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Can the Pragmatic East Asian Approach to Human Security Offer a Way for the Deepening of the Long Peace of East Asia 务实的东亚人类安全观能否为深化东亚长期和平提供途径
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-12-06 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010076
T. Kivimäki
East Asia (including Southeast and Northeast Asia) has witnessed the most spectacular pacification in the world during the past 30 years. Certain dimensions related to human security have been perceived as weak points in the long peace of East Asia. Despite progress, authoritarian violence is still a reality in East Asia. At the same time, certain other dimensions of human security—most distinctively those elements related to "freedom from want"—have developed very well during the long peace of East Asia. This article will study whether the concept of human security constructs realities that are useful for peace in East Asia. For this, the article will look at how the way in which "human" and "security" are linked, serve and deepen the existing social realities of peace in the region. Furthermore, the article will look inside the concepts of "human" and "security" to see how human security is constructed and whether the construction serves to deepen the long peace of East Asia. The article will argue that the East Asian human security debate could be an intellectual adaptation strategy useful for the promotion of the long peace of East Asia in a deeper sense.
东亚(包括东南亚和东北亚)在过去的30年里见证了世界上最壮观的和平。与人类安全有关的某些方面被认为是东亚长期和平的弱点。尽管取得了进步,专制暴力在东亚仍然存在。与此同时,人类安全的某些其他方面——最明显的是那些与“免于匮乏”有关的因素——在东亚的长期和平期间得到了很好的发展。本文将研究人类安全的概念是否构成了对东亚和平有益的现实。为此,本文将探讨“人”和“安全”如何相互联系、服务和深化该区域现有的和平社会现实。此外,本文还将从“人”与“安全”的概念出发,探讨人类安全是如何构建的,以及这种构建是否有助于深化东亚的长期和平。本文认为,东亚人类安全辩论可以成为一种智力适应策略,有助于在更深层次上促进东亚的长期和平。
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引用次数: 3
The Fragility of the Liberal Peace Export to South Sudan: Formal Education Access as a Basis of a Liberal Peace Project 对南苏丹自由和平输出的脆弱性:正规教育机会作为自由和平项目的基础
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-11-20 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010059
N. V. Pemunta, Eno-Akpa Rene Nkongho
This study examines the disjuncture between the policy transposition of the Liberal Peace Project (LPP) in South Sudan from the country's local context. It underlines how deep rooted historical exclusion from social welfare services reinforces political exclusion and exacerbates poor civic engagement among different ethnicities in the country causing a constant relapse to violence. The study combines a qualitative review of data from Afrobarometer, the National Democratic Institute, international NGOs, and South Sudan's government reports within depth interviews and participants' observation. The research finds that restricted access to formal education alongside the conservative and orthodox approaches to peacebuilding, which broadly focus on centralised urban political institutions and exclude diverse local needs and preferences, limit citizenship participation to elections and preclude an equitable social order in South Sudan, establishing a continuum of fragile authoritarian peace, institutional peace and constitutional peace. In an emancipatory approach, the study proposes a framework that prioritizes an extended access to primary and post-primary vocational education as a more credible establishment for sustainable civil peace in the country. The LPP by the international community needs to be tailored to enhance the political will of the South Sudan government to extend free primary education access, incentivize primary education with school feeding programmes and to invigorate vocational training curricula. These will yield civil peace dividends, which avert South Sudan's structural source of relapse into violence with sustainable disincentives. Apart from women's empowerment through education and in all spheres of life, the government needs to ensure sustainability by guaranteeing a sustainable future for the present and for returning refugees by reducing the effects of climate change so as to cope with the increasing pressure on natural resources.
本研究考察了南苏丹自由和平项目(LPP)的政策转换与该国当地背景之间的脱节。它强调了社会福利服务中根深蒂固的历史排斥如何加剧了政治排斥,并加剧了该国不同种族之间糟糕的公民参与,导致暴力不断复发。该研究结合了对非洲晴雨表、国家民主研究所、国际非政府组织和南苏丹政府报告中深度访谈和参与者观察数据的定性审查。研究发现,限制接受正规教育的机会,以及保守和正统的和平建设方法,这些方法广泛关注集中的城市政治机构,排除了不同的地方需求和偏好,限制了公民对选举的参与,阻碍了南苏丹公平的社会秩序,建立了脆弱的威权和平、制度和平和宪法和平的连续体。从解放的角度来看,该研究提出了一个框架,优先考虑扩大初等和初等后职业教育,作为该国可持续国内和平的更可信的基础。国际社会的LPP需要进行调整,以增强南苏丹政府的政治意愿,扩大免费初等教育机会,通过学校供餐计划激励初等教育,并为职业培训课程注入活力。这将产生国内和平红利,以可持续的抑制因素避免南苏丹重新陷入暴力的结构性根源。除了通过教育和生活的各个领域赋予妇女权力外,政府还需要通过减少气候变化的影响,确保现在和返回的难民有一个可持续的未来,以确保可持续性,以应对对自然资源日益增加的压力。
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引用次数: 4
Human Security and Developmental Crisis in the Contemporary West Africa 当代西非的人类安全和发展危机
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-10-30 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010046
A. A. Aduloju, Omowunmi Oluwaseyifunmi Pratt
The last two decades were characterized by severe conflicts in the West Africa subregion. The era of conflict resolution, management and peace building thus came to define theregion. The destruction left by long years of protracted conflicts and the present state of devel opment is reason enough to warrant attention both from within and beyond. The study expounds, operationalizes and clarifies the concept of human security and development, and how human security issues lead to underdevelopment. The paper investigates the human security concerns in the post-conflict period and also looks at the crisis of development in the sub-region. It highlights details on the developmental crises that have bedevilled the sub-region and at the same time exposes the threats these crises pose on national security and peace in the subregion. This paper concludes that there is no appreciable effort in operationalizing human security in West Africa and this will lead to instability. The paper maintains that human security issues now complicate the developmental crisis in the sub-region due to its ambiguity. The paper suggests that policy makers should address human security issues in order to tackle developmental crisis in the sub-region.
过去二十年的特点是西非分区域发生了严重冲突。因此,解决冲突、管理和建设和平的时代开始定义该地区。多年旷日持久的冲突所造成的破坏和目前的发展状况足以引起国内外的注意。该研究对人类安全和发展的概念进行了阐述、操作和澄清,以及人类安全问题如何导致不发达。本文探讨了冲突后时期的人类安全问题,并探讨了次区域的发展危机。它突出了困扰分区域的发展危机的细节,同时揭示了这些危机对分区域国家安全与和平构成的威胁。本文的结论是,在西非实施人类安全方面没有明显的努力,这将导致不稳定。本文认为,由于人的安全问题的模糊性,使该次区域的发展危机复杂化。本文建议决策者应重视人的安全问题,以解决次区域的发展危机。
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引用次数: 10
A Case for Cohabitative Security: The Philippine and Malaysian Experience 同居安全的案例:菲律宾和马来西亚的经验
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-09-05 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010032
Michael Magcamit
This article attempts to explore and analyse the evidence for cohabiting the human security concept into the national security frameworks of ASEAN countries. Using the Philippines and Malaysia as case studies, the article determines the extent to which public officials and policymakers have redefined and reenvisioned national security by incorporating non-traditional, people-centered elements of human security. The word 'cohabitation' refers to national governments' efforts to amalgamate statist and humanist dimensions of security when articulating and implementing their national security rhetoric and agenda. It argues that human security naturally complements state security, and vice versa. As such, human security and state security co-exist in a constructive manner that enhances the overall level of national security. In other words, they are mutually constitutive rather than mutually corrosive. Both cases underscore a two-pronged assumption. First, the meaning and provision of national security can neither be eloquently articulated nor completely substantiated without considerations for 'below the state' actors and issues. And second, the eminent status vis-A -vis power of the state in providing national security can neither be trivialized nor undermined.
本文试图探讨和分析将人类安全观纳入东盟国家安全框架的证据。本文以菲律宾和马来西亚为案例研究,确定了政府官员和政策制定者通过纳入非传统的、以人为本的人类安全要素来重新定义和重新设想国家安全的程度。“同居”一词指的是各国政府在阐述和实施其国家安全言论和议程时,努力将国家安全的国家主义和人道主义维度结合起来。它认为,人类安全自然地补充了国家安全,反之亦然。人类安全与国家安全建设性共存,全面提升国家安全水平。换句话说,它们是相互构成的,而不是相互腐蚀的。这两个案例都强调了一个双管齐下的假设。首先,如果不考虑“国家以下”的行为者和问题,国家安全的含义和规定既不能雄辩地表达,也不能完全证实。其次,国家在提供国家安全方面的卓越地位既不能被轻视,也不能被削弱。
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引用次数: 4
Fragile States, Infectious Disease and Health Security: The Case for Timor-Leste 脆弱国家、传染病和卫生安全:东帝汶的案例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-04-21 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010014
J. Quinn, N. Martins, M. Cunha, M. Higuchi, D. Murphy, V. Bencko, M. M. higuchi
Timor-Leste is a very young and developing nation state. Endemic infectious disease and weakened health security coupled with its growing and inclusive public institutions keep Timor-Leste fragile and in transition on the spectrum of state stability. The objective here is to systematically review Timor-Leste's state and public health successes, showing how a fragile state can consistently improve its status on the continuum of stability and improve health security for the population. The case study follows a state case study approach, together with a disease burden review and a basic description of the health portrait in relation to Timor-Leste's fragile state status. Disease burden and health security are directly proportional to state stability and indirectly proportional to state failure. Timor-Leste is a clear example of how public health can feed into increased state stability. Our discussion attempts to describe how the weak and fragile island nation of Timor-Leste can continue on its current path of transition to state stability by increasing health security for its citizens. We surmise that this can be realized when public policy focuses on primary healthcare access, inclusive state institutions, basic hygiene and preventative vaccination programs. Based on our review, the core findings indicate that by increasing health security, a positive feedback loop of state stability follows. The use of Timor-Leste as a case study better describes the connection between public health and health security; and state stability, development and inclusive state institutions that promote health security.
东帝汶是一个非常年轻的发展中国家。地方性传染病和卫生安全的削弱,再加上其日益壮大和包容的公共机构,使东帝汶处于脆弱和国家稳定的过渡阶段。这里的目标是系统地审查东帝汶的国家和公共卫生成就,展示一个脆弱的国家如何能够不断改善其在稳定连续体中的地位,并改善人口的卫生安全。案例研究采用了国家案例研究方法,同时进行了疾病负担审查,并对东帝汶脆弱国家状况的健康状况进行了基本描述。疾病负担和卫生安全与国家稳定直接成正比,与国家失败间接成正比。东帝汶是公共卫生如何促进国家稳定的一个明显例子。我们的讨论试图描述东帝汶这个弱小和脆弱的岛国如何通过增加其公民的卫生安全,继续其目前向国家稳定过渡的道路。我们推测,当公共政策将重点放在初级卫生保健获取、包容性国家机构、基本卫生和预防性疫苗接种计划上时,这一点可以实现。基于我们的回顾,核心发现表明byÂ增加健康安全,一个状态稳定的正反馈循环随之而来。将东帝汶作为案例研究更好地说明了公共卫生与卫生安全之间的联系;以及促进卫生安全的国家稳定、发展和包容性国家机构。
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引用次数: 5
Human Security in World Affairs: A Pedagogical, Multi-disciplinary Approach 世界事务中的人类安全:教学的、多学科的方法
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-04-02 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010012
J. Janzekovic
Alexander and Sabina Lautensach (editors) propose that their book is primarily intended for students and for teaching, and that a pedagogical approach was prioritised rather than a reproduction in the standard format of an academic monograph (p. XVII). Throughout, they aim for a diverse, multi/trans-disciplinary approach in content and presentation by contributors with potential student outcomes focused on flexibility and a broad spectrum knowledge and understanding of human security. To these ends they have been very successful. This hefty tome, almost encyclopaedic in its scope and depth, needs to be approached by students in a certain way. That is, students will benefit from some directed guidance regarding approach and methodology in order to successfully navigate through the many detailed concepts, theories and practicalities contained in the book. This is clearly provided in the preface where the authors spend quite some time outlining the rationale of the book in a simple and easy to understand way that will be particularly useful for students and other engaged readers.
Alexander和Sabina Lautensach(编辑)提出,他们的书主要是为学生和教学服务的,并且优先考虑教学方法,而不是以学术专著的标准格式复制(第XVII页)。在整个过程中,他们的目标是在内容和展示方面采用多样化,多/跨学科的方法,由贡献者提供潜在的学生成果,重点是灵活性和对人类安全的广泛知识和理解。在这些方面,他们非常成功。这本厚重的大部头,在其范围和深度上几乎是百科全书式的,需要学生们以某种方式来阅读。That is,学生将受益于一些关于方法和方法的指导,以便成功地通过书中包含的许多详细的概念,理论和实践。在序言中,作者花了相当多的时间以一种简单易懂的方式概述了这本书的基本原理,这对学生和其他从事读者特别有用。
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引用次数: 0
The Praxis of Social Enterprise and Human Security: An Applied Research Agenda 社会企业实践与人类安全:一个应用研究议程
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-02-20 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010004
M. Brown
The growth of social enterprise within development NGO work might lead one to suspect it has been irredeemably corrupted by neo-liberal capitalism. However, using the tools of capitalism is not the same as subscribing to the values of capitalism. This paper is situated at the intersection of five fields: human security, international development, social enterprise, social franchising, and left-wing anti-capitalist thought. It examines the relevance of social en­terprise to human security and to development, the relationship between social enterprise and the anti-capitalist values of the left, and it then focuses on social franchising—a subset of social enterprise that highlights the importance of cooperation—suggesting that it may be a useful methodology for NGOs carrying out educational work in parts of the developing world. It syn­thesises and extends ideas that I have presented elsewhere [1-3], it draws on ethnographic fieldwork on the Thai-Burma border, and it puts forward an agenda for further applied research that is rooted in a sociological analysis of civil society and contributes to the human security paradigm.
社会企业在发展非政府组织工作中的增长可能会让人怀疑它已经被新自由主义资本主义不可挽回地腐蚀了。然而,使用资本主义的工具并不等同于认同资本主义的价值观。本文处于人类安全、国际发展、社会企业、社会特许经营和左翼反资本主义思想五个领域的交叉点。它考察了社会enÂ-terprise与人类安全和发展的相关性,社会企业与左派的反资本主义价值观之间的关系,然后关注社会特许经营——社会企业的一个子集,强调合作的重要性——表明它可能是在发展中国家部分地区开展教育工作的非政府组织的有用方法。它synÂ-thesises并扩展了我在其他地方提出的想法[1-3],它借鉴了泰缅边境的民族志田野调查,并提出了进一步应用研究的议程,该议程植根于对公民社会的社会学分析,并有助于人类安全范式。
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引用次数: 7
Editorial for Journal of Human Security Volume 10 《人类安全杂志》第十卷社论
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2014-01-08 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2014.10010001
S. Lautensach
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela's death on 5 December 2013 and his funeral ten days later were taken as an occasion in the global media to discuss the merits of political leadership for human security, with occasional comments on its pitfalls. This particular leader is not the most politically safe object of discussion, as, for a long time, he openly advocated civil disobedience and resistance, initially of the non-violent kind, but later becoming violent. Predictably, the local hegemon reacted with great brutality and sweeping measures to the resistance of the ANC, policies that shocked many in the western world. This reaction by the gov­ernment and its supporters and the counterreaction it incited amounted, in the long run, to little more than a vast reduction in human security for most citizens of South Africa, lasting until the ANC's victory and Mr Mandela's ascendance to the presidency in 1994.
纳尔逊·罗利赫拉赫拉·曼德拉于2013年12月5日去世,10天后举行葬礼,全球媒体借此机会讨论政治领导对人类安全的好处,偶尔也对其缺陷发表评论。这位特殊的领导人并不是政治上最安全的讨论对象,因为,很长一段时间,他公开提倡公民不服从和抵抗,最初是非暴力的,但后来变成了暴力的。不出所料,当地的霸主对非国大的抵抗采取了极其残暴和全面的措施,这些政策震惊了西方世界的许多人。从长远来看,govÂ-ernment及其支持者的这种反应,以及它所煽动的反作用,只不过是大大降低了南非大多数公民的人身安全,这种情况一直持续到1994年非国大的胜利和曼德拉先生的上位。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of "Human Security in World Affairs: Problems and Opportunities" 《世界事务中的人类安全:问题与机遇》述评
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2013-09-04 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2013.09010027
A. Fredeen
While security of our hominid encampments and settlements must have been at or near the top of our species priorities since our evolution some several hundred thousand years ago, awareness of the magnitude of our alterations, interactions and impacts on our world is a very recent event. Even more recent is our collective and growing angst over how are species is to secure some sort of permanence on a planet that is ultimately governed by natural forces and is forever changing.
尽管自几十万年前人类进化以来,人类营地和定居点的安全肯定是或接近于我们物种优先考虑的首要问题,但意识到我们对世界的改变、互动和影响的规模是最近才发生的事情。更近的是,我们对物种如何在一个最终由自然力量支配且永远在变化的星球上获得某种永久存在的集体和日益增长的焦虑。
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引用次数: 0
Doing Justice to Human Security: A Textbook in Tune with its Time 公正对待人类安全:一本与时俱进的教科书
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2013-09-04 DOI: 10.12924/JOHS2013.09010029
D. Neubauer
I begin this brief review of this important volume with the confession that I have not personally pursued a teaching style that has employed a self-acclaimed textbook for many, many years, preferring to construct courses around monographs, articles and other visual materials. However, were I provided the opportunity to teach a course at the upper division undergraduate level or early gradate level in the subject of human security, this would certainly be the book I would choose (with the caveat introduced below). Alex and Sabina Lautensach have given careful and thoughtful consideration to every aspect of the text: the preface and introduction, written by the editors, lay out both the logic of the text and frame the subject matter that will locate the reader firmly in the midst of the vast challenges that consti­tute the issue of human security. They do so by em­phasizing both the multiple dimensions along which the issue of human security can be located and the inseparable nature of these as they interact with each other in complex ways. In many respects this strikes me as one of the most important contributions to the text—its steady insistence that human security as a construct is in a discursive state of constant emer­gence, such that in some important ways all its varied dimensions insistently co-vary. To make such a claim is in itself daunting—to demonstrate its validity and mutual engagements through the complex subject matters of its 20 chapters, is a tour de force. Their conclusion is sufficiently rich to stand alone as an illustrative text in other course materials.
我首先要承认,我个人并没有追求一种多年来一直使用自诩的教科书的教学风格,而是更喜欢围绕着专著、文章和其他视觉材料来构建课程。然而,如果我有机会在本科高年级或研究生早期讲授人类安全的课程,我肯定会选择这本书(下面有一个警告)。Alex和Sabina Lautensach对文本的每一个方面都进行了仔细而周到的考虑:由编辑撰写的序言和介绍,列出了文本的逻辑和框架主题,将读者牢牢地定位在constiÂ-tute人类安全问题的巨大挑战之中。它们这样做是通过emÂ-phasizing:人类安全问题可以定位的多个维度,以及这些维度以复杂的方式相互作用时不可分割的性质。在许多方面,我认为这是对这本书最重要的贡献之一——它坚定地坚持认为,作为一种结构,人类安全处于一种恒定的话语状态emerÂ-gence,因此,在某些重要方面,它的所有不同维度都在持续地共同变化。提出这样的主张本身就令人望而生畏——通过20章的复杂主题来证明其有效性和相互参与,是一部杰作。他们的结论足够丰富,可以单独作为其他课程材料的说明性文本。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Human Security
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