Pub Date : 2022-03-10DOI: 10.1177/00380229221081978
Shalini Punjabi
The higher education system in India is creating newer structures of hierarchy and differentiation to become distinct. This is largely due to the rising demand for professional education, the returns of which are perceived to be higher than a general degree. Middle-class families have always operated within distinctive structural frameworks to contest for social cachet through education. In India, one such arena is the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). To determine who is meritorious enough to secure an IIT seat, the Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) has become the arbiter where merit is the relative rank of contestants and shadow education a key training site to ace the JEE. This article is based on a sociological analysis of family credentialing strategies around shadow education that prepares aspirants for the IIT-JEE. Drawing on an analysis of the middle class in Delhi, I discuss how these strategies are feeding fodder to the aspirants’ dream of pursuing an IIT degree and exacerbating educational stratification. I also show how the private coaching market in India reinforces this divide by way of a segregation policy which incentivises a few to secure higher ranks in the JEE.
{"title":"Chasing Elite Higher Education: Shadow Education and Middle-Class Strategies of Credentialism Around the Indian Institute of Technology-Joint Entrance Exam","authors":"Shalini Punjabi","doi":"10.1177/00380229221081978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229221081978","url":null,"abstract":"The higher education system in India is creating newer structures of hierarchy and differentiation to become distinct. This is largely due to the rising demand for professional education, the returns of which are perceived to be higher than a general degree. Middle-class families have always operated within distinctive structural frameworks to contest for social cachet through education. In India, one such arena is the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). To determine who is meritorious enough to secure an IIT seat, the Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) has become the arbiter where merit is the relative rank of contestants and shadow education a key training site to ace the JEE. This article is based on a sociological analysis of family credentialing strategies around shadow education that prepares aspirants for the IIT-JEE. Drawing on an analysis of the middle class in Delhi, I discuss how these strategies are feeding fodder to the aspirants’ dream of pursuing an IIT degree and exacerbating educational stratification. I also show how the private coaching market in India reinforces this divide by way of a segregation policy which incentivises a few to secure higher ranks in the JEE.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"193 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41981331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1177/00380229221081987
Hoineilhing Sitlhou
The implementation of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Manipur exemplifies how certain spaces and populations become margins through the administrative practices of the state. The state is endowed with the authority to categorise as legitimate or illegitimate the various forms of violence and practices toward its citizens. This action of the state has resulted in the formation of associations like the Manipur Women Gun Survivors Network and Extrajudicial Execution Victim Families Association via the shared experience of violence and collective victimhood, connecting those families or individuals who are more adversely affected by AFSPA. The diverging perspectives and experiences of state violence are juxtaposed in order to display both the anguish and expectations of the victims’ families as also the commitments of the perpetrators towards the democratic state. Finally, the narratives of violence, sufferings and testimonies are repositioned and anchored to juridical and political discourse, in order to find the meanings of justice, healing and reparation in a militarised society like Manipur.
{"title":"State Violence and Collective Victimhood in a Militarised State","authors":"Hoineilhing Sitlhou","doi":"10.1177/00380229221081987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229221081987","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) in Manipur exemplifies how certain spaces and populations become margins through the administrative practices of the state. The state is endowed with the authority to categorise as legitimate or illegitimate the various forms of violence and practices toward its citizens. This action of the state has resulted in the formation of associations like the Manipur Women Gun Survivors Network and Extrajudicial Execution Victim Families Association via the shared experience of violence and collective victimhood, connecting those families or individuals who are more adversely affected by AFSPA. The diverging perspectives and experiences of state violence are juxtaposed in order to display both the anguish and expectations of the victims’ families as also the commitments of the perpetrators towards the democratic state. Finally, the narratives of violence, sufferings and testimonies are repositioned and anchored to juridical and political discourse, in order to find the meanings of justice, healing and reparation in a militarised society like Manipur.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"255 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48656852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063401
Aditi Bhardwaj
L. N. Venkataraman, The Social Construction of Capabilities in a Tamil Village. Orient Blackswan, 2021, 190 pp., ₹595 (paperback). ISBN: 978-81-948295-9-1.
L. N.文卡塔拉曼:《一个泰米尔村庄的社会能力建构》。东方黑天鹅，2021年，190页，₹595(平装本)。ISBN: 978-81-948295-9-1。
{"title":"Book review: L. N. Venkataraman, The Social Construction of Capabilities in a Tamil Village","authors":"Aditi Bhardwaj","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063401","url":null,"abstract":"L. N. Venkataraman, The Social Construction of Capabilities in a Tamil Village. Orient Blackswan, 2021, 190 pp., ₹595 (paperback). ISBN: 978-81-948295-9-1.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"151 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44623416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063160
Rafia Kazim
Even though scholars and feminists have accused intersectional theory for being superficial, inadequate, context bereft and fashionably more populist than academic, its applicability in addressing multi-layered forms of discrimination cannot be ignored. It is against this background that the article, through a deconstructive reading of an Urdu short story, Do Haath, highlights the challenges of the protagonist, the Dalit household, comprised primarily of women. Besides discussing the intersectional subjects of the story, this article questions the deliberate omissions of the multiply disadvantageous people such as the Dalit-Muslim women, also known as the Pasmanda women from feminist, Dalit and subaltern discourses. Furthermore, this article foregrounds intersectionality framework to understand the multiplicative nature of oppression and discrimination that Pasmanda women are subjected to, and how by excluding them from their respective agenda, feminist and Dalit activists have contributed towards their perpetual marginality. Finally, the article suggests that intersectionality framework should be used to understand moments of celebratory resilience in the lives of intersectional subjects.
{"title":"Re-reading Do Haath as an Intersectional Text: Ismat Chughtai and Dalits","authors":"Rafia Kazim","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063160","url":null,"abstract":"Even though scholars and feminists have accused intersectional theory for being superficial, inadequate, context bereft and fashionably more populist than academic, its applicability in addressing multi-layered forms of discrimination cannot be ignored. It is against this background that the article, through a deconstructive reading of an Urdu short story, Do Haath, highlights the challenges of the protagonist, the Dalit household, comprised primarily of women. Besides discussing the intersectional subjects of the story, this article questions the deliberate omissions of the multiply disadvantageous people such as the Dalit-Muslim women, also known as the Pasmanda women from feminist, Dalit and subaltern discourses. Furthermore, this article foregrounds intersectionality framework to understand the multiplicative nature of oppression and discrimination that Pasmanda women are subjected to, and how by excluding them from their respective agenda, feminist and Dalit activists have contributed towards their perpetual marginality. Finally, the article suggests that intersectionality framework should be used to understand moments of celebratory resilience in the lives of intersectional subjects.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"62 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46699644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063394
M. Thakur
A. M. Shah, The Legacy of M. N. Srinivas: His Contribution to Sociology and Social Anthropology in India. Routledge, 2020, 90 pp., ₹495 (paperback). ISBN: 978-0-367-46258-1.
{"title":"Book review: A. M. Shah, The Legacy of M. N. Srinivas: His Contribution to Sociology and Social Anthropology in India","authors":"M. Thakur","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063394","url":null,"abstract":"A. M. Shah, The Legacy of M. N. Srinivas: His Contribution to Sociology and Social Anthropology in India. Routledge, 2020, 90 pp., ₹495 (paperback). ISBN: 978-0-367-46258-1.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"150 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49513299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063386
A. Prasad
This paper seeks to recount the challenges and predicaments of doing fieldwork in the discipline of sociology with the central focus on ethnographic techniques of data collection. The paper is based on the specific challenges encountered by the researcher while doing the study of Social Compliance Audit (SCA). This paper draws from two bouts of fieldwork; each very different from the other. My first encounter is with the practice of SCA as a graduate of sociology, working in the corporate sector as a social compliance auditor. My second as a scholar enrolled for PhD program researching on social compliance audit. The two locations offered very different vantage points of enquiry. As an auditor, my brief was laid out; a given whose protocols I had to follow. SCA was a known and necessary entity for the managerial staff in the garment industry. As a PhD scholar I realized it was virtually unknown in the academic community of sociology, even within studies on labor. There are two clear challenges that I faced while conducting fieldwork for my PhD. One, that SCA was relatively unfamiliar as an object for sociological enquiry. And two, the predicaments of doing qualitative research on sites and people who had their own ideas of how SCA ought to be studies. Here, the field encountered is analysed as a method of knowledge production and the ethnographer is placed at the centre of drama.
{"title":"The Challenges and Predicaments of Doing Embedded Fieldwork in Sociology: Shifting Roles of a Researcher in the Study of Social Compliance Audit","authors":"A. Prasad","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063386","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to recount the challenges and predicaments of doing fieldwork in the discipline of sociology with the central focus on ethnographic techniques of data collection. The paper is based on the specific challenges encountered by the researcher while doing the study of Social Compliance Audit (SCA). This paper draws from two bouts of fieldwork; each very different from the other. My first encounter is with the practice of SCA as a graduate of sociology, working in the corporate sector as a social compliance auditor. My second as a scholar enrolled for PhD program researching on social compliance audit. The two locations offered very different vantage points of enquiry. As an auditor, my brief was laid out; a given whose protocols I had to follow. SCA was a known and necessary entity for the managerial staff in the garment industry. As a PhD scholar I realized it was virtually unknown in the academic community of sociology, even within studies on labor. There are two clear challenges that I faced while conducting fieldwork for my PhD. One, that SCA was relatively unfamiliar as an object for sociological enquiry. And two, the predicaments of doing qualitative research on sites and people who had their own ideas of how SCA ought to be studies. Here, the field encountered is analysed as a method of knowledge production and the ethnographer is placed at the centre of drama.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"96 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42387520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063364
I. Pradhan, Anushyama Mukherjee, Aparna Rayaprol
This article will look at the ways in which gendered work is being transformed in contemporary India by focussing on Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Since the mid-1990s, after India opened its doors to multinational agencies, new forms of gendered labour have manifested. One of the ramifications of this gendered process is the feminisation of labour that enabled the participation of more women in the work force, engaging in activities that were low-paid. The basis of feminisation is that certain jobs require fewer skills or particular kinds of skills, for which women are thought to be suitable. This also has implications for the low bargaining power of women workers. The feminisation of the labour force in HITEC city, Hyderabad is a consequence of the changing labour markets with globalisation, offshore factories, migration and other changes in the workplace.
{"title":"Women and the Changing Nature of Work in Hyderabad’s HITEC City","authors":"I. Pradhan, Anushyama Mukherjee, Aparna Rayaprol","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063364","url":null,"abstract":"This article will look at the ways in which gendered work is being transformed in contemporary India by focussing on Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Since the mid-1990s, after India opened its doors to multinational agencies, new forms of gendered labour have manifested. One of the ramifications of this gendered process is the feminisation of labour that enabled the participation of more women in the work force, engaging in activities that were low-paid. The basis of feminisation is that certain jobs require fewer skills or particular kinds of skills, for which women are thought to be suitable. This also has implications for the low bargaining power of women workers. The feminisation of the labour force in HITEC city, Hyderabad is a consequence of the changing labour markets with globalisation, offshore factories, migration and other changes in the workplace.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"80 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46529500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063378
N. Jayaram
Taking a cue from G. S. Ghurye’s Shakespeare on Conscience and Justice (1965) this lecture in his memory explores the role of ethnicity in shaping the self-knowledge and literary sensitivity of V. S. Naipaul. Naipaul’s life traverses three distinct cultures: the Hindu culture brought by his ancestors who came as indentured migrants to Trinidad, the Creole culture of colonial Trinidad and the emerging modern culture of western civilisation. Much of Naipaul’s self-knowledge involved his engagement with these three cultures and his experience of the interplay between colonialism and ethnicity. In his first four novels—Miguel Street, The Mystic Masseur, The Suffrage of Elvira and A House for Mr Biswas—Naipaul describes the life and times of the descendants of Indian immigrants in colonial Trinidad and the making of a girmitiya diaspora there. The lecture delineates the rare sociological insights into this diaspora provided by these novels.
{"title":"Ethnicity, Self-Knowledge and Literary Sensitivity: A Sociological Reading of V. S. Naipaul’s First Four Novels","authors":"N. Jayaram","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063378","url":null,"abstract":"Taking a cue from G. S. Ghurye’s Shakespeare on Conscience and Justice (1965) this lecture in his memory explores the role of ethnicity in shaping the self-knowledge and literary sensitivity of V. S. Naipaul. Naipaul’s life traverses three distinct cultures: the Hindu culture brought by his ancestors who came as indentured migrants to Trinidad, the Creole culture of colonial Trinidad and the emerging modern culture of western civilisation. Much of Naipaul’s self-knowledge involved his engagement with these three cultures and his experience of the interplay between colonialism and ethnicity. In his first four novels—Miguel Street, The Mystic Masseur, The Suffrage of Elvira and A House for Mr Biswas—Naipaul describes the life and times of the descendants of Indian immigrants in colonial Trinidad and the making of a girmitiya diaspora there. The lecture delineates the rare sociological insights into this diaspora provided by these novels.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"133 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47651327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063151
A. Aziz
This study explores historic class-based obstacles in the dispensation of secular pedagogy in the Bengal region with the objective of presenting a better understating of the present pedagogical positioning of the British Bangladeshi diaspora of Tower Hamlets. This study charts the visitation of symbolic violence in the historical development of pedagogy under colonial rule and continues into the East Pakistan period. Through the application of Pierre Bourdieu’s primary thinking tools the discussion asserts Muslim Bengalis were educationally marginalised by both colonialists and local elites in the realisation of human capital consumption.
{"title":"A History of Symbolic Violence: A Spatial Temporal Exploration of the Cultural Capital Legacy of Bengali Pedagogy","authors":"A. Aziz","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063151","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores historic class-based obstacles in the dispensation of secular pedagogy in the Bengal region with the objective of presenting a better understating of the present pedagogical positioning of the British Bangladeshi diaspora of Tower Hamlets. This study charts the visitation of symbolic violence in the historical development of pedagogy under colonial rule and continues into the East Pakistan period. Through the application of Pierre Bourdieu’s primary thinking tools the discussion asserts Muslim Bengalis were educationally marginalised by both colonialists and local elites in the realisation of human capital consumption.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"41 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42000515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1177/00380229211063388
P. S. Judge
The debate on citizenship in the Constituent Assembly was overshadowed by the partition of India, which created difficulties in making constitutional provision for citizenship on certain defined criteria. However, it was quite clear to most of the members of the Constituent Assembly that the criteria of citizenship could not be fixed beforehand, as it was not possible to anticipate future developments. Thus, the Constitution empowered the parliament to define citizenship from time to time in the light of changing conditions. Thus began the process of enactments revising the provisions for citizenship, which ultimately culminated into the violation of the Constitution through enactment.
{"title":"Citizenship and Minorities in the Constituent Assembly Debates: Making Sense of the Present","authors":"P. S. Judge","doi":"10.1177/00380229211063388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00380229211063388","url":null,"abstract":"The debate on citizenship in the Constituent Assembly was overshadowed by the partition of India, which created difficulties in making constitutional provision for citizenship on certain defined criteria. However, it was quite clear to most of the members of the Constituent Assembly that the criteria of citizenship could not be fixed beforehand, as it was not possible to anticipate future developments. Thus, the Constitution empowered the parliament to define citizenship from time to time in the light of changing conditions. Thus began the process of enactments revising the provisions for citizenship, which ultimately culminated into the violation of the Constitution through enactment.","PeriodicalId":39369,"journal":{"name":"The Sociological Bulletin","volume":"71 1","pages":"7 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43906748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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