Pub Date : 2013-07-03DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2013.09010015
T. Kivimäki
This article reveals, by studying correlative relationships between US regime support and regime properties, that the US foreign policy in the Middle East has traditionally helped governments to limit the political participation of Islamists, communists, enemies of Israel and populations that could be hostile to the US oil interests. This way the US economic and strategic security interests have contributed to human insecurity in the region. With the exception of the last interest, the US has relaxed its support for repression of the above-mentioned groups. This seems to be one of the international factors that made the Arab Spring possible.
{"title":"The United States and the Arab Spring","authors":"T. Kivimäki","doi":"10.12924/JOHS2013.09010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/JOHS2013.09010015","url":null,"abstract":"This article reveals, by studying correlative relationships between US regime support and regime properties, that the US foreign policy in the Middle East has traditionally helped governments to limit the political participation of Islamists, communists, enemies of Israel and populations that could be hostile to the US oil interests. This way the US economic and strategic security interests have contributed to human insecurity in the region. With the exception of the last interest, the US has relaxed its support for repression of the above-mentioned groups. This seems to be one of the international factors that made the Arab Spring possible.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"9 1","pages":"15-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66248852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-31DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2013.09010004
E. Mulcahy, S. Merrington, P. Bell
It should come as no surprise that prisons can become breeding grounds for radicalisation and terrorism as prisons serve as reservoirs for society’s most dangerous individuals (Useem & Clayton, 2009). Prisons are places of vulnerability and they provide a space where radical and extremist ideologies can flourish. Despite being a popular topic among researchers and policymakers, there still remain significant gaps in our understanding and many unanswered questions. This paper provides a literature review on prisoner radicalisation. It specifically explores the role religion plays in prison and its link to radicalisation, prisoner vulnerability to radicalisation, the radicalisation process, and outlines the current debate as to where terrorist prisoners should be held. This paper concludes by identifying the major gaps in the literature and offering concluding remarks.
{"title":"The Radicalisation of Prison Inmates: A Review of the Literature on Recruitment, Religion and Prisoner Vulnerability","authors":"E. Mulcahy, S. Merrington, P. Bell","doi":"10.12924/JOHS2013.09010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12924/JOHS2013.09010004","url":null,"abstract":"It should come as no surprise that prisons can become breeding grounds for radicalisation and terrorism as prisons serve as reservoirs for society’s most dangerous individuals (Useem & Clayton, 2009). Prisons are places of vulnerability and they provide a space where radical and extremist ideologies can flourish. Despite being a popular topic among researchers and policymakers, there still remain significant gaps in our understanding and many unanswered questions. This paper provides a literature review on prisoner radicalisation. It specifically explores the role religion plays in prison and its link to radicalisation, prisoner vulnerability to radicalisation, the radicalisation process, and outlines the current debate as to where terrorist prisoners should be held. This paper concludes by identifying the major gaps in the literature and offering concluding remarks.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"9 1","pages":"4-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66248802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-11-23DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_0
B. Guan
{"title":"Introduction: Human Security Development and the Future of East Asia","authors":"B. Guan","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85550268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-13DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_9
James R. Campbell
{"title":"Human Health Threats and Implications for Regional Security in Southeast Asia","authors":"James R. Campbell","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"133 1","pages":"173 - 191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79666913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-10-13DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_2
A. Hayes
{"title":"Human Insecurity in the People’s Republic of China: The Vulnerability of Chinese Women to HIV/AIDS","authors":"A. Hayes","doi":"10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"97 1","pages":"39 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81587945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human security acknowledges people and communities as well as states in identifying threats to security. Prospects of increasing oil exploration in Arctic areas are connected with heightened tensions between the security of people and the security of state (and private) income through oil production. Whose security is at stake? Aiming to advance the multidimensional picture of security through empirical analysis, this article examines survey material collected in two villages located in the Komi Republic in northern European Russia that have both been heavily exposed to oil pollution. We find that oil spills are considered habitual and linked to various degradations of personal health. There is a tendency shown in the empirical material that women are more concerned than men, indicating that gendered power relations define the possibilities to act on local insecurities. The article contributes to the security debate by explaining and discussing the format of the survey and its results in connection with security theory.
{"title":"Human Security, Oil and People","authors":"Kirsti Stuvøy","doi":"10.3316/JHS0702005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3316/JHS0702005","url":null,"abstract":"Human security acknowledges people and communities as well as states in identifying threats to security. Prospects of increasing oil exploration in Arctic areas are connected with heightened tensions between the security of people and the security of state (and private) income through oil production. Whose security is at stake? Aiming to advance the multidimensional picture of security through empirical analysis, this article examines survey material collected in two villages located in the Komi Republic in northern European Russia that have both been heavily exposed to oil pollution. We find that oil spills are considered habitual and linked to various degradations of personal health. There is a tendency shown in the empirical material that women are more concerned than men, indicating that gendered power relations define the possibilities to act on local insecurities. The article contributes to the security debate by explaining and discussing the format of the survey and its results in connection with security theory.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"37 1","pages":"5-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69511563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Middle East, the persistence of authoritarianism and war, economic stagnation and the 'youth bulge', the proliferation of nuclear weapons, border disputes, competition over scarce resources, refugee problems, terrorism, human rights violations, tribalism, unresolved nationalisms and religious sectarianism make the region one where heads of state tend to place the security of their regimes over the security of the people. From a human security perspective, as explored in this article, states that pursue 'state security without investing in human security' unfortunately 'achieve neither' (UNDP, 2009, p. vi). My argument regarding the need to rethink Middle East security, for the sake of both state and society, is based upon seven years of field work in 10 Middle Eastern countries including Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Israel/Palestine, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. Part one of this article looks at the convergence of global change in the security environment, conceptual change in security policy making, and subsequent developments of a 'human security' approach. Part two traces the emergence of a local 'human security' dialogue in the Middle East, and illustrates how Arab intellectuals and policy makers are using the human security framework to press for more humane governance in the Arab world. A conclusion provides an assessment of the likelihood of a human security approach taking root in the region and shifting state priorities from regime survival to citizen wellbeing.
{"title":"Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear: A Human Security Approach to a New Middle East?","authors":"Deborah Wheeler","doi":"10.3316/JHS0701037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3316/JHS0701037","url":null,"abstract":"In the Middle East, the persistence of authoritarianism and war, economic stagnation and the 'youth bulge', the proliferation of nuclear weapons, border disputes, competition over scarce resources, refugee problems, terrorism, human rights violations, tribalism, unresolved nationalisms and religious sectarianism make the region one where heads of state tend to place the security of their regimes over the security of the people. From a human security perspective, as explored in this article, states that pursue 'state security without investing in human security' unfortunately 'achieve neither' (UNDP, 2009, p. vi). My argument regarding the need to rethink Middle East security, for the sake of both state and society, is based upon seven years of field work in 10 Middle Eastern countries including Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Israel/Palestine, Egypt, Tunisia, and Morocco. Part one of this article looks at the convergence of global change in the security environment, conceptual change in security policy making, and subsequent developments of a 'human security' approach. Part two traces the emergence of a local 'human security' dialogue in the Middle East, and illustrates how Arab intellectuals and policy makers are using the human security framework to press for more humane governance in the Arab world. A conclusion provides an assessment of the likelihood of a human security approach taking root in the region and shifting state priorities from regime survival to citizen wellbeing.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"7 1","pages":"37-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69511507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this analysis is to discern how the binary gender segregation of public toilet facilities in North America affects demographics of gender and sexual marginalisation. Though often taken for granted, public toilets present examples of institutionalised services that both reflect and manifest social inequality. In particular, gender and sexual minorities risk facing methods of social discipline, ranging from discomfort to expulsion and hostility; the binary method of toilet segregation is a visual erasure of identity and recreates restrictive norms. Concurrently, failure to address specific needs results in inadequate design for female users, trans people, individuals with disabilities, and heterogeneous families. There are numerous strategies for improvement that include grassroots activism, legal routes, and appeals to business owners and building designers. In light of the complexity of problematic aspects regarding restroom use and design, there exists a need for a multifaceted and integrated approach, to create coalitions, and ensure greater accessibility to this basic human right.
{"title":"Access and exclusion","authors":"Alex Faktor","doi":"10.3316/JHS0703010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3316/JHS0703010","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this analysis is to discern how the binary gender segregation of public toilet facilities in North America affects demographics of gender and sexual marginalisation. Though often taken for granted, public toilets present examples of institutionalised services that both reflect and manifest social inequality. In particular, gender and sexual minorities risk facing methods of social discipline, ranging from discomfort to expulsion and hostility; the binary method of toilet segregation is a visual erasure of identity and recreates restrictive norms. Concurrently, failure to address specific needs results in inadequate design for female users, trans people, individuals with disabilities, and heterogeneous families. There are numerous strategies for improvement that include grassroots activism, legal routes, and appeals to business owners and building designers. In light of the complexity of problematic aspects regarding restroom use and design, there exists a need for a multifaceted and integrated approach, to create coalitions, and ensure greater accessibility to this basic human right.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"7 1","pages":"10-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69512021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ongoing situation in Afghanistan highlights the deadly implications that the convergence of security and development can create. The article argues that prior to the current focus on the security-development nexus, the convergence was first evidenced by the creation of human security. The article reviews the power relationships involved in the processes that have affected understandings of security and development in the process of the creation of human security. By investigating how the securitisation process operates with regards to human security, the ongoing convergence of security and development will be made evident. The implications for humanitarian workers in Afghanistan will be used to highlight that a clearer delineation is needed between security and development, both in discourse and in practice.
{"title":"All tarred with the same brush","authors":"G. MacCallion","doi":"10.3316/JHS0703060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3316/JHS0703060","url":null,"abstract":"The ongoing situation in Afghanistan highlights the deadly implications that the convergence of security and development can create. The article argues that prior to the current focus on the security-development nexus, the convergence was first evidenced by the creation of human security. The article reviews the power relationships involved in the processes that have affected understandings of security and development in the process of the creation of human security. By investigating how the securitisation process operates with regards to human security, the ongoing convergence of security and development will be made evident. The implications for humanitarian workers in Afghanistan will be used to highlight that a clearer delineation is needed between security and development, both in discourse and in practice.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"7 1","pages":"60-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69512037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the influence of social networks on women's micro credit loan groups and gam'iyyaat savings clubs. Research from Cairo, Egypt, suggests that women's social networks at the neighbourhood level facilitate micro credit and savings practices. A sample of 69 micro credit loan participants, including women borrowers and key staff members, was drawn from the Abdeen and Imbeba neighbourhoods of Cairo, Egypt. The article highlights that micro credit is not a solution for poverty in an often unpredictable and unstable economy, but should be available in collaboration with other health, social and educational initiatives to contribute to meeting women's gendered human development and human security needs.
{"title":"Women's Micro Credit Loans and 'Gam'iyyaat' Saving Clubs in Cairo, Egypt: The Role of Social Networks in the Neighbourhood","authors":"J. Drolet","doi":"10.3316/JHS0702020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3316/JHS0702020","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the influence of social networks on women's micro credit loan groups and gam'iyyaat savings clubs. Research from Cairo, Egypt, suggests that women's social networks at the neighbourhood level facilitate micro credit and savings practices. A sample of 69 micro credit loan participants, including women borrowers and key staff members, was drawn from the Abdeen and Imbeba neighbourhoods of Cairo, Egypt. The article highlights that micro credit is not a solution for poverty in an often unpredictable and unstable economy, but should be available in collaboration with other health, social and educational initiatives to contribute to meeting women's gendered human development and human security needs.","PeriodicalId":39288,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Security","volume":"7 1","pages":"20-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69511571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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