we undertook rapid development of plastic RMs. First, we considered the development of RMs that were needed. To assign property values to candidate RMs, methods important for the homogeneity evaluation, digestion and determination were developed by various trials and errors. We aimed to register our calibration and measurement capabilities to the key comparison database in order to make our CRMs acceptable worldwide. In this paper we introduce our activities up until now including the distribution of CRMs inside and outside Japan.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.1_29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70697010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.3_113
H. Fujiki, Y. Amagai, H. Sasaki
The method that can derive an AC voltage standard with the highest precision is the AC-DC transfer method, in which a thermal AC-DC converter (thermal converter) is used to compare an AC voltage with a DC voltage standard. Therefore, AC-DC transfer standards have been supplied as national AC voltage standards. With respect to the provision of ACDC transfer standards, the AC-DC transfer differences of a thermal converter are calibrated, which correspond to the conversion error from a DC voltage to an AC voltage. In other words, AC standards are provided to calibration laboratories by calibrating their thermal converters. As explained below, however, the conventional thermal converters are designed in a way to achieve the highest possible precision, which causes inherent structural restrictions to make them hard to be handled owing to the vulnerability to overcurrents and impact. As a result, they have not come into widespread adoption among calibration laboratories or in the industrial community. The majority of calibration laboratories and the industrial community carry out calibrations of AC voltage standards by using standard AC voltmeters and AC generators, and therefore they fail to benefit from the biggest advantage of thermal converters, namely stability. Meanwhile the range of AC voltage standards provided by calibration laboratories to the industrial community in Japan has not been sufficient enough because it is difficult to expand the range of AC voltage standards when AC voltmeters or AC generators are used as reference.
{"title":"Development of thin-film multi-junction thermal converters","authors":"H. Fujiki, Y. Amagai, H. Sasaki","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.3_113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.3_113","url":null,"abstract":"The method that can derive an AC voltage standard with the highest precision is the AC-DC transfer method, in which a thermal AC-DC converter (thermal converter) is used to compare an AC voltage with a DC voltage standard. Therefore, AC-DC transfer standards have been supplied as national AC voltage standards. With respect to the provision of ACDC transfer standards, the AC-DC transfer differences of a thermal converter are calibrated, which correspond to the conversion error from a DC voltage to an AC voltage. In other words, AC standards are provided to calibration laboratories by calibrating their thermal converters. As explained below, however, the conventional thermal converters are designed in a way to achieve the highest possible precision, which causes inherent structural restrictions to make them hard to be handled owing to the vulnerability to overcurrents and impact. As a result, they have not come into widespread adoption among calibration laboratories or in the industrial community. The majority of calibration laboratories and the industrial community carry out calibrations of AC voltage standards by using standard AC voltmeters and AC generators, and therefore they fail to benefit from the biggest advantage of thermal converters, namely stability. Meanwhile the range of AC voltage standards provided by calibration laboratories to the industrial community in Japan has not been sufficient enough because it is difficult to expand the range of AC voltage standards when AC voltmeters or AC generators are used as reference.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"113-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.3_113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70696803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_162
T. Ogura, H. Nishiyama, M. Suga, C. Sato
Protein complexes in cells and tissues play critical roles in various physiological functions, including embryogenesis and signal processing. To observe the dynamics of protein complexes, high resolution and high throughput electron microscopy (EM) in aqueous solution is required. However, standard EM requires the sample to be in a vacuum. With ASEM, an inverted scanning electron microscope (SEM) observes the wet sample from beneath an open dish while an optical microscope (OM) observes it from above. The disposable dish with a silicon nitride (SiN) film window can hold a few milliliters of culture medium, allowing various types of cells to be cultured in a stable environment. This system was used for the development of in situ correlative OM/SEM immuno-microscopy in liquid. We observed a dynamic string-like gathering of STIM1 on the endoplasmic reticulum in Jurkat T cells in response to Ca 2+ store depletion. We have also observed filamentous-actin (F-actin) and tubulin in the growth cones of primary-culture neurons as well as in synapses. We monitored in-situ electrochemical reactions in electrolytes, and melting and solidification of solder using ASEM.
{"title":"Development of an in-solution observation method using atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM): — Interdisciplinary research between semiconductor fabrication technology and biological electron microscopy —@@@ー 半導体の超薄膜技術とバイオ顕微鏡の融合研究 ー","authors":"T. Ogura, H. Nishiyama, M. Suga, C. Sato","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_162","url":null,"abstract":"Protein complexes in cells and tissues play critical roles in various physiological functions, including embryogenesis and signal processing. To observe the dynamics of protein complexes, high resolution and high throughput electron microscopy (EM) in aqueous solution is required. However, standard EM requires the sample to be in a vacuum. With ASEM, an inverted scanning electron microscope (SEM) observes the wet sample from beneath an open dish while an optical microscope (OM) observes it from above. The disposable dish with a silicon nitride (SiN) film window can hold a few milliliters of culture medium, allowing various types of cells to be cultured in a stable environment. This system was used for the development of in situ correlative OM/SEM immuno-microscopy in liquid. We observed a dynamic string-like gathering of STIM1 on the endoplasmic reticulum in Jurkat T cells in response to Ca 2+ store depletion. We have also observed filamentous-actin (F-actin) and tubulin in the growth cones of primary-culture neurons as well as in synapses. We monitored in-situ electrochemical reactions in electrolytes, and melting and solidification of solder using ASEM.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"162-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70696910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“NEDO Inside Products” are defined as products or processes using core technologies resulting from NEDO research and development projects. In this study, we analyzed and estimated the benefits of NEDO Inside Products to society, including recent and forecasted product sales, job creation, and CO 2 emission reductions. Our analysis revealed that NEDO Inside Products sales in 2010 amounted to 4.08 trillion yen while projected sales from 2011 to 2020 are estimated to increase to 69.1 trillion yen. Job creation estimates between 2011 and 2020 range from 109 to 185 thousand people per year, and CO 2 emission reductions are estimated to be 53 million tons per year. Furthermore, in-depth and systematic analysis showed that many NEDO Inside Products developed after 1999, including components and manufacturing technologies, are being utilized in the latest electric home appliances, computers, and automotive products. Lastly, we found that NEDO projects have contributed significantly to the establishment of various types of recycling systems, as another example of the extensive benefit to society brought about by NEDO’s research and development projects.
{"title":"Research on social benefits resulting from NEDO projects:— Study of the top 70 NEDO Inside Products —","authors":"Masaru Yamashita, Yoshiko Yurugi, N. Kimura, Sayaka Shishido, Tomonaga Yoshida, Toshiyuki Isshiki, Mitsuru Takeshita","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.2_70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.2_70","url":null,"abstract":"“NEDO Inside Products” are defined as products or processes using core technologies resulting from NEDO research and development projects. In this study, we analyzed and estimated the benefits of NEDO Inside Products to society, including recent and forecasted product sales, job creation, and CO 2 emission reductions. Our analysis revealed that NEDO Inside Products sales in 2010 amounted to 4.08 trillion yen while projected sales from 2011 to 2020 are estimated to increase to 69.1 trillion yen. Job creation estimates between 2011 and 2020 range from 109 to 185 thousand people per year, and CO 2 emission reductions are estimated to be 53 million tons per year. Furthermore, in-depth and systematic analysis showed that many NEDO Inside Products developed after 1999, including components and manufacturing technologies, are being utilized in the latest electric home appliances, computers, and automotive products. Lastly, we found that NEDO projects have contributed significantly to the establishment of various types of recycling systems, as another example of the extensive benefit to society brought about by NEDO’s research and development projects.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"70-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.2_70","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70697060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_187
E. Takahashi, H. Kojima, H. Furutani
Even though cogeneration has a high total energy-utilization efficiency, the practical application of conventional cogeneration is suitable for cases that require a relatively large amount of heat because the proportion of heat obtained from cogeneration is still large. In general, electricity is a preferred product than thermal energy. Therefore, it is important to increase the thermal efficiency for electrical power generation to accelerate the adoption of cogeneration technology.
{"title":"Advanced ignition technology for the achievement of high thermal efficiency of internal combustion engine","authors":"E. Takahashi, H. Kojima, H. Furutani","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.8.4_187","url":null,"abstract":"Even though cogeneration has a high total energy-utilization efficiency, the practical application of conventional cogeneration is suitable for cases that require a relatively large amount of heat because the proportion of heat obtained from cogeneration is still large. In general, electricity is a preferred product than thermal energy. Therefore, it is important to increase the thermal efficiency for electrical power generation to accelerate the adoption of cogeneration technology.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"8 1","pages":"187-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70697085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Open foundries enable us to share cutting-edge equipment with global partners of industry-academia-government collaboration, and to promote interdisciplinary integration and job mobility among research personnel. Foundries have been established in many world-class public organizations, and are widely recognized as one of the most effective measures to spur R&D open-innovation. In this paper, the management strategy of the AIST open foundry, the Nano Processing Facility, is discussed. In this foundry, cooperation with users brings about the integration of R&D achievements and technologies. This paper also presents a scenario for sustainable development of the foundry as an eco-innovative cooperation system.
{"title":"Open foundry to spur open-innovation","authors":"H. Akinaga","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.7.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.7.1","url":null,"abstract":"Open foundries enable us to share cutting-edge equipment with global partners of industry-academia-government collaboration, and to promote interdisciplinary integration and job mobility among research personnel. Foundries have been established in many world-class public organizations, and are widely recognized as one of the most effective measures to spur R&D open-innovation. In this paper, the management strategy of the AIST open foundry, the Nano Processing Facility, is discussed. In this foundry, cooperation with users brings about the integration of R&D achievements and technologies. This paper also presents a scenario for sustainable development of the foundry as an eco-innovative cooperation system.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70695608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although it is extremely diff icult to analyze glycans, fortunately, glycan research has been active in Japan, and many analysis technologies and glycosidase essential for glycomic research were created in Japan. 1) On the other hand, at the beginning of the 21st century, it was thought that structural glycomics would be done well by “mass spectrometry.” While mass spectrometry is highly effective for detailed structural analysis, the disadvantage is that it is very difficult to handle biological samples with this technique. On this point, the glycan profiling technology, which is the subject of this paper, has the possibility of overcoming some of the disadvantages of mass spectrometry. Described in a few words, glycan profiling is to obtain structural characteristics of glycans quickly and easily, and although precise structural identification may not be possible, major characteristics (type of glycan, presence of epitope, 2) degree of branching, degree of glycosylation, etc.), as well as differences or similarities between the compared samples can be shown.
{"title":"Development of lectin microarray, an advanced system for glycan profiling","authors":"J. Hirabayashi","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.7.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.7.105","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is extremely diff icult to analyze glycans, fortunately, glycan research has been active in Japan, and many analysis technologies and glycosidase essential for glycomic research were created in Japan. 1) On the other hand, at the beginning of the 21st century, it was thought that structural glycomics would be done well by “mass spectrometry.” While mass spectrometry is highly effective for detailed structural analysis, the disadvantage is that it is very difficult to handle biological samples with this technique. On this point, the glycan profiling technology, which is the subject of this paper, has the possibility of overcoming some of the disadvantages of mass spectrometry. Described in a few words, glycan profiling is to obtain structural characteristics of glycans quickly and easily, and although precise structural identification may not be possible, major characteristics (type of glycan, presence of epitope, 2) degree of branching, degree of glycosylation, etc.), as well as differences or similarities between the compared samples can be shown.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"105-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70695389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Toma, H. Takizuka, T. Torikai, Hitoshi Suzuki, T. Ogi, Y. Koike
and vertical directions (four times more pixels in total) compared to that of the HD format and an optional double frame rate for fast moving picture smoothness. The 4K format (3840 × 2160 pixels/60 fps/ progressive) requires eight times faster data communication than full high definition video format or over 10Gbps bandwidth. In addition to this, if stereo 3D viewing also becomes popular, the data size would have to be doubled in order to maintain the same image resolution for each viewing. existing Conventional silica multimode optical fibers (Silica MMFs) can be applied, which are widely used for professional data However, being fragile, they are not appropriate for consumer short-reach applications at home interconnect-Higher quality video formats beyond HDTV are being developed, but these formats require data communication rates greater than 10 Gbps, which are not easily adaptable to household applications. Moreover, household usage requires ease of handling, robustness against poor connectivity, and affordable cost. Conventional silica optical fibers are not suitable for applications that involve high-speed, short- range communication, because of their fragility, and difficulty in achieving precise connectivity with a low cost connecting method. We proposed a novel expanded-beam interconnect using a graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI POF) with a glass spherical collimator lens uniquely fabricated by low cost ballpoint-pen technologies at both ends. Our power budget evaluation verified its suitability for consumer applications. Successful validation was then conducted by transmitting 4K-3D uncompressed video content.
{"title":"Development of a household high-definition video transmission system based on ballpoint-pen technology","authors":"T. Toma, H. Takizuka, T. Torikai, Hitoshi Suzuki, T. Ogi, Y. Koike","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.7.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.7.118","url":null,"abstract":"and vertical directions (four times more pixels in total) compared to that of the HD format and an optional double frame rate for fast moving picture smoothness. The 4K format (3840 × 2160 pixels/60 fps/ progressive) requires eight times faster data communication than full high definition video format or over 10Gbps bandwidth. In addition to this, if stereo 3D viewing also becomes popular, the data size would have to be doubled in order to maintain the same image resolution for each viewing. existing Conventional silica multimode optical fibers (Silica MMFs) can be applied, which are widely used for professional data However, being fragile, they are not appropriate for consumer short-reach applications at home interconnect-Higher quality video formats beyond HDTV are being developed, but these formats require data communication rates greater than 10 Gbps, which are not easily adaptable to household applications. Moreover, household usage requires ease of handling, robustness against poor connectivity, and affordable cost. Conventional silica optical fibers are not suitable for applications that involve high-speed, short- range communication, because of their fragility, and difficulty in achieving precise connectivity with a low cost connecting method. We proposed a novel expanded-beam interconnect using a graded-index plastic optical fiber (GI POF) with a glass spherical collimator lens uniquely fabricated by low cost ballpoint-pen technologies at both ends. Our power budget evaluation verified its suitability for consumer applications. Successful validation was then conducted by transmitting 4K-3D uncompressed video content.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"7 1","pages":"118-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70695683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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