Celem opracowania jest analiza projektu reformy podziału terytorialnego państwa na województwa z 1931 r. oraz jego ocen wśród niemieckich dyplomatów. Planowana reforma wywołała zainteresowanie i poważne obawy ze strony niemieckiego resortu spraw zagranicznych ze względu na skutki dla mniejszości niemieckiej. Jednym z założeń zmian było przesunięcie granic województw zachodnich na wschód, tj. na tereny etnicznie polskie, co miało prowadzić do obniżenia udziału Niemców wśród ludności nowych województw. Omówiłem podział na województwa przyjęty u progu II Rzeczpospolitej, który miał mieć charakter tymczasowy. Następnie przedstawiłem działalność komisji powoływanych przez poszczególne rządy, które pracowały nad nowym kształtem podziału terytorialnego państwa. Spośród nich najbardziej owocne były prace Komisji dla Usprawnienia Administracji Publicznej przy Prezesie Rady Ministrów. Omówiłem przedłożony przez komisję projekt reformy z 1931 r. oraz rozważania przedstawicieli nauki prawa, które dotyczyły związku między podziałem administracyjnym a polityką wobec mniejszości. Następnie przedstawiłem treść dokumentacji wytworzonej w niemieckim resorcie spraw zagranicznych w związku z projektem polskiej reformy, który był tam oceniany jako katastrofalny dla mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce. W oparciu o dane statystyczne dokonano symulacji wskazujących na znaczący spadek niemczyzny w projektowanych województwach. W ramach podsumowania starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego projekt reformy nie został uchwalony, choć był zgodny z polską racją stanu.
{"title":"\"This is a disastrous reform for us.\" A project on the administrative division of the state into voivodeships from 1931 and its reception among German diplomacy","authors":"K. Graczyk","doi":"10.35757/rpn.2021.29.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2021.29.01","url":null,"abstract":"Celem opracowania jest analiza projektu reformy podziału terytorialnego państwa na województwa z 1931 r. oraz jego ocen wśród niemieckich dyplomatów. Planowana reforma wywołała zainteresowanie i poważne obawy ze strony niemieckiego resortu spraw zagranicznych ze względu na skutki dla mniejszości niemieckiej. Jednym z założeń zmian było przesunięcie granic województw zachodnich na wschód, tj. na tereny etnicznie polskie, co miało prowadzić do obniżenia udziału Niemców wśród ludności nowych województw. Omówiłem podział na województwa przyjęty u progu II Rzeczpospolitej, który miał mieć charakter tymczasowy. Następnie przedstawiłem działalność komisji powoływanych przez poszczególne rządy, które pracowały nad nowym kształtem podziału terytorialnego państwa. Spośród nich najbardziej owocne były prace Komisji dla Usprawnienia Administracji Publicznej przy Prezesie Rady Ministrów. Omówiłem przedłożony przez komisję projekt reformy z 1931 r. oraz rozważania przedstawicieli nauki prawa, które dotyczyły związku między podziałem administracyjnym a polityką wobec mniejszości. Następnie przedstawiłem treść dokumentacji wytworzonej w niemieckim resorcie spraw zagranicznych w związku z projektem polskiej reformy, który był tam oceniany jako katastrofalny dla mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce. W oparciu o dane statystyczne dokonano symulacji wskazujących na znaczący spadek niemczyzny w projektowanych województwach. W ramach podsumowania starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego projekt reformy nie został uchwalony, choć był zgodny z polską racją stanu.","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114447701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Austrian investments in Poland developed with varying intensity throughout the 20th century. The Second Austrian Republic exerted a visible influence on the eastern area in terms of entrepreneurship, the intensity of this process, the degree of generated changes and the effects in relation to Poland require clarification. Poland was treated by post-war Austria as an initiator of changes in the region and a partner in the exchange of goods and raw materials. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of Austrian economic stimuli, mainly direct investments, on the political situation in Poland. Their effectiveness is estimated on the basis of specific initiatives undertaken, not only for the sake of the national interest of the republic, but also responsibility for economic and political support for the area of Central and Eastern Europe. An important question remains how the Polish government reacted to the offers made by the Austrian authorities. The adopted hypothesis concerns integration in the region. The Austrians, through cooperation with Poland, sought to strengthen the economic and political position of the neighboring eastern countries.
{"title":"Inwestycje austriackie w Polsce przed 1989 rokiem","authors":"Agnieszka Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska","doi":"10.35757/rpn.2021.29.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2021.29.04","url":null,"abstract":"Austrian investments in Poland developed with varying intensity throughout the 20th century. The Second Austrian Republic exerted a visible influence on the eastern area in terms of entrepreneurship, the intensity of this process, the degree of generated changes and the effects in relation to Poland require clarification. Poland was treated by post-war Austria as an initiator of changes in the region and a partner in the exchange of goods and raw materials. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of Austrian economic stimuli, mainly direct investments, on the political situation in Poland. Their effectiveness is estimated on the basis of specific initiatives undertaken, not only for the sake of the national interest of the republic, but also responsibility for economic and political support for the area of Central and Eastern Europe. An important question remains how the Polish government reacted to the offers made by the Austrian authorities. The adopted hypothesis concerns integration in the region. The Austrians, through cooperation with Poland, sought to strengthen the economic and political position of the neighboring eastern countries.","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131408668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Okrężną drogą ku wolności. Ucieczki obywateli NRD w 1989 roku","authors":"Paweł Popieliński","doi":"10.35757/rpn.2021.29.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2021.29.13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115347095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper presents selected issues of German foreign energy policy in terms of determinants-goals-instruments. The factors taken into account in the process of creating foreign energy policy are discussed: the structure of primary energy consumption and of domestic production, the degree of dependence on energy imports and of diversification of supply sources, diversification of transport routes and import infrastructure. The development and goals of foreign energy policy were presented as well as the main instruments for the implementation of energy interests in bilateral and multilateral cooperation were indicated. The problem of defining foreign energy policy was also researched.
{"title":"Zagraniczna polityka energetyczna Niemiec: uwarunkowania - cele - instrumenty","authors":"Beata Molo","doi":"10.35757/rpn.2021.29.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2021.29.05","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents selected issues of German foreign energy policy in terms of determinants-goals-instruments. The factors taken into account in the process of creating foreign energy policy are discussed: the structure of primary energy consumption and of domestic production, the degree of dependence on energy imports and of diversification of supply sources, diversification of transport routes and import infrastructure. The development and goals of foreign energy policy were presented as well as the main instruments for the implementation of energy interests in bilateral and multilateral cooperation were indicated. The problem of defining foreign energy policy was also researched.","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133213524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the following text I will analyse the selected aspects of economic relations between Poland, Germany and China. I am going to compare elements of discourse with political actions and, above all, with economic realities. Clearly in economic terms, Chinese direction is not an alternative to Germany for Poland, but it may become a necessity in terms of diversification of international economic relations. Particularly in the context of forthcoming electromobility revolution, the crisis could affect the German automobile industry, spilling over into other sectors related to Poland’s export. In the medium term, economic processes are likely to be loosely linked to political processes. Poland's interests in the international arena are more related to political integration with Germany than to a strong rapprochement with China. However, the former are unlikely to support Poland's emancipation in independent economic and trade policy. This may result in a two-pronged approach (separation of economic policies from political relations) to relations between the two countries.
{"title":"W trójkącie współzależności. Relacje gospodarcze Polski z Niemcami i Chinami oraz ich znaczenie polityczne","authors":"K. Golik","doi":"10.35757/rpn.2021.29.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/rpn.2021.29.06","url":null,"abstract":"In the following text I will analyse the selected aspects of economic relations between Poland, Germany and China. I am going to compare elements of discourse with political actions and, above all, with economic realities. Clearly in economic terms, Chinese direction is not an alternative to Germany for Poland, but it may become a necessity in terms of diversification of international economic relations. Particularly in the context of forthcoming electromobility revolution, the crisis could affect the German automobile industry, spilling over into other sectors related to Poland’s export. In the medium term, economic processes are likely to be loosely linked to political processes. Poland's interests in the international arena are more related to political integration with Germany than to a strong rapprochement with China. However, the former are unlikely to support Poland's emancipation in independent economic and trade policy. This may result in a two-pronged approach (separation of economic policies from political relations) to relations between the two countries. ","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"411 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134448847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 20 December 1950, the Secretary General of the United Nations invited the Federal Republic of Germany to accede to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948. For several reasons the West German authorities treated the Convention as a tool to conduct foreign policy. The ratification of the Convention by West Germany and the form in which it was to take place were also important for Lemkin. Lemkin’s aforementioned fears explain why it was so important to him that the German language version of the Convention did not include phrases that distorted its original connotation and bring it closer to the Nuremberg principles. After a meeting of the Bundestag Law Committee on 3 May 1954, the West German justice minister informed Lemkin about the course of the discussions and also informed him that most of the proposed amendments and changes were accepted.
{"title":"Raphael Lemkin and West Germany’s Accession to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide","authors":"P. Madajczyk","doi":"10.35757/RPN.2020.28.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/RPN.2020.28.14","url":null,"abstract":"On 20 December 1950, the Secretary General of the United Nations invited the Federal Republic of Germany to accede to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 9 December 1948. For several reasons the West German authorities treated the Convention as a tool to conduct foreign policy. The ratification of the Convention by West Germany and the form in which it was to take place were also important for Lemkin. Lemkin’s aforementioned fears explain why it was so important to him that the German language version of the Convention did not include phrases that distorted its original connotation and bring it closer to the Nuremberg principles. After a meeting of the Bundestag Law Committee on 3 May 1954, the West German justice minister informed Lemkin about the course of the discussions and also informed him that most of the proposed amendments and changes were accepted.","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130518536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the manner in which the German minority in the Opole region, whose members belong to the Social-Cultural Society of Germans in Opole Silesia, participates in Poland’s political life, using the example of the 2019 national election campaign. The campaign has shown that the German minority in the Opole region, in fact, forms an ethnic political party. The old dichotomy between symbolic politics (the reproduction of identity) and the pursuit of common interests is no longer valid. The German minority strives to achieve both these objectives. German minority organisations may be viewed as sectional interest groups.
{"title":"Aktywność mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce w życiu politycznym na poziomie centralnym na przykładzie kampanii wyborczej 2019 roku","authors":"Lech M. Nijakowski","doi":"10.35757/RPN.2020.28.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/RPN.2020.28.05","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the manner in which the German minority in the Opole region, whose members belong to the Social-Cultural Society of Germans in Opole Silesia, participates in Poland’s political life, using the example of the 2019 national election campaign. The campaign has shown that the German minority in the Opole region, in fact, forms an ethnic political party. The old dichotomy between symbolic politics (the reproduction of identity) and the pursuit of common interests is no longer valid. The German minority strives to achieve both these objectives. German minority organisations may be viewed as sectional interest groups.","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"651 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116481024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of this article is to present the transition in the situation of women in the former West Germany and East Germany as a consequence of German reunification. Starting with an outline of the legal framework defining gender equality, as well as the actual circumstances of females in society as part of a family and on the labour market in both German countries, the situation of women in the united country is analysed within the context of their professional activity, remuneration and pension amounts and promotion prospects as well as the ability to combine their professional and family lives. I try to answer whether women in the former East Germany became underprivileged due to the German reunification process and whether the situation of the West German women changed as a result of certain equality incentives which could be considered the heritage of the German Democratic Republic.
{"title":"Przyrodnie siostry – sytuacja kobiet z byłej RFN i NRD 30 lat po zjednoczeniu Niemiec","authors":"Joanna Trajman","doi":"10.35757/RPN.2020.28.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35757/RPN.2020.28.11","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this article is to present the transition in the situation of women in the former West Germany and East Germany as a consequence of German reunification. Starting with an outline of the legal framework defining gender equality, as well as the actual circumstances of females in society as part of a family and on the labour market in both German countries, the situation of women in the united country is analysed within the context of their professional activity, remuneration and pension amounts and promotion prospects as well as the ability to combine their professional and family lives. I try to answer whether women in the former East Germany became underprivileged due to the German reunification process and whether the situation of the West German women changed as a result of certain equality incentives which could be considered the heritage of the German Democratic Republic.","PeriodicalId":393980,"journal":{"name":"Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115415014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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