Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202116002
C. Hemmati, M. Nikooei, A. Al-Sadi
Abstract Phytoplasmas, prokaryotic wall-less microorganisms, are important pathogens of several plant species in most parts of the world. Phytoplasmas have been reported associated with various symptoms on hundreds of plant species. Witches' broom disease (WBD) is one of the most common disease symptoms, which is caused by phytoplasma strains belonging to different phytoplasma groups. Symptoms of the disease differ from one host to the other as well as from one phytoplasma strain to the other. However, WBD symptoms are usually characterized by the production of a large number of small leaves, accompanied in some host plants by the production of several branches/shoots. Phytoplasma strains belonging to more than 13 groups and 39 subgroups have been reported associated with WBD in more than 116 plant species. Most of the phytoplasma strains causing WBD symptoms in plant species belong to the 16SrII and 16SrI groups, mainly 16SrII-D and 16SrI-B subgroups. The current review provides information on the different types of phytoplasma strains associated with WBD symptoms in ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees, weeds, vegetable crops, field crops, and fruit trees. Emphasis is on WBD on acid limes, almonds, peanuts, jujube, and cassava that have resulted in significant economic losses in different countries. Description of the symptoms, phytoplasma groups, and management options is also provided for some of the diseases.
{"title":"Five decades of research on phytoplasma-induced witches' broom diseases.","authors":"C. Hemmati, M. Nikooei, A. Al-Sadi","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202116002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202116002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Phytoplasmas, prokaryotic wall-less microorganisms, are important pathogens of several plant species in most parts of the world. Phytoplasmas have been reported associated with various symptoms on hundreds of plant species. Witches' broom disease (WBD) is one of the most common disease symptoms, which is caused by phytoplasma strains belonging to different phytoplasma groups. Symptoms of the disease differ from one host to the other as well as from one phytoplasma strain to the other. However, WBD symptoms are usually characterized by the production of a large number of small leaves, accompanied in some host plants by the production of several branches/shoots. Phytoplasma strains belonging to more than 13 groups and 39 subgroups have been reported associated with WBD in more than 116 plant species. Most of the phytoplasma strains causing WBD symptoms in plant species belong to the 16SrII and 16SrI groups, mainly 16SrII-D and 16SrI-B subgroups. The current review provides information on the different types of phytoplasma strains associated with WBD symptoms in ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees, weeds, vegetable crops, field crops, and fruit trees. Emphasis is on WBD on acid limes, almonds, peanuts, jujube, and cassava that have resulted in significant economic losses in different countries. Description of the symptoms, phytoplasma groups, and management options is also provided for some of the diseases.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80864241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.1079/pavsnnr202116020
L. Sarvananda, Amal D. Premarathna, Mohamed Shafras
Algae are a great source of mineral salts, vitamins, proteins and trace metals necessary for human metabolism. Interest of introducing algae into human nutrition in western countries has increased in recent years. Humans can also consume algae indirectly because they are a source of different compounds used in the food industry such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, furcellaran, mannitol, pigments and fatty acids. These compounds are mainly utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries with immense importance. In recent years, the application of algae extracts plays a major role as fertilizers in the enhancement of plant growth in agriculture industry. This review discusses the micro- and macroalgae applications in the industries for human and animal consumption, besides the use of algae extracts for the production of fertilizers.
{"title":"Applications of micro- and macroalgae elements in the food and healthcare industries.","authors":"L. Sarvananda, Amal D. Premarathna, Mohamed Shafras","doi":"10.1079/pavsnnr202116020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr202116020","url":null,"abstract":"Algae are a great source of mineral salts, vitamins, proteins and trace metals necessary for human metabolism. Interest of introducing algae into human nutrition in western countries has increased in recent years. Humans can also consume algae indirectly because they are a source of different compounds used in the food industry such as agar, alginate, carrageenan, furcellaran, mannitol, pigments and fatty acids. These compounds are mainly utilized in the pharmaceutical and food industries with immense importance. In recent years, the application of algae extracts plays a major role as fertilizers in the enhancement of plant growth in agriculture industry. This review discusses the micro- and macroalgae applications in the industries for human and animal consumption, besides the use of algae extracts for the production of fertilizers.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"228 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74985201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116013
E. Githae
Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål) is one of the most serious agricultural pests in the world due to its voracity, speed of reproduction, and range of flight. We discuss the current state of knowledge on its biological control using microorganisms and botanical extracts. Metarhizium flavoviride was among the first fungus to be recognized as a bio-control agent against desert locust in the laboratory and field conditions. Nevertheless, its oil formulation adversely affected nontarget organisms, hence led to further research on other microorganisms. Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (syn. Metarhizium acridum) is an environmentally safer bio-pesticide that has no measurable impact on non-target organisms. However, there are various shortcomings associated with its use in desert locust control as highlighted in this review. Bacterial pathogens studied were from species of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia. Botanical extracts of 27 plant species were tested against the locust but showed varied results. Azadirachta indica and Melia volkensii were the most studied plant species, both belonging to family Meliaceae, which is known to have biologically active limonoids. Out of the 20 plant families identified, Apiaceae was the most represented with a frequency of 21%. However, only crude botanical extracts were used and therefore, the active ingredients against desert locust were not identified. Through a comprehensive research, an integrated pest management strategy that incorporates these bio-controls would be a realistic option to control desert locust infestations.
{"title":"Biological control of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål).","authors":"E. Githae","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116013","url":null,"abstract":"Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskål) is one of the most serious agricultural pests in the world due to its voracity, speed of reproduction, and range of flight. We discuss the current state of knowledge on its biological control using microorganisms and botanical extracts. Metarhizium flavoviride was among the first fungus to be recognized as a bio-control agent against desert locust in the laboratory and field conditions. Nevertheless, its oil formulation adversely affected nontarget organisms, hence led to further research on other microorganisms. Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (syn. Metarhizium acridum) is an environmentally safer bio-pesticide that has no measurable impact on non-target organisms. However, there are various shortcomings associated with its use in desert locust control as highlighted in this review. Bacterial pathogens studied were from species of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Serratia. Botanical extracts of 27 plant species were tested against the locust but showed varied results. Azadirachta indica and Melia volkensii were the most studied plant species, both belonging to family Meliaceae, which is known to have biologically active limonoids. Out of the 20 plant families identified, Apiaceae was the most represented with a frequency of 21%. However, only crude botanical extracts were used and therefore, the active ingredients against desert locust were not identified. Through a comprehensive research, an integrated pest management strategy that incorporates these bio-controls would be a realistic option to control desert locust infestations.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73008024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116011
S. L. Gonçalves
Abstract The global context of climate change predicts increases in the risk of important climatic factors that could directly influence plant survival and crop yields. Such projections are made using models of plant growth and development, climate, and possible future scenarios. However, the use of different models and methodologies, combined with different scenarios, produces an infinity of contrasting results, considering different combinations of temperature, water distribution, and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This work makes projections of the possible climatic and environmental effects on the development and the yield of the soybean considering different scenarios. For maintenance and yield improvements, the needs and possibilities of using techniques related to the climate and the use and protection of soils and cultivars already adapted to different environments are emphasized. It is also expected that science will evolve to adapt plants to the expected stresses. Science should act to select genotypes that can respond to stresses by initiating processes that result in the activation of responses at the molecular, biochemical, and physiological level, in the fight to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses. Such advances lead us to believe that the exploration of the existing genetic variability will enable the selection of genotypes tolerant to drought, saline soils, and high temperatures. It is concluded that the set of knowledge that we have today, together with the scientific advances that are yet to come, allows humanity to continue having the hope of having a better future than those predicted in the most pessimistic scenarios.
{"title":"Soybean production and yield in the context of global climatic changes.","authors":"S. L. Gonçalves","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The global context of climate change predicts increases in the risk of important climatic factors that could directly influence plant survival and crop yields. Such projections are made using models of plant growth and development, climate, and possible future scenarios. However, the use of different models and methodologies, combined with different scenarios, produces an infinity of contrasting results, considering different combinations of temperature, water distribution, and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. This work makes projections of the possible climatic and environmental effects on the development and the yield of the soybean considering different scenarios. For maintenance and yield improvements, the needs and possibilities of using techniques related to the climate and the use and protection of soils and cultivars already adapted to different environments are emphasized. It is also expected that science will evolve to adapt plants to the expected stresses. Science should act to select genotypes that can respond to stresses by initiating processes that result in the activation of responses at the molecular, biochemical, and physiological level, in the fight to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses. Such advances lead us to believe that the exploration of the existing genetic variability will enable the selection of genotypes tolerant to drought, saline soils, and high temperatures. It is concluded that the set of knowledge that we have today, together with the scientific advances that are yet to come, allows humanity to continue having the hope of having a better future than those predicted in the most pessimistic scenarios.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88743553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116017
A. Shrestha
Abstract Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy and livelihood in South Asia. Of the many biotic stresses in agriculture, weeds pose a continuous threat and cause considerable yield losses in the major crops. In the past, ample human labour was available for weed management in South Asia. However, in recent years, there has been a steady decline in labour availability in this region due to migration to other better-paying sectors. Thus, farmers are rapidly adopting less labour-intensive, chemical weed control methods. Adoption of chemical control methods requires formal and nonformal education in herbicide mode of action, safety and weed biology. We emphasize that sound formal and nonformal education in weed science is thus a necessity for this region as adoption of herbicides increases. In this paper, we review existing problems with weeds, current weed management options, herbicide use trends and development of curricula in weed science in academic institutions in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. We emphasize that herbicide resistance management programmes need to be developed before it becomes a major problem in the region.
{"title":"Weed science as a new discipline and its status in some South Asian universities and colleges: examples from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan.","authors":"A. Shrestha","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy and livelihood in South Asia. Of the many biotic stresses in agriculture, weeds pose a continuous threat and cause considerable yield losses in the major crops. In the past, ample human labour was available for weed management in South Asia. However, in recent years, there has been a steady decline in labour availability in this region due to migration to other better-paying sectors. Thus, farmers are rapidly adopting less labour-intensive, chemical weed control methods. Adoption of chemical control methods requires formal and nonformal education in herbicide mode of action, safety and weed biology. We emphasize that sound formal and nonformal education in weed science is thus a necessity for this region as adoption of herbicides increases. In this paper, we review existing problems with weeds, current weed management options, herbicide use trends and development of curricula in weed science in academic institutions in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. We emphasize that herbicide resistance management programmes need to be developed before it becomes a major problem in the region.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80280772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116016
K. O. Erinle, M. Ogwu, E. Smith, M. Zaheer, O. Ogunyemi Solabomi, O. Samson
Despite efforts to reduce global food insecurity, success has been limited in many developing countries due to numerous inherent problems The challenges and vulnerabilities associated with food security in these countries have been exacerbated by the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic As a rapid response strategy to minimize the coronavirus' spread, countries have put in place different forms of movement restrictions, locally and globally, which have therefore affected agricultural production, food availability, and accessibility Focusing on the four pillars of food security, this paper provides an overview of the pandemic's impacts on food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability drawing examples from different developing countries The report also suggests some response strategies that could be adopted or (where already in existence) strengthened to promote food security in developing countries, during and after a pandemic/crisis The strategies of major concern to ensure continued availability and accessibility of food during and after a pandemic/crisis include (i) establishment of community-based food networks, (ii) food and agriculture data collection and maintenance, (iii) stabilizing food prices, (iv) infrastructural development for food security, (v) increasing investment in agricultural research and policies, (vi) adopting modern farming practices, and (vii) reduction and management of agricultural and food waste
{"title":"Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food security in developing countries: potential mitigation strategies.","authors":"K. O. Erinle, M. Ogwu, E. Smith, M. Zaheer, O. Ogunyemi Solabomi, O. Samson","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116016","url":null,"abstract":"Despite efforts to reduce global food insecurity, success has been limited in many developing countries due to numerous inherent problems The challenges and vulnerabilities associated with food security in these countries have been exacerbated by the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic As a rapid response strategy to minimize the coronavirus' spread, countries have put in place different forms of movement restrictions, locally and globally, which have therefore affected agricultural production, food availability, and accessibility Focusing on the four pillars of food security, this paper provides an overview of the pandemic's impacts on food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability drawing examples from different developing countries The report also suggests some response strategies that could be adopted or (where already in existence) strengthened to promote food security in developing countries, during and after a pandemic/crisis The strategies of major concern to ensure continued availability and accessibility of food during and after a pandemic/crisis include (i) establishment of community-based food networks, (ii) food and agriculture data collection and maintenance, (iii) stabilizing food prices, (iv) infrastructural development for food security, (v) increasing investment in agricultural research and policies, (vi) adopting modern farming practices, and (vii) reduction and management of agricultural and food waste","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89746093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116022
Brooks A. Kaiser
Abstract The rate of change in Arctic marine environments in response to shifts driven by climate change threatens Arctic resilience. The growing recognition and visibility of these changes have scientific and social roots. Mitigating these consequences is therefore a social-scientific concern. Multiple scales, perspectives, and governance systems for Arctic marine environments, alongside receding climate and economic barriers to species movements and scientific research, create challenges and opportunities that differ in magnitude and breadth from marine invasions elsewhere. The receding barriers in the marine Arctic amplify the potential ecological and economic consequences from new species introductions and range expansions from adjacent biomes. While there is consensus that marine invasive species can cause severe damages to ecosystems and resource-dependent communities, which species pose what threats, and to whom, remain complex dynamic socioecological and biogeophysical economic questions. Decisions over prevention, detection, and monitoring along with institutional frameworks for cooperating and responding to threats also affect the expected severity of impacts. Technologies, and costs, for identifying and monitoring species compositions and risks are evolving, with novel research advances as well as increasingly sophisticated ecological-economic, environmental niche, and habitat suitability models. Despite advances in understanding drivers and dynamics of new species introductions, a dearth of baseline knowledge regarding Arctic marine invasions remains. Potential consequences extend beyond ecosystem changes and include legal, institutional, and social shifts. Studies on the red king and snow crab invasions in the Barents Sea from multiple disciplinary angles showcase complex social, economic, and ecological interconnections that are transforming communities and ecosystems.
{"title":"Invasive alien species in changing marine arctic economies and ecosystems.","authors":"Brooks A. Kaiser","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The rate of change in Arctic marine environments in response to shifts driven by climate change threatens Arctic resilience. The growing recognition and visibility of these changes have scientific and social roots. Mitigating these consequences is therefore a social-scientific concern. Multiple scales, perspectives, and governance systems for Arctic marine environments, alongside receding climate and economic barriers to species movements and scientific research, create challenges and opportunities that differ in magnitude and breadth from marine invasions elsewhere. The receding barriers in the marine Arctic amplify the potential ecological and economic consequences from new species introductions and range expansions from adjacent biomes. While there is consensus that marine invasive species can cause severe damages to ecosystems and resource-dependent communities, which species pose what threats, and to whom, remain complex dynamic socioecological and biogeophysical economic questions. Decisions over prevention, detection, and monitoring along with institutional frameworks for cooperating and responding to threats also affect the expected severity of impacts. Technologies, and costs, for identifying and monitoring species compositions and risks are evolving, with novel research advances as well as increasingly sophisticated ecological-economic, environmental niche, and habitat suitability models. Despite advances in understanding drivers and dynamics of new species introductions, a dearth of baseline knowledge regarding Arctic marine invasions remains. Potential consequences extend beyond ecosystem changes and include legal, institutional, and social shifts. Studies on the red king and snow crab invasions in the Barents Sea from multiple disciplinary angles showcase complex social, economic, and ecological interconnections that are transforming communities and ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74981647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116024
M. Florin-Christensen
Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for important livestock diseases that affect the production of much needed protein resources, and those transmissible to humans pose a public health risk. Vaccines, recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the prevention of infectious diseases in livestock, can avert losses in food production and decrease the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens. This review focuses on the need for and advances in vaccine development against the apicomplexan parasites Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Eimeria spp., Besnoitia spp., Sarcocystis spp., and Cryptosporidium parvum. Together, the effect of these parasites on the cattle industry worldwide causes an enormous burden, yet they remain poorly controlled and very few effective and practical vaccines against them are available. Vaccine development is hampered by our scarce and limited knowledge of the biology and mechanisms of pathogenesis of these microorganisms, and the absence of correlates of host immune protection. More studies focused on these aspects as well as on the identification of parasite vulnerabilities that can be exploited for vaccine design are needed. Novel “omics” and gene editing approaches in understanding complex parasite biology together with advances in vaccinology will facilitate the development of effective, sustainable, and practical vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. Such vaccines will help prevent animal and human diseases and allow production of enough animal protein to feed the growing human population in the twenty-first century and beyond.
{"title":"Pursuing effective vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan protozoa.","authors":"M. Florin-Christensen","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116024","url":null,"abstract":"Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for important livestock diseases that affect the production of much needed protein resources, and those transmissible to humans pose a public health risk. Vaccines, recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for the prevention of infectious diseases in livestock, can avert losses in food production and decrease the exposure of humans to zoonotic pathogens. This review focuses on the need for and advances in vaccine development against the apicomplexan parasites Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Eimeria spp., Besnoitia spp., Sarcocystis spp., and Cryptosporidium parvum. Together, the effect of these parasites on the cattle industry worldwide causes an enormous burden, yet they remain poorly controlled and very few effective and practical vaccines against them are available. Vaccine development is hampered by our scarce and limited knowledge of the biology and mechanisms of pathogenesis of these microorganisms, and the absence of correlates of host immune protection. More studies focused on these aspects as well as on the identification of parasite vulnerabilities that can be exploited for vaccine design are needed. Novel “omics” and gene editing approaches in understanding complex parasite biology together with advances in vaccinology will facilitate the development of effective, sustainable, and practical vaccines against cattle diseases caused by apicomplexan parasites. Such vaccines will help prevent animal and human diseases and allow production of enough animal protein to feed the growing human population in the twenty-first century and beyond.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83489585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116008
S. Dwivedi
Abstract 'Green Revolution' genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in multifold productivity increases in rice and wheat. Declining precipitation, increased intensity of drought and rising temperature are casting uncertainty over agricultural production. As noted in this mini review, plant genes when over-expressed allow cereals to produce grains in drought- and heat-prone sites.
{"title":"Raising productivity of cereal crops in dry and heat stress environments remains a breeding challenge.","authors":"S. Dwivedi","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 'Green Revolution' genes have led to the release of input-responsive cultivars, resulting in multifold productivity increases in rice and wheat. Declining precipitation, increased intensity of drought and rising temperature are casting uncertainty over agricultural production. As noted in this mini review, plant genes when over-expressed allow cereals to produce grains in drought- and heat-prone sites.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86097611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202116010
P. Nuthall
Abstract Over the decades, many researchers have explored the concept of intuition as a decision-making process. However, most of this research does not quantify the important aspects of intuition, making it difficult to fully understand its nature and improve the intuitive process, enabling an efficient method of decision-making. The research described here, through a review of the relevant literature, demystifies intuition as a decision system by isolating the important intuition determining variables and relating them to quantitative intuition research. As most farm decisions are made through intuition, farmers, consultants, researchers and students of farm management will find the review useful, stimulating efforts for improving decision-making skills in farmers. The literature search covered all journals and recent decades and includes articles that consider the variables to be targeted in improving intuitive skill. This provides a basis for thinking about intuition and its improvement within the farming world. It was found from the literature that most of the logical areas that should influence decisions do in fact do so and should be targeted in improving intuition. One of the most important improvement processes is a farmer's self-criticism skills through using a decision diary in conjunction with reflection and consultation leading to improved decisions. This must be in conjunction with understanding, and learning about, the many other variables also impacting on intuitive skill.
{"title":"Demystifying intuition as the main decision system used by farmers.","authors":"P. Nuthall","doi":"10.1079/PAVSNNR202116010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR202116010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Over the decades, many researchers have explored the concept of intuition as a decision-making process. However, most of this research does not quantify the important aspects of intuition, making it difficult to fully understand its nature and improve the intuitive process, enabling an efficient method of decision-making. The research described here, through a review of the relevant literature, demystifies intuition as a decision system by isolating the important intuition determining variables and relating them to quantitative intuition research. As most farm decisions are made through intuition, farmers, consultants, researchers and students of farm management will find the review useful, stimulating efforts for improving decision-making skills in farmers. The literature search covered all journals and recent decades and includes articles that consider the variables to be targeted in improving intuitive skill. This provides a basis for thinking about intuition and its improvement within the farming world. It was found from the literature that most of the logical areas that should influence decisions do in fact do so and should be targeted in improving intuition. One of the most important improvement processes is a farmer's self-criticism skills through using a decision diary in conjunction with reflection and consultation leading to improved decisions. This must be in conjunction with understanding, and learning about, the many other variables also impacting on intuitive skill.","PeriodicalId":39273,"journal":{"name":"CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76839659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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