Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015025
C. Berg, F. Hedman
Abstract In the field of animal welfare science, the main focus has traditionally been on the risk factors for, and prevention of, animal welfare problems. More recently, the topic of measuring animal welfare at the individual level or at the group level has attracted substantial attention among animal welfare scientists. Furthermore, research into the content and structure of various regulations-including both official legislation and private standards-and their effects on animal welfare outcomes is growing. However, the amount of research related to compliance with animal welfare regulations is still extremely limited. In this review, we aim at illuminating the concept of compliance, how it can be measured within different audit systems, and the scientific challenges encountered when comparing different regulations in terms of compliance. In addition, we analyse and discuss different drivers for compliance, as well as the obstacles and complications in relation to various inspection and follow-up approaches in cases of non-compliance. We conclude that if participation in voluntary private animal welfare schemes is to be used as one of the variables when applying a risk-based approach to official animal welfare control, then the methods of measuring and accounting for compliance within such schemes must be clearly reported.
{"title":"Compliance with animal welfare regulations: drivers and consequences.","authors":"C. Berg, F. Hedman","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 In the field of animal welfare science, the main focus has traditionally been on the risk factors for, and prevention of, animal welfare problems. More recently, the topic of measuring animal welfare at the individual level or at the group level has attracted substantial attention among animal welfare scientists. Furthermore, research into the content and structure of various regulations-including both official legislation and private standards-and their effects on animal welfare outcomes is growing. However, the amount of research related to compliance with animal welfare regulations is still extremely limited. In this review, we aim at illuminating the concept of compliance, how it can be measured within different audit systems, and the scientific challenges encountered when comparing different regulations in terms of compliance. In addition, we analyse and discuss different drivers for compliance, as well as the obstacles and complications in relation to various inspection and follow-up approaches in cases of non-compliance. We conclude that if participation in voluntary private animal welfare schemes is to be used as one of the variables when applying a risk-based approach to official animal welfare control, then the methods of measuring and accounting for compliance within such schemes must be clearly reported.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"26 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78276101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015031
S. Azarpajouh, J. A. C. Díaz, H. Taheri
Abstract Lameness is a major production disease affecting animal welfare and profitability. Although lameness is a prevalent condition in livestock production systems, its identification can be unreliable due to lack of individual animal observation for gait and posture abnormalities and standard evaluation criteria. To prevent financial losses and welfare problems, early and accurate lameness detection and treatment are essential. Visual scoring is the most common method to evaluate lameness, which is time and labor involved and is prone to observer error. Therefore, automated lameness detection methods that do not rely on the human eyes and are not subjective may offer a more accurate lameness identification method. Application of engineering techniques in livestock farming to monitor, model, and manage animal production is called precision livestock farming (PLF). Using PLF, a large amount of data can be collected in short period of time, which can improve lameness prediction accuracy. This review paper will (a) explain engineering advances in PLF; (b) describe lameness and visual and automatic lameness detection; and (c) discuss sensors applied in PLF research.
{"title":"Precision livestock farming: automatic lameness detection in intensive livestock systems.","authors":"S. Azarpajouh, J. A. C. Díaz, H. Taheri","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Lameness is a major production disease affecting animal welfare and profitability. Although lameness is a prevalent condition in livestock production systems, its identification can be unreliable due to lack of individual animal observation for gait and posture abnormalities and standard evaluation criteria. To prevent financial losses and welfare problems, early and accurate lameness detection and treatment are essential. Visual scoring is the most common method to evaluate lameness, which is time and labor involved and is prone to observer error. Therefore, automated lameness detection methods that do not rely on the human eyes and are not subjective may offer a more accurate lameness identification method. Application of engineering techniques in livestock farming to monitor, model, and manage animal production is called precision livestock farming (PLF). Using PLF, a large amount of data can be collected in short period of time, which can improve lameness prediction accuracy. This review paper will (a) explain engineering advances in PLF; (b) describe lameness and visual and automatic lameness detection; and (c) discuss sensors applied in PLF research.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86356811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015037
R. Driesche, R. Winston, J. Duan
Abstract This review is a summary of a new catalog on the use of classical biological control of arthropods in North America since 1985. In this new catalog, we reviewed releases since 1985 of exotic parasitoids and predaceous insects for classical biocontrol of invasive insects in Canada, Mexico, the continental USA, and U.S. overseas areas. Here, we summarize the catalog and extract trends in usage and success. Trends measured included numbers of agents released, numbers established, numbers having a positive impact on the target pests, and numbers of projects initiated, which allow readers to determine if use of this method of insect control has increased, declined, or held steady over the studied period. These trends provide understanding of the social relationship between countries and this form of pest control and how it has changed over time. During this period, there were 208 parasitoid releases (=species × country or overseas U.S. area) compared to 29 for predators. Of these parasitoid releases, 112 (53.8%) resulted in establishment, and 57 (27.4%) controlled the target pest partially or completely. Most releases occurred in the USA, and we calculated trends for parasitoids per 5-year period. From 1985 to 2018, numbers of parasitoids released (counting the continental USA, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Marianna Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands separately) declined per 5-year interval from 52 to 7, an 86.5% reduction. The percentage of newly released parasitoids that established increased from 42 to 71%, a 1.7-fold increase, but the number of newly established parasitoid species that reduced their target pests declined from 73 to 40%. Also, the number of new projects initiated per 5-year period decreased from 31 to 5, an 84% decrease. The percentage of projects reducing their target pests showed no strong trend: 1985-1989, 42% vs. 2010-2014, 60%. Chalcidoids were most effective; of 119 chalcidoid releases, 76 (63.9%) established, and 45 (37.8%) reduced their target pests. Chalcidoids, based on available literature host records, were not more specific than less effective groups, despite the view that higher efficacy would be associated with greater host-specificity. The predominance of chalcidoids is likely due to their frequent use against scales, whiteflies, mealybugs, aphids, and psyllids, which are tightly associated with live plants, tend to be moved frequently internationally, and often become agricultural pests in areas where they are introduced.
{"title":"Classical insect biocontrol in North America, 1985 to 2018: a pest control strategy that is dying out?","authors":"R. Driesche, R. Winston, J. Duan","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This review is a summary of a new catalog on the use of classical biological control of arthropods in North America since 1985. In this new catalog, we reviewed releases since 1985 of exotic parasitoids and predaceous insects for classical biocontrol of invasive insects in Canada, Mexico, the continental USA, and U.S. overseas areas. Here, we summarize the catalog and extract trends in usage and success. Trends measured included numbers of agents released, numbers established, numbers having a positive impact on the target pests, and numbers of projects initiated, which allow readers to determine if use of this method of insect control has increased, declined, or held steady over the studied period. These trends provide understanding of the social relationship between countries and this form of pest control and how it has changed over time. During this period, there were 208 parasitoid releases (=species × country or overseas U.S. area) compared to 29 for predators. Of these parasitoid releases, 112 (53.8%) resulted in establishment, and 57 (27.4%) controlled the target pest partially or completely. Most releases occurred in the USA, and we calculated trends for parasitoids per 5-year period. From 1985 to 2018, numbers of parasitoids released (counting the continental USA, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Marianna Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands separately) declined per 5-year interval from 52 to 7, an 86.5% reduction. The percentage of newly released parasitoids that established increased from 42 to 71%, a 1.7-fold increase, but the number of newly established parasitoid species that reduced their target pests declined from 73 to 40%. Also, the number of new projects initiated per 5-year period decreased from 31 to 5, an 84% decrease. The percentage of projects reducing their target pests showed no strong trend: 1985-1989, 42% vs. 2010-2014, 60%. Chalcidoids were most effective; of 119 chalcidoid releases, 76 (63.9%) established, and 45 (37.8%) reduced their target pests. Chalcidoids, based on available literature host records, were not more specific than less effective groups, despite the view that higher efficacy would be associated with greater host-specificity. The predominance of chalcidoids is likely due to their frequent use against scales, whiteflies, mealybugs, aphids, and psyllids, which are tightly associated with live plants, tend to be moved frequently internationally, and often become agricultural pests in areas where they are introduced.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82054963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015029
S. Hendriks, S. Babu, S. Haggblade, E. Mkandawire
Abstract There is increased interest and awareness in country and among donors of the importance of evidence-based policy change in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. While much is known about the technical and programmatic elements necessary to end hunger and undernutrition (including micronutrient deficiencies), far less is known about how to initiate policy discussion and overcome the political and implementation constraints necessary for policy change and impact in this domain. Despite universal and targeted programs to combat micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa, achieving results has proven more challenging than expected, except in the case of iodine deficiency reductions. This paper reviews the three in-depth country case studies of micronutrient policy change in Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia. Using the Kaleidoscope Model of policy change, data collected from the construction of policy chronologies and engagement with a range of stakeholders in the countries, the review highlights what drives and constrains policy change. The cases show that credible evidence and knowledge are crucial to all elements of the policy cycle. International attention to nutrition, focusing events and guidelines on best practice were found to be essential in initiating policy reform. However, sustaining the momentum seems dependent on donor support and the coordination of a wide range of stakeholders and implementing partners, including the private sector. The Kaleidoscope Model offers a tool to guide governments, researchers, and international agencies regarding the entry points for policy change and an insight into the key considerations to move the process through the policy stages and to initiate ongoing cycles of change.
{"title":"What drives policy reform? A cross-country review of micronutrient policy change in Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia.","authors":"S. Hendriks, S. Babu, S. Haggblade, E. Mkandawire","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 There is increased interest and awareness in country and among donors of the importance of evidence-based policy change in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. While much is known about the technical and programmatic elements necessary to end hunger and undernutrition (including micronutrient deficiencies), far less is known about how to initiate policy discussion and overcome the political and implementation constraints necessary for policy change and impact in this domain. Despite universal and targeted programs to combat micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa, achieving results has proven more challenging than expected, except in the case of iodine deficiency reductions. This paper reviews the three in-depth country case studies of micronutrient policy change in Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia. Using the Kaleidoscope Model of policy change, data collected from the construction of policy chronologies and engagement with a range of stakeholders in the countries, the review highlights what drives and constrains policy change. The cases show that credible evidence and knowledge are crucial to all elements of the policy cycle. International attention to nutrition, focusing events and guidelines on best practice were found to be essential in initiating policy reform. However, sustaining the momentum seems dependent on donor support and the coordination of a wide range of stakeholders and implementing partners, including the private sector. The Kaleidoscope Model offers a tool to guide governments, researchers, and international agencies regarding the entry points for policy change and an insight into the key considerations to move the process through the policy stages and to initiate ongoing cycles of change.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87459903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015007
A. Chawala, A. O. Mwai, A. Peters, Giorgios Banos, G. Chagunda
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine breeding objectives and the impact of production systems and breed types on dairy cattle performance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A total of 64 research studies published between 1980 and 2018 were used for qualitative analysis (qualitative synthesis) of farmers', scientists' and institutional dairy trait preferences. Meta-analysis was conducted to examine the production and reproduction performance of dairy cattle in smallholder and large-scale dairy production systems. Most data used were from smallholder farmers (60%), with the remainder from large-scale farms. Linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate marginal means of production and reproduction traits for different breed types in both production systems. Overall, the results showed that there was a higher emphasis on breeding for improved fertility, increased milk yield and disease resistance. Milk content (fat and protein percentages), temperament, body conformation and total milk cell count (a mastitis indicator) were rarely mentioned in published literature, mainly because of milk pricing policies being volume based. Frequency and multivariate analyses (cluster data analysis) for desirable animal traits suggested that multiple breeding objectives are needed, based on the perceived goals of different farmers and institutions towards genetic improvement for production, reproduction, disease resistance and functional and animal welfare traits. Regardless of the breed type, commercial large-scale farms had a higher milk yield (2857.0 ± 233.3) compared with smallholder dairy farms (2419.8 ± 617.39). Estimated marginal means for lactation milk yield of the three breed types Holstein-Friesian, non-Holstein-Friesian dairy breeds (Jersey, Guernsey, Red Dane, Brown Swiss and Ayrshire) and cross-breds (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) were 3148.5 ± 433.00, 2995.6 ± 456.36 and 1771.1 ± 328.52, respectively. Significantly shorter age at first calving and shorter calving intervals were observed in large-scale farms in comparison to smallholder farms (p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted for age at first calving, calving interval, days open and number of services per conception between the breed types. In conclusion, the present study suggests that (i) improvement of dairy cattle has focused on reproduction, production and disease resistance traits, reflecting the breeding objectives of farmers, scientists and institutions involved in dairy production; (ii) genetics plays a large role in increased dairy productivity in SSA and (iii) future dairy research should emphasise on the interactions between improved feeding, disease control and genetics at a production level to inform profitable combinations of dairy traits.
{"title":"Towards a better understanding of breeding objectives and production performance of dairy cattle in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"A. Chawala, A. O. Mwai, A. Peters, Giorgios Banos, G. Chagunda","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The aim of this study was to examine breeding objectives and the impact of production systems and breed types on dairy cattle performance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). A total of 64 research studies published between 1980 and 2018 were used for qualitative analysis (qualitative synthesis) of farmers', scientists' and institutional dairy trait preferences. Meta-analysis was conducted to examine the production and reproduction performance of dairy cattle in smallholder and large-scale dairy production systems. Most data used were from smallholder farmers (60%), with the remainder from large-scale farms. Linear mixed-effect models were used to estimate marginal means of production and reproduction traits for different breed types in both production systems. Overall, the results showed that there was a higher emphasis on breeding for improved fertility, increased milk yield and disease resistance. Milk content (fat and protein percentages), temperament, body conformation and total milk cell count (a mastitis indicator) were rarely mentioned in published literature, mainly because of milk pricing policies being volume based. Frequency and multivariate analyses (cluster data analysis) for desirable animal traits suggested that multiple breeding objectives are needed, based on the perceived goals of different farmers and institutions towards genetic improvement for production, reproduction, disease resistance and functional and animal welfare traits. Regardless of the breed type, commercial large-scale farms had a higher milk yield (2857.0 ± 233.3) compared with smallholder dairy farms (2419.8 ± 617.39). Estimated marginal means for lactation milk yield of the three breed types Holstein-Friesian, non-Holstein-Friesian dairy breeds (Jersey, Guernsey, Red Dane, Brown Swiss and Ayrshire) and cross-breds (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) were 3148.5 ± 433.00, 2995.6 ± 456.36 and 1771.1 ± 328.52, respectively. Significantly shorter age at first calving and shorter calving intervals were observed in large-scale farms in comparison to smallholder farms (p < 0.05). No significant differences were noted for age at first calving, calving interval, days open and number of services per conception between the breed types. In conclusion, the present study suggests that (i) improvement of dairy cattle has focused on reproduction, production and disease resistance traits, reflecting the breeding objectives of farmers, scientists and institutions involved in dairy production; (ii) genetics plays a large role in increased dairy productivity in SSA and (iii) future dairy research should emphasise on the interactions between improved feeding, disease control and genetics at a production level to inform profitable combinations of dairy traits.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73851425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015005
L. Mounde, Williams Oyifioda Anteyi, F. Rasche
Abstract Striga spp. is a major threat to cereal and legume production, putting the food security and economy of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa at severe risk. This is manifested in the fact that Striga spp. infestation can result in up to 90% loss of both cereal and legume production. A consensus exists that there is yet no single measure to efficiently control Striga spp. This is mainly because of the limited fundamental knowledge of the genetics and ecology of Striga spp. and its interaction with its hosts and host root-associated microorganisms, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Since Striga spp. is a root parasite, it is speculated that PGPR play a key role in controlling the emergence and development of Striga spp. At the same time, PGPR may exhibit beneficial effects on growth promotion of the host to strengthen its tolerance against Striga spp. attacks, while on the other hand, it may also induce, similar to biocontrol agents, direct suicidal effects on Striga spp. Such hypothesized associations between Striga spp., crops (e.g., cereals such as sorghum and maize), and PGPR remain largely unknown, and the central question remains if PGPR play an important role in the Striga-crop pathosystem. This knowledge gap is the central impetus of this review. It will elaborate the complex and fascinating tripartite ecological system of cereals, Striga spp. and root-associated microorgamisms. In a first step, the review will provide a comprehensive summary of the pairwise interactions between Striga spp. and cereals, cereals and PGPR, as well as Striga spp. and PGPR. This summary will then merge into the discussion about the yet limited knowledge of the tripartite interaction between cereals, Striga spp., and PGPR. This specifically includes the exploration of recent discoveries related to population genetics and the life cycle of Striga spp, host (cereal) defense responses to and mechanisms of Striga spp. infestation, as well as the inhibitory and stimulatory role of PGPR on Striga spp. seed germination. In a concluding section, remaining research gaps are identified and necessary research perspectives are provided to direct prospective research toward further understanding the relationship between the three biological components paving the avenue to develop biological and environmentally friendly measures to fight off the everlasting threat of Striga spp.
{"title":"Tripartite interaction between Striga spp., cereals, and plant root-associated microorganisms: a review.","authors":"L. Mounde, Williams Oyifioda Anteyi, F. Rasche","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Striga spp. is a major threat to cereal and legume production, putting the food security and economy of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa at severe risk. This is manifested in the fact that Striga spp. infestation can result in up to 90% loss of both cereal and legume production. A consensus exists that there is yet no single measure to efficiently control Striga spp. This is mainly because of the limited fundamental knowledge of the genetics and ecology of Striga spp. and its interaction with its hosts and host root-associated microorganisms, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Since Striga spp. is a root parasite, it is speculated that PGPR play a key role in controlling the emergence and development of Striga spp. At the same time, PGPR may exhibit beneficial effects on growth promotion of the host to strengthen its tolerance against Striga spp. attacks, while on the other hand, it may also induce, similar to biocontrol agents, direct suicidal effects on Striga spp. Such hypothesized associations between Striga spp., crops (e.g., cereals such as sorghum and maize), and PGPR remain largely unknown, and the central question remains if PGPR play an important role in the Striga-crop pathosystem. This knowledge gap is the central impetus of this review. It will elaborate the complex and fascinating tripartite ecological system of cereals, Striga spp. and root-associated microorgamisms. In a first step, the review will provide a comprehensive summary of the pairwise interactions between Striga spp. and cereals, cereals and PGPR, as well as Striga spp. and PGPR. This summary will then merge into the discussion about the yet limited knowledge of the tripartite interaction between cereals, Striga spp., and PGPR. This specifically includes the exploration of recent discoveries related to population genetics and the life cycle of Striga spp, host (cereal) defense responses to and mechanisms of Striga spp. infestation, as well as the inhibitory and stimulatory role of PGPR on Striga spp. seed germination. In a concluding section, remaining research gaps are identified and necessary research perspectives are provided to direct prospective research toward further understanding the relationship between the three biological components paving the avenue to develop biological and environmentally friendly measures to fight off the everlasting threat of Striga spp.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"149 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82628059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015010
D. Kuhnke, N. Werner, L. Kreienbrock
Abstract Objective The objective of this paper is to review the recent scientific literature that focuses on the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) in healthy, living farm animals, namely chickens, pigs, and cattle, in European countries. Results The literature search retrieved 1,479 records, of which 157 articles were revised in full text. Finally, 17 of these satisfied the inclusion criteria. A great variety of methods to detect and quantify ESBL-E were described. Only a few studies have used the EUCAST guidelines. Major differences in study design and presenting results do not allow to report overall prevalence in the respective animal species, so "occurrence" is used when summarizing results. In broiler chicken, the occurrence of ESBL-E ranged between 80% and 96%. In pigs, the range was much wider, starting from 2.6% up to 84% in different sample and production types. In cattle, studies revealed an ESBL-E occurrence between 1% and 54%. Conclusion Although we found a high degree of heterogeneity in study designs and reports, it can be concluded that the occurrence of ESBL-E in food-producing animals in Europe is moderate to high, depending on the animal species. This review illustrates the extent of the problem and shows that appropriate measures need to be taken.
{"title":"Occurrence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in healthy, living food-producing animals in Europe: a systematic review.","authors":"D. Kuhnke, N. Werner, L. Kreienbrock","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Objective The objective of this paper is to review the recent scientific literature that focuses on the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-E) in healthy, living farm animals, namely chickens, pigs, and cattle, in European countries. Results The literature search retrieved 1,479 records, of which 157 articles were revised in full text. Finally, 17 of these satisfied the inclusion criteria. A great variety of methods to detect and quantify ESBL-E were described. Only a few studies have used the EUCAST guidelines. Major differences in study design and presenting results do not allow to report overall prevalence in the respective animal species, so \"occurrence\" is used when summarizing results. In broiler chicken, the occurrence of ESBL-E ranged between 80% and 96%. In pigs, the range was much wider, starting from 2.6% up to 84% in different sample and production types. In cattle, studies revealed an ESBL-E occurrence between 1% and 54%. Conclusion Although we found a high degree of heterogeneity in study designs and reports, it can be concluded that the occurrence of ESBL-E in food-producing animals in Europe is moderate to high, depending on the animal species. This review illustrates the extent of the problem and shows that appropriate measures need to be taken.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91111112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015022
D. Gómez-Candón
Abstract This paper describes the current status of the measurement of the spatial variability of water status at tree scale in fruit crops through remote sensing, and discusses the limitations and opportunities of these technologies. Remotely sensed multispectral and thermal imagery can provide high precision water status maps in orchards through stress indices, which are a very useful tool for irrigation monitoring and deficit irrigation strategies especially in areas where water resources are limited. They are also a powerful tool for breeders working on water stress phenotyping. The data can be obtained from multispectral sensors onboard satellites, airplanes, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The main limitations of remote sensing, when working at tree scale, can be summarized in the following two points: (i) the processing time required to obtain water stress maps when almost real-time information is required (i.e., for irrigation scheduling purposes) and technical knowledge to interpret them; and (ii) the large costs of the technology. Some possible solutions may include: offering a consulting service that provides technical support, agronomic knowledge and specific training courses, the development and implementation of uniform and cheap standards, and promoting new research on image upscaling methods (sharpening) that, through the fusion of images at different scales, are able to increase the resolution offered by satellites and allow access to data quickly and inexpensively as a complement to UAV. Despite numerous efforts, a powerful and flexible methodology for obtaining evapotranspiration and water stress maps remains the greatest challenge for this technology.
{"title":"Remote imagery to assess water stress variability within the orchard.","authors":"D. Gómez-Candón","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This paper describes the current status of the measurement of the spatial variability of water status at tree scale in fruit crops through remote sensing, and discusses the limitations and opportunities of these technologies. Remotely sensed multispectral and thermal imagery can provide high precision water status maps in orchards through stress indices, which are a very useful tool for irrigation monitoring and deficit irrigation strategies especially in areas where water resources are limited. They are also a powerful tool for breeders working on water stress phenotyping. The data can be obtained from multispectral sensors onboard satellites, airplanes, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The main limitations of remote sensing, when working at tree scale, can be summarized in the following two points: (i) the processing time required to obtain water stress maps when almost real-time information is required (i.e., for irrigation scheduling purposes) and technical knowledge to interpret them; and (ii) the large costs of the technology. Some possible solutions may include: offering a consulting service that provides technical support, agronomic knowledge and specific training courses, the development and implementation of uniform and cheap standards, and promoting new research on image upscaling methods (sharpening) that, through the fusion of images at different scales, are able to increase the resolution offered by satellites and allow access to data quickly and inexpensively as a complement to UAV. Despite numerous efforts, a powerful and flexible methodology for obtaining evapotranspiration and water stress maps remains the greatest challenge for this technology.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87331067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015027
F. R. Meklati
Abstract The public authorities have invested considerable financial resources over recent decades in restructuring the dairy milk sector in Algeria with an objective of reducing the country's dependency on milk imports. This work aims to draw up an inventory of the status of the dairy sector in Algeria on the basis of data collected from published literature while identifying the reasons that slowed down the development of national production. The imports of milks and derivatives estimated at US$1.40 billion in 2018 are ranked in second place after cereals and account for 16.37% of the total import bill for food products (US$8.57 billion). This worrying situation is all the more constraining in a context of economic crisis induced by the downfall of the country's incomes, due to an almost exclusive dependence on hydrocarbon exports, whose prices have decreased significantly in the last few years. At present, the State's measures undertaken to promote the various stakeholders of the dairy sector to increase milk production unfortunately remain limited in scope. Further actions will have to be implemented to get this strategic sector back on course.
{"title":"State of play of the dairy sector in Algeria: between objectives and dependencies: an overview.","authors":"F. R. Meklati","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The public authorities have invested considerable financial resources over recent decades in restructuring the dairy milk sector in Algeria with an objective of reducing the country's dependency on milk imports. This work aims to draw up an inventory of the status of the dairy sector in Algeria on the basis of data collected from published literature while identifying the reasons that slowed down the development of national production. The imports of milks and derivatives estimated at US$1.40 billion in 2018 are ranked in second place after cereals and account for 16.37% of the total import bill for food products (US$8.57 billion). This worrying situation is all the more constraining in a context of economic crisis induced by the downfall of the country's incomes, due to an almost exclusive dependence on hydrocarbon exports, whose prices have decreased significantly in the last few years. At present, the State's measures undertaken to promote the various stakeholders of the dairy sector to increase milk production unfortunately remain limited in scope. Further actions will have to be implemented to get this strategic sector back on course.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75342475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202015017
P. Baiyeri, F. D. Ugese, S. E. Obalum, C. E. Nwobodo
Abstract Agricultural activities, which basically involve the production of raw produce and subsequent value addition normally, generate substantial waste, which could be in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the disposal of these wastes, which come from a myriad of sources or agricultural activities, constitutes a huge challenge. Even though these wastes are economically viable when properly managed by conversion to organic fertilizer and eventual use in crop production, they often exert hazardous effect on the environment due to improper disposal or management. Properly managed wastes deployed in conservation agriculture could enhance ecological balance and ensure sustainable crop production system intensification leading to elevated levels and quality of yield. Positive utilization of these wastes holds great prospects for SSA, which is characterized by accelerated population growth that puts undue pressure on available land, declining soil fertility and crop yield as well as high rate of youth unemployment. Horticulture essentially involves intensive cultivation of specialty crop (fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, seedlings) and, thus, often pays special attention to soil fertility management. The crops are largely grown under protected environments (modified or controlled environments), consequently, requiring among other variables high soil/ substrates fertility. Organic manure generated from agricultural wastes is a putative source of good-quality and cheap nutrients for optimum crop performance. Converting large volume of available agricultural wastes in SSA to organic manure for horticultural field production and/or to organic substrates for protected crop production and commercial nursery will revolutionize horticultural industry in the subregion. This review explores the various types of agricultural wastes generated in SSA, their possible or potential utility in the horticulture industry and advocates their proper management and utilization in horticulture to enhance environmental quality, increase crop yield and quality and improve economies and livelihoods across SSA.
{"title":"Agricultural waste management for horticulture revolution in sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"P. Baiyeri, F. D. Ugese, S. E. Obalum, C. E. Nwobodo","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202015017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202015017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Agricultural activities, which basically involve the production of raw produce and subsequent value addition normally, generate substantial waste, which could be in solid, liquid or gaseous forms. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the disposal of these wastes, which come from a myriad of sources or agricultural activities, constitutes a huge challenge. Even though these wastes are economically viable when properly managed by conversion to organic fertilizer and eventual use in crop production, they often exert hazardous effect on the environment due to improper disposal or management. Properly managed wastes deployed in conservation agriculture could enhance ecological balance and ensure sustainable crop production system intensification leading to elevated levels and quality of yield. Positive utilization of these wastes holds great prospects for SSA, which is characterized by accelerated population growth that puts undue pressure on available land, declining soil fertility and crop yield as well as high rate of youth unemployment. Horticulture essentially involves intensive cultivation of specialty crop (fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, seedlings) and, thus, often pays special attention to soil fertility management. The crops are largely grown under protected environments (modified or controlled environments), consequently, requiring among other variables high soil/ substrates fertility. Organic manure generated from agricultural wastes is a putative source of good-quality and cheap nutrients for optimum crop performance. Converting large volume of available agricultural wastes in SSA to organic manure for horticultural field production and/or to organic substrates for protected crop production and commercial nursery will revolutionize horticultural industry in the subregion. This review explores the various types of agricultural wastes generated in SSA, their possible or potential utility in the horticulture industry and advocates their proper management and utilization in horticulture to enhance environmental quality, increase crop yield and quality and improve economies and livelihoods across SSA.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84475829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：