Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2239733
Thomas J. Mowen, A. Heitkamp
ABSTRACT There are numerous advantages afforded to physically attractive individuals, including better employment opportunities, higher wages, and being viewed as more intelligent, capable, and nicer than those who are less attractive. From a labeling perspective, there is ample theoretical rationale to believe that people who are less attractive may engage in greater deviant behaviors due to the stigma of feeling “ugly.” Using a sample of 1,486 college students, this study explores how both perceptions of attractiveness as well as the stigma about one’s looks relate to a variety index of norm-breaking behaviors (e.g. chewing with an open mouth, drunk dialing, failing to bathe). Findings revealed that perceptions of physical attractiveness were not a significant correlate of deviance; however, individuals who reported greater levels of stigma about their looks reported significantly greater levels of general deviance than those with lower levels of stigma. Results further showed that stigma moderated a significant negative effect between perceptions of attractiveness and deviance, particularly for people of “average” looks. Echoing prior studies on the importance of physical attractiveness in society, findings from this study highlight that how people feel about their looks carries significant influence on behaviors, including everyday forms of general social deviance.
{"title":"The Label of Looks: Physical Attractiveness, Stigma, and Deviant Behavior","authors":"Thomas J. Mowen, A. Heitkamp","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2239733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2239733","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There are numerous advantages afforded to physically attractive individuals, including better employment opportunities, higher wages, and being viewed as more intelligent, capable, and nicer than those who are less attractive. From a labeling perspective, there is ample theoretical rationale to believe that people who are less attractive may engage in greater deviant behaviors due to the stigma of feeling “ugly.” Using a sample of 1,486 college students, this study explores how both perceptions of attractiveness as well as the stigma about one’s looks relate to a variety index of norm-breaking behaviors (e.g. chewing with an open mouth, drunk dialing, failing to bathe). Findings revealed that perceptions of physical attractiveness were not a significant correlate of deviance; however, individuals who reported greater levels of stigma about their looks reported significantly greater levels of general deviance than those with lower levels of stigma. Results further showed that stigma moderated a significant negative effect between perceptions of attractiveness and deviance, particularly for people of “average” looks. Echoing prior studies on the importance of physical attractiveness in society, findings from this study highlight that how people feel about their looks carries significant influence on behaviors, including everyday forms of general social deviance.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"407 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49200288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2239739
R. K. Brown, Karael Campbell, Berkeley Franz, Ronald E. Brown
ABSTRACT Vaccination is an effective public health initiative to reduce severe illness and death due to COVID-19. Vaccine uptake in the United States has been uneven, however. One proposed mechanism to improve vaccine uptake is to engage religious groups to provide health information and encourage vaccination. It remains unclear though if Americans with differing racial/ethnic identities and religious affiliations are equally likely to receive health-related information in religious settings and endorse COVID-19 vaccination. We assessed data from the 2020–2021 National Politics Study, which utilized a national research panel of U.S. adults. Using logistic regression and a treatment effects approach, we found that having heard health-related messages in religious settings and endorsing progressive religious ideology were associated with increased COVID-19 and flu vaccine acceptance. This relationship was stronger among White American worship-goers. These findings suggest that partnerships with religious organizations may be important if additional barriers to vaccination are also addressed.
{"title":"Religious and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Flu and COVID-19 Vaccination Intentions","authors":"R. K. Brown, Karael Campbell, Berkeley Franz, Ronald E. Brown","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2239739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2239739","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vaccination is an effective public health initiative to reduce severe illness and death due to COVID-19. Vaccine uptake in the United States has been uneven, however. One proposed mechanism to improve vaccine uptake is to engage religious groups to provide health information and encourage vaccination. It remains unclear though if Americans with differing racial/ethnic identities and religious affiliations are equally likely to receive health-related information in religious settings and endorse COVID-19 vaccination. We assessed data from the 2020–2021 National Politics Study, which utilized a national research panel of U.S. adults. Using logistic regression and a treatment effects approach, we found that having heard health-related messages in religious settings and endorsing progressive religious ideology were associated with increased COVID-19 and flu vaccine acceptance. This relationship was stronger among White American worship-goers. These findings suggest that partnerships with religious organizations may be important if additional barriers to vaccination are also addressed.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"390 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45537417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2227795
Howard T. Welser, Brenna Helm, Thomas Vander Ven
{"title":"Swipe for Your Right to Party: Gender, Social Structure, and Social Media in College Drinking Intensity","authors":"Howard T. Welser, Brenna Helm, Thomas Vander Ven","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2227795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2227795","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48283907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2227794
Ebonie Cunningham Stringer
ABSTRACT Black women of faith have always been critical to the mobilization of Black churches and communities resisting state violence and injustice. Yet religious institutions led by Black men are often perceived to be the most important conduits of Black progress. Moreover, the sociology of religion tends to center a Eurocentric male lens that marginalizes and erases the gendered experiences of women of color. This multimethod study employs a Black feminist lens to explore the activism of 28 Black women clergy and lay leaders in response to anti-Black state violence from the post-Ferguson era through the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings illuminate the ways in which Black women work to ensure the survival of their communities and other women in the face of trauma and their strategies to uproot racist systems that perpetuate state violence against Black bodies. Findings also illumine the ways in which Black church culture, gender, and race shape Black women’s theology, activism, and imaginings of justice.
{"title":"Trauma Technicians and Wounded Warriors: Using a Black Feminist Lens to Understand How Black Women Clergy and Lay Leaders Resist Anti-Black State Violence","authors":"Ebonie Cunningham Stringer","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2227794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2227794","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Black women of faith have always been critical to the mobilization of Black churches and communities resisting state violence and injustice. Yet religious institutions led by Black men are often perceived to be the most important conduits of Black progress. Moreover, the sociology of religion tends to center a Eurocentric male lens that marginalizes and erases the gendered experiences of women of color. This multimethod study employs a Black feminist lens to explore the activism of 28 Black women clergy and lay leaders in response to anti-Black state violence from the post-Ferguson era through the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings illuminate the ways in which Black women work to ensure the survival of their communities and other women in the face of trauma and their strategies to uproot racist systems that perpetuate state violence against Black bodies. Findings also illumine the ways in which Black church culture, gender, and race shape Black women’s theology, activism, and imaginings of justice.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"371 - 389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49322631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2216969
Kevin J. Christiano
ABSTRACT In the curricula of colleges and universities in North America, the discipline of sociology is a relative newcomer. During scarcely more than a century since the founding of the first American degree programs in sociology, little agreement has emerged over what sociology actually is or does. Rather than regard this dizzying diversity as a source of confusion and consternation, though, might we ponder what would happen to us and our efforts if, instead, we were to view the many forms and aims of contemporary sociology as an irreplaceable advantage, and the practical pluralism that surrounds us in our work as a font of riches, embarrassing or not? Would not multiple visions thus be engaged at once? Could we not at last proceed, as the Beatles urged us, “all together now”?
{"title":"NCSA 2023 Presidential Address All Together Now: Sociology as a Liberal Art and a Liberating Practice","authors":"Kevin J. Christiano","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2216969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2216969","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the curricula of colleges and universities in North America, the discipline of sociology is a relative newcomer. During scarcely more than a century since the founding of the first American degree programs in sociology, little agreement has emerged over what sociology actually is or does. Rather than regard this dizzying diversity as a source of confusion and consternation, though, might we ponder what would happen to us and our efforts if, instead, we were to view the many forms and aims of contemporary sociology as an irreplaceable advantage, and the practical pluralism that surrounds us in our work as a font of riches, embarrassing or not? Would not multiple visions thus be engaged at once? Could we not at last proceed, as the Beatles urged us, “all together now”?","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"247 - 258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49299884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-18DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2216475
Marian Azab
ABSTRACT Social movements have utilized social media for recruitment since the mid-2000s. Scholars agree that Facebook and Twitter mobilized people during the 2011 worldwide protest wave. However, the literature largely ignores the gendered effect of social media on mobilization. I argue that social media is especially mobilizing for women in high-risk, gender-repressive contexts. In such instances, online ties with fellow citizens offer women access to information about political issues in their countries, the opportunity to articulate political views, and a space to interact with activists. I investigate this claim using the Arab Barometer (2011), which was administered to a representative sample of Egyptians five months after the 18-day protest movement of 2011. I find that social media mobilized women but not men. My findings emphasize the gendered nature of social media and challenge the perception of Egyptian women as either westernized protestors or oppressed non-activists.
{"title":"Social Media and Gendered Mobilization to High-Risk Campaigns in Gender-Repressive Contexts: The Case of the 2011 Egyptian Protest Movement","authors":"Marian Azab","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2216475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2216475","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social movements have utilized social media for recruitment since the mid-2000s. Scholars agree that Facebook and Twitter mobilized people during the 2011 worldwide protest wave. However, the literature largely ignores the gendered effect of social media on mobilization. I argue that social media is especially mobilizing for women in high-risk, gender-repressive contexts. In such instances, online ties with fellow citizens offer women access to information about political issues in their countries, the opportunity to articulate political views, and a space to interact with activists. I investigate this claim using the Arab Barometer (2011), which was administered to a representative sample of Egyptians five months after the 18-day protest movement of 2011. I find that social media mobilized women but not men. My findings emphasize the gendered nature of social media and challenge the perception of Egyptian women as either westernized protestors or oppressed non-activists.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"284 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45398497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-12DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2215994
Aaron B. Franzen, Pamela Koch
ABSTRACT Americans have a reoccurring discussion about firearms and gun culture in America with no policy changes. We used data from Pew Research fielded just after the Sandy Hook tragedy in 2012 to conduct a latent class analysis of gun policy positions and assess how demographic characteristics, such as religion, impact belonging to particular gun policy latent classes. Unlike much previous research, we analyzed not just individuals’ viewpoints on gun policy but also the actions they take regarding their viewpoints. In this attempt to understand why a seemingly dominant view (i.e., a desire to change gun laws) never seems to move forward, we found that the largest latent class is respondents favoring gun control but who are not active. Further, unlike those within the active gun control class, respondents in the active pro-gun latent class are more likely to contribute financially rather than just sign petitions or speak out.
{"title":"Why Gun Control Reform Is So Difficult: A Latent Class Analysis of Gun Policy Preferences","authors":"Aaron B. Franzen, Pamela Koch","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2215994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2215994","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Americans have a reoccurring discussion about firearms and gun culture in America with no policy changes. We used data from Pew Research fielded just after the Sandy Hook tragedy in 2012 to conduct a latent class analysis of gun policy positions and assess how demographic characteristics, such as religion, impact belonging to particular gun policy latent classes. Unlike much previous research, we analyzed not just individuals’ viewpoints on gun policy but also the actions they take regarding their viewpoints. In this attempt to understand why a seemingly dominant view (i.e., a desire to change gun laws) never seems to move forward, we found that the largest latent class is respondents favoring gun control but who are not active. Further, unlike those within the active gun control class, respondents in the active pro-gun latent class are more likely to contribute financially rather than just sign petitions or speak out.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"335 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41615010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-26DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2210322
Pamela Aronson, Carmel E. Price
ABSTRACT This study examines the gendered experiences of working class, nontraditional postsecondary students in the context of the Great Recession. Based on in-depth interviews with 75 students, and a longitudinal analysis of their academic transcripts 6 to 8 years later, we find that both men and women emphasized the importance of providing for their families. In the context of an economic downturn, interviewees were concerned about improving their job prospects with educational credentials to ensure greater financial stability. Yet whereas men focused primarily on financially providing for their families as their reason for enrolling in college, women emphasized both providing for their families and self-development. This blending of the perceived purposes of education suggests that women expressed a more complex, multifaceted understanding of their reasons for enrolling in education. This study has implications for not only the Great Recession but motivations for enrolling during other recessions, including the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"“I’m Doing This for Me:” Gendered Reasons for Enrolling in Postsecondary Education During a Time of Economic Uncertainty","authors":"Pamela Aronson, Carmel E. Price","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2210322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2210322","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the gendered experiences of working class, nontraditional postsecondary students in the context of the Great Recession. Based on in-depth interviews with 75 students, and a longitudinal analysis of their academic transcripts 6 to 8 years later, we find that both men and women emphasized the importance of providing for their families. In the context of an economic downturn, interviewees were concerned about improving their job prospects with educational credentials to ensure greater financial stability. Yet whereas men focused primarily on financially providing for their families as their reason for enrolling in college, women emphasized both providing for their families and self-development. This blending of the perceived purposes of education suggests that women expressed a more complex, multifaceted understanding of their reasons for enrolling in education. This study has implications for not only the Great Recession but motivations for enrolling during other recessions, including the COVID-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"303 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43861225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-16DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2214747
R. L. Boyd
ABSTRACT Studies applying middleman minority theory to white immigrants’ retail enterprise in the United States overlook the possibility that, in the early twentieth-century American West, white immigrants were attracted into merchandizing by opportunities to exploit a sizable and colonized Mexican population. The present study investigates this possibility. Regression analyses of 1930 Census data show that foreign-born whites were most likely to become merchants in those western locations that once belonged to Mexico and had the largest Mexican populations, consistent with the proposition that white immigrants’ middleman retail entrepreneurship was supported by the U.S. Mexican population’s size and colonized status. The results extend internal colonization scholarship by inferring that Mexican populations in the West, similar to black populations in non-western cities, provided white immigrants with a minority consumer market that was leveraged into retail enterprise in the early twentieth century. Thus, white immigrants, like native “Anglos,” benefited from the Mexican population’s subordination.
{"title":"White Immigrant Merchants, the U.S. Mexican Population, and Middleman Entrepreneurship in the Early Twentieth-Century American West","authors":"R. L. Boyd","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2214747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2214747","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies applying middleman minority theory to white immigrants’ retail enterprise in the United States overlook the possibility that, in the early twentieth-century American West, white immigrants were attracted into merchandizing by opportunities to exploit a sizable and colonized Mexican population. The present study investigates this possibility. Regression analyses of 1930 Census data show that foreign-born whites were most likely to become merchants in those western locations that once belonged to Mexico and had the largest Mexican populations, consistent with the proposition that white immigrants’ middleman retail entrepreneurship was supported by the U.S. Mexican population’s size and colonized status. The results extend internal colonization scholarship by inferring that Mexican populations in the West, similar to black populations in non-western cities, provided white immigrants with a minority consumer market that was leveraged into retail enterprise in the early twentieth century. Thus, white immigrants, like native “Anglos,” benefited from the Mexican population’s subordination.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"321 - 334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43938476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-06DOI: 10.1080/00380237.2023.2199171
T. Prochnow, M. Patterson, Logan Hartnell, M. Renée, U. Meyer
ABSTRACT Video games are part of everyday life for many Americans despite concerns for social isolation and depressive symptoms. Preliminary studies show gamers may compensate for lack of in-real-life (IRL) support with online connections. This longitudinal social network study investigated the social structure of an online gaming site and how social support, sense of community, and depressive symptoms relate to communication. Members (N = 40) of an online gaming site reported online and IRL support, sense of community, depressive symptoms, and usernames of other members whom they spoke to about important life matters. IRL and online social support, sense of community, and depressive symptoms significantly influenced changes in online gaming network structure over time. These results are timely given social isolation and mental health impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploring how to healthfully build online connections through gaming may be an avenue for greater social support when IRL social support is lacking.
{"title":"Online Gaming Network Communication Dynamics, Depressive Symptoms, and Social Support: A Longitudinal Network Analysis","authors":"T. Prochnow, M. Patterson, Logan Hartnell, M. Renée, U. Meyer","doi":"10.1080/00380237.2023.2199171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2023.2199171","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Video games are part of everyday life for many Americans despite concerns for social isolation and depressive symptoms. Preliminary studies show gamers may compensate for lack of in-real-life (IRL) support with online connections. This longitudinal social network study investigated the social structure of an online gaming site and how social support, sense of community, and depressive symptoms relate to communication. Members (N = 40) of an online gaming site reported online and IRL support, sense of community, depressive symptoms, and usernames of other members whom they spoke to about important life matters. IRL and online social support, sense of community, and depressive symptoms significantly influenced changes in online gaming network structure over time. These results are timely given social isolation and mental health impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploring how to healthfully build online connections through gaming may be an avenue for greater social support when IRL social support is lacking.","PeriodicalId":39368,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Focus","volume":"56 1","pages":"272 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44493798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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