Pub Date : 2023-02-10DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2023.2174595
L. Forti
In a time when much of the world has a smartphone, almost everyone can contribute to biodiversity data. The current rate of species loss has been qualified as the sixth mass extinction, and conservation actions, such as protecting important areas for biodiversity and increasing awareness, demand public engagement to advance scientific knowledge. Using smartphone apps to document the location of species and species distribution change through space and time is incredibly useful. In this context, data on species detection represent the most basic evidence to recognize biodiversity patterns and trends. This citizen science data can help support scientific measurements to track anthropogenic effects on species and track ecological processes, such as migration, dispersion, and local extinction in biological communities over time. A central issue when making biodiversity assessments is that many organisms are rare and in many parts of the planet the biota is unknown (Petersen et al. 2021). In cases where species are rare, it is difficult to combat extinction because the data is lacking, creating a geographic or Wallacean shortfall (Whittaker et al. 2005; Oliveira et al. 2016). This gap raises a tricky question: ‘How many ecologists do we need to survey biodiversity globally?’ The answer is: ‘as many as possible’. Then, why not grab some help from the public? Citizen science, which is the involvement of a large community of volunteers in data collection, is the approach that could make this possible (Bonney 2021). While some local citizen science initiatives use structured or semi-structured sampling strategies, others can produce biota observations using sampling that is unstructured temporally (e.g. any hour of the day, any day of the week) and spatially (i.e. anywhere they like) at a global scale (Callaghan et al. 2021). Although there are potential biases, unstructured data in international community science platforms, such as iNaturalist, often form valuable datasets to produce knowledge and eventually to support conservation measures (Pocock et al. 2019). The iNaturalist app, for instance, is a main venue that provides data for the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Bonney 2021; Callaghan et al. 2021). GBIF, or even iNaturalist, can work like a repository of data to verify where species are present. In fact, presence-only species occurrence data have substantially increased since 2007 (Heberling et al. 2021), in part thanks to citizen science projects. However, the rate of growth of the number of observations is uneven among regions, as many developing countries, especially those in tropical regions, are still vastly under-surveyed (Pocock et al. 2018; Fritz et al. 2019). Brazil is one of the countries where citizen science is still young but shows great potential, especially based on some particular taxa, such as birds and frogs (Forti and Szabo in press; Schubert, Manica, and Guaraldo 2019). Even though the citizen science is promi
{"title":"Students as citizen scientists: project-based learning through the iNaturalist platform could provide useful biodiversity data","authors":"L. Forti","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2023.2174595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2023.2174595","url":null,"abstract":"In a time when much of the world has a smartphone, almost everyone can contribute to biodiversity data. The current rate of species loss has been qualified as the sixth mass extinction, and conservation actions, such as protecting important areas for biodiversity and increasing awareness, demand public engagement to advance scientific knowledge. Using smartphone apps to document the location of species and species distribution change through space and time is incredibly useful. In this context, data on species detection represent the most basic evidence to recognize biodiversity patterns and trends. This citizen science data can help support scientific measurements to track anthropogenic effects on species and track ecological processes, such as migration, dispersion, and local extinction in biological communities over time. A central issue when making biodiversity assessments is that many organisms are rare and in many parts of the planet the biota is unknown (Petersen et al. 2021). In cases where species are rare, it is difficult to combat extinction because the data is lacking, creating a geographic or Wallacean shortfall (Whittaker et al. 2005; Oliveira et al. 2016). This gap raises a tricky question: ‘How many ecologists do we need to survey biodiversity globally?’ The answer is: ‘as many as possible’. Then, why not grab some help from the public? Citizen science, which is the involvement of a large community of volunteers in data collection, is the approach that could make this possible (Bonney 2021). While some local citizen science initiatives use structured or semi-structured sampling strategies, others can produce biota observations using sampling that is unstructured temporally (e.g. any hour of the day, any day of the week) and spatially (i.e. anywhere they like) at a global scale (Callaghan et al. 2021). Although there are potential biases, unstructured data in international community science platforms, such as iNaturalist, often form valuable datasets to produce knowledge and eventually to support conservation measures (Pocock et al. 2019). The iNaturalist app, for instance, is a main venue that provides data for the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Bonney 2021; Callaghan et al. 2021). GBIF, or even iNaturalist, can work like a repository of data to verify where species are present. In fact, presence-only species occurrence data have substantially increased since 2007 (Heberling et al. 2021), in part thanks to citizen science projects. However, the rate of growth of the number of observations is uneven among regions, as many developing countries, especially those in tropical regions, are still vastly under-surveyed (Pocock et al. 2018; Fritz et al. 2019). Brazil is one of the countries where citizen science is still young but shows great potential, especially based on some particular taxa, such as birds and frogs (Forti and Szabo in press; Schubert, Manica, and Guaraldo 2019). Even though the citizen science is promi","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"24 1","pages":"76 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41573905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2150313
N. Dudley, M. Kettunen, J. Gorricho, L. Krueger, K. MacKinnon, J. Oglethorpe, M. Paxton, J. Robinson, N. Sekhran
ABSTRACT Area-based conservation is more than just a contribution to protecting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Establishment and effective management of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation mechanisms (OECMs) could accelerate progress for a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for which progress is currently too slow to meet targets by the 2030 deadline. We report the first global analysis of the wider role of protected areas and OECMs in SDG implementation. Our analysis focusses on 11 of the 17 SDGs, assessed in three main groups: (i) cornerstones of conservation, underpinning all prosperity (SDGs 14 and 15); (ii) fundamentals for well-being (SDGs 2, 6 and 13); and (iii) sustainable, healthy and peaceful societies (SDGs 1, 3, 5, 10, 11 and 16). Better representation of area-based conservation in the SDGs will require us to take four steps: (i) recognition of wider SDG targets addressed by protected and conserved areas; (ii) integration of ecosystem services into site-level policies and national SDG strategies; (iii) enhancement of the relevant values through management approaches; and (iv) consistent reporting of these as a contribution to the SDGs.
{"title":"Area-based conservation and the Sustainable Development Goals: a review","authors":"N. Dudley, M. Kettunen, J. Gorricho, L. Krueger, K. MacKinnon, J. Oglethorpe, M. Paxton, J. Robinson, N. Sekhran","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2022.2150313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2150313","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Area-based conservation is more than just a contribution to protecting biodiversity and ecosystem services. Establishment and effective management of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation mechanisms (OECMs) could accelerate progress for a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for which progress is currently too slow to meet targets by the 2030 deadline. We report the first global analysis of the wider role of protected areas and OECMs in SDG implementation. Our analysis focusses on 11 of the 17 SDGs, assessed in three main groups: (i) cornerstones of conservation, underpinning all prosperity (SDGs 14 and 15); (ii) fundamentals for well-being (SDGs 2, 6 and 13); and (iii) sustainable, healthy and peaceful societies (SDGs 1, 3, 5, 10, 11 and 16). Better representation of area-based conservation in the SDGs will require us to take four steps: (i) recognition of wider SDG targets addressed by protected and conserved areas; (ii) integration of ecosystem services into site-level policies and national SDG strategies; (iii) enhancement of the relevant values through management approaches; and (iv) consistent reporting of these as a contribution to the SDGs.","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"23 1","pages":"146 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47633517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2140710
Wellington Farias, M. Napoli, P. Dodonov, L. Forti
ABSTRACT Roads represent a severe threat to wildlife populations, especially during the rainy season when animals move between habitats to feed and reproduce. We monitored roadkilled amphibians and reptiles in a 2.5-km stretch of a secondary road in the state of Bahia, Brazil, for 47 days from November 2021 to February 2022. Our surveys registered 838 dead individuals of 18 identified species; most were amphibians of the family Leptodactylidae (87.5%), primarily juveniles. We often found individuals close to two extensive swamps at the road’s edge. Reptiles (snakes and turtles) represented only 1.3% of all observed roadkill. Our results show that a single spot on a secondary road can significantly impact the local herpetofauna, and we emphasize the need for mitigation measures to avoid further population declines. Key policy insights Collisions with vehicles caused mass mortality and threaten amphibian and reptile populations on a road in Bahia state, Brazil. These populations involved 18 species with terrestrial and aquatic habits. Juveniles of amphibians were the most affected animals. Most roadkill was observed at the edge of the road in a stretch close to two swamps. Mitigation actions are necessary to curb roadkill of amphibians and reptiles at local and regional scales in Brazil.
{"title":"Watch out for the car! Almost a thousand amphibians and reptiles ran over by cars at a single location during one reproductive season in Bahia state, Brazil","authors":"Wellington Farias, M. Napoli, P. Dodonov, L. Forti","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2022.2140710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2140710","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Roads represent a severe threat to wildlife populations, especially during the rainy season when animals move between habitats to feed and reproduce. We monitored roadkilled amphibians and reptiles in a 2.5-km stretch of a secondary road in the state of Bahia, Brazil, for 47 days from November 2021 to February 2022. Our surveys registered 838 dead individuals of 18 identified species; most were amphibians of the family Leptodactylidae (87.5%), primarily juveniles. We often found individuals close to two extensive swamps at the road’s edge. Reptiles (snakes and turtles) represented only 1.3% of all observed roadkill. Our results show that a single spot on a secondary road can significantly impact the local herpetofauna, and we emphasize the need for mitigation measures to avoid further population declines. Key policy insights Collisions with vehicles caused mass mortality and threaten amphibian and reptile populations on a road in Bahia state, Brazil. These populations involved 18 species with terrestrial and aquatic habits. Juveniles of amphibians were the most affected animals. Most roadkill was observed at the edge of the road in a stretch close to two swamps. Mitigation actions are necessary to curb roadkill of amphibians and reptiles at local and regional scales in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"23 1","pages":"129 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48083520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2150683
N. A. Ganie, A. Wanganeo, R. Raina
ABSTRACT This study examines two tropical lakes (known as Upper Lake and Lower Lake) situated in the western side of the capital city of Bhopal, of Madhya Pradesh. The study assesses the two lakes’ ecological health and trophic status, based on water chemistry and insect fauna, as aquatic insects are highly significant indicators of water quality. A total of 44 insect species were recorded from both lakes within this study. Among all the insect fauna, species belonging to orders Odonata and Hemiptera were recorded as the most dominant in both lakes. Physicochemical and biological results for both lakes show high trophic conditions on account of anthropogenic pressure. The water chemistry of Bhopal Lower Lake reveals a degrading condition in comparison to Upper Lake, which has a relatively stable condition.
{"title":"Ecological health assessment of two tropical lakes of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"N. A. Ganie, A. Wanganeo, R. Raina","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2022.2150683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2150683","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines two tropical lakes (known as Upper Lake and Lower Lake) situated in the western side of the capital city of Bhopal, of Madhya Pradesh. The study assesses the two lakes’ ecological health and trophic status, based on water chemistry and insect fauna, as aquatic insects are highly significant indicators of water quality. A total of 44 insect species were recorded from both lakes within this study. Among all the insect fauna, species belonging to orders Odonata and Hemiptera were recorded as the most dominant in both lakes. Physicochemical and biological results for both lakes show high trophic conditions on account of anthropogenic pressure. The water chemistry of Bhopal Lower Lake reveals a degrading condition in comparison to Upper Lake, which has a relatively stable condition.","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"23 1","pages":"138 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42636864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2149621
Laura Elizabeth Vallejo Chavez
While Mexico has been categorized as one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change (SEMARNAT 2014), the ways in which organized crime contributes to exacerbating these impacts have been poorly studied. This includes the direct impacts upon biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, as well as fragmentation of local, human communities. Moreover, the country has an enormous responsibility to preserve and conserve its ecosystems, given that it is a mega-diverse country (CONABIO 2020). According to the Sixth National Report of Mexico to the Convention on Biological Diversity, ‘[Mexico] is part of the select group of mega-diverse countries that occupy approximately 10% of the planet’s surface, and together are home to approximately 70% of the world’s biodiversity’. The report underlines that this ‘great privilege also represents a huge global responsibility to guarantee the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their services, understood as key elements of development and human well-being’ (CONABIO 2020). To preserve its biodiversity, Mexico has increased its designation of natural protected areas. The National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) currently manages 185 Federal Protected Natural Areas representing 90,958,374 hectares, and supports 382 Voluntarily Destined Areas for Conservation, with an area of 623,090.49 hectares (CONANP 2022). On the other hand, because of its geographical location, climatic conditions and the socio-economic characteristics of Mexico’s human populations, ecosystems and their biodiversity are highly vulnerable to extreme hydrometeorological events, such as cyclones (considering its coastal length of 11,122 km) and droughts. Thus, in some rural or poor areas, the recovery after a disaster caused by floods, heavy rains or droughts could last more than 20 years, increasing poverty and breaking social cohesion – an essential element for a successful climate change adaptation strategy and community resilience. The loss of biodiversity in Mexico has been formally attributed to changes in land use, mainly due to agricultural and livestock activities, invasive species, and climate change impacts. However, since 2016 the budget for the National Commission for Biodiversity and the Forest National Commission have been dramatically decreased (Aguilar and Hernandez 2021). This budget reduction came despite [in Mexico] ‘475 species in danger of extinction, 896 considered threatened and 1,185 under special protection. An emblematic case is the vaquita marina, whose population is around 22 individuals’ (Aguilar and Danae 2021). The lack of conservation and sustainable ecosystem management in natural protected areas decreases the capacity to cope with climate change impacts, making communities even more vulnerable. According to the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report of 2022, changes in ecosystem structure will be from high to very high in the region of Mexico (IPCC 2022). Climatic
{"title":"The invisible impacts of violence and crime on biodiversity and communities in Mexican natural protected areas","authors":"Laura Elizabeth Vallejo Chavez","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2022.2149621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2149621","url":null,"abstract":"While Mexico has been categorized as one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change (SEMARNAT 2014), the ways in which organized crime contributes to exacerbating these impacts have been poorly studied. This includes the direct impacts upon biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, as well as fragmentation of local, human communities. Moreover, the country has an enormous responsibility to preserve and conserve its ecosystems, given that it is a mega-diverse country (CONABIO 2020). According to the Sixth National Report of Mexico to the Convention on Biological Diversity, ‘[Mexico] is part of the select group of mega-diverse countries that occupy approximately 10% of the planet’s surface, and together are home to approximately 70% of the world’s biodiversity’. The report underlines that this ‘great privilege also represents a huge global responsibility to guarantee the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their services, understood as key elements of development and human well-being’ (CONABIO 2020). To preserve its biodiversity, Mexico has increased its designation of natural protected areas. The National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) currently manages 185 Federal Protected Natural Areas representing 90,958,374 hectares, and supports 382 Voluntarily Destined Areas for Conservation, with an area of 623,090.49 hectares (CONANP 2022). On the other hand, because of its geographical location, climatic conditions and the socio-economic characteristics of Mexico’s human populations, ecosystems and their biodiversity are highly vulnerable to extreme hydrometeorological events, such as cyclones (considering its coastal length of 11,122 km) and droughts. Thus, in some rural or poor areas, the recovery after a disaster caused by floods, heavy rains or droughts could last more than 20 years, increasing poverty and breaking social cohesion – an essential element for a successful climate change adaptation strategy and community resilience. The loss of biodiversity in Mexico has been formally attributed to changes in land use, mainly due to agricultural and livestock activities, invasive species, and climate change impacts. However, since 2016 the budget for the National Commission for Biodiversity and the Forest National Commission have been dramatically decreased (Aguilar and Hernandez 2021). This budget reduction came despite [in Mexico] ‘475 species in danger of extinction, 896 considered threatened and 1,185 under special protection. An emblematic case is the vaquita marina, whose population is around 22 individuals’ (Aguilar and Danae 2021). The lack of conservation and sustainable ecosystem management in natural protected areas decreases the capacity to cope with climate change impacts, making communities even more vulnerable. According to the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report of 2022, changes in ecosystem structure will be from high to very high in the region of Mexico (IPCC 2022). Climatic","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"23 1","pages":"164 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49231517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2141880
E. Maltseva, G. Zharmukhamedova, Zh. K. Jumanova, D. Naizabayeva, Z. Berdygulova, Karina A. Dmitriyeva, S. Soltanbekov, A. Argynbayeva, Y. Skiba, N. Malakhova, F. Rezzonico, T. H. Smits
ABSTRACT Fire blight disease of apples continues its worldwide spread, having reached Kazakhstan in 2010. It is a great threat to the wild apple forests of Malus sieversii. The introduction of fire blight is already showing a considerable impact on cultural apple growing and demands radical efforts for conservation of the wild apple forests. A number of studies have been conducted to examine the presence of fire blight distribution within apples in agricultural areas; however, there has been no large-scale monitoring of wild apple tree populations. Here we present the results of three years of monitoring wild apples in three protected areas of Kazakhstan, looking for the presence of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). A visual inspection showed no signs of fire blight on the trees of M. sieversii in three consecutive years. These findings were confirmed by lateral flow immunochromatography, and conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction tests of the asymptomatic samples. The findings of this study will be used to produce recommendations for state authorities to prevent fire blight in wild apple forests of Kazakhstan.
{"title":"Assessment of fire blight introduction in the wild apple forests of Kazakhstan","authors":"E. Maltseva, G. Zharmukhamedova, Zh. K. Jumanova, D. Naizabayeva, Z. Berdygulova, Karina A. Dmitriyeva, S. Soltanbekov, A. Argynbayeva, Y. Skiba, N. Malakhova, F. Rezzonico, T. H. Smits","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2022.2141880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2141880","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fire blight disease of apples continues its worldwide spread, having reached Kazakhstan in 2010. It is a great threat to the wild apple forests of Malus sieversii. The introduction of fire blight is already showing a considerable impact on cultural apple growing and demands radical efforts for conservation of the wild apple forests. A number of studies have been conducted to examine the presence of fire blight distribution within apples in agricultural areas; however, there has been no large-scale monitoring of wild apple tree populations. Here we present the results of three years of monitoring wild apples in three protected areas of Kazakhstan, looking for the presence of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). A visual inspection showed no signs of fire blight on the trees of M. sieversii in three consecutive years. These findings were confirmed by lateral flow immunochromatography, and conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction tests of the asymptomatic samples. The findings of this study will be used to produce recommendations for state authorities to prevent fire blight in wild apple forests of Kazakhstan.","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"23 1","pages":"123 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43327748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2140309
Ana Belén Manzanillas Castro, Camila Acosta-López
ABSTRACT This is the first study to determine the main shark species being sold in the ‘17 de Diciembre’ market, in Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. A total of 150 samples were collected and molecularly identified through a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species-specific primers based on the ribosomal region ITS2. As a result, we found that the shark sales are made up by five main species. The pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus) was the most common species, followed by the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Of the analyzed samples, 93.24% (n = 138) correspond with species that are in one of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat categories and Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The study highlights the need for this molecular tool to be implemented in strategic control points, as well as other measures that better ensure traceability. Key policy insights Four of the five identified species are in Appendix II of CITES. 93.24% of the identified individuals are found in one of the threat categories of IUCN. The shark meat in the ‘17 de Diciembre’ market is cheaper in comparison with most bony fishes that are commercialized.
这项研究首次确定了在厄瓜多尔圣多明各·德·洛斯Tsáchilas的“17 de Diciembre”市场上出售的主要鲨鱼种类。共收集150份样本，利用基于核糖体区域ITS2的物种特异性引物，通过多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)进行分子鉴定。结果，我们发现鲨鱼的销售由五个主要物种组成。远洋长尾鲨(Alopias pelagicus)是最常见的物种，其次是丝鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)、双髻鲨(Sphyrna lewini)、蓝鲨(Prionace glauca)和短鳍鲭鲨(Isurus oxyrinchus)。93.24% (n = 138)的样本属于国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种和《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录II。该研究强调了在战略控制点实施这种分子工具以及更好地确保可追溯性的其他措施的必要性。已确定的5个物种中有4个被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录II。93.24%的个体属于IUCN的威胁类别之一。“17 de diiembre”市场上的鲨鱼肉比大多数商业化的硬骨鱼便宜。
{"title":"Molecular identification of shark species commercialised in the ‘17 de Diciembre’ market, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas-Ecuador","authors":"Ana Belén Manzanillas Castro, Camila Acosta-López","doi":"10.1080/14888386.2022.2140309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2022.2140309","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This is the first study to determine the main shark species being sold in the ‘17 de Diciembre’ market, in Santo Domingo de Los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. A total of 150 samples were collected and molecularly identified through a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with species-specific primers based on the ribosomal region ITS2. As a result, we found that the shark sales are made up by five main species. The pelagic thresher (Alopias pelagicus) was the most common species, followed by the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis), the scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus). Of the analyzed samples, 93.24% (n = 138) correspond with species that are in one of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat categories and Appendix II of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The study highlights the need for this molecular tool to be implemented in strategic control points, as well as other measures that better ensure traceability. Key policy insights Four of the five identified species are in Appendix II of CITES. 93.24% of the identified individuals are found in one of the threat categories of IUCN. The shark meat in the ‘17 de Diciembre’ market is cheaper in comparison with most bony fishes that are commercialized.","PeriodicalId":39411,"journal":{"name":"Biodiversity","volume":"23 1","pages":"110 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41882067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2140709
Helio Secco, Rodrigo Delmonte Gessulli, M. M. Dias, T. Machado, Marcello Guerreiro
In early 2020, fences and wildlife safe passages were established as wildlife mitigation measures on a recently twinned stretch of the BR-101/RJ Norte highway, which crosses part of the State of Rio de Janeiro, along the Atlantic Forest biome, in Brazil. Historically, the highway has caused collisions between vehicles passing through it and regional fauna (Grilo et al. 2018), such as crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita), along with many other species. It also acted as a geographic barrier to the natural movement of some species such as the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). This situation geographically isolated this endemic, endangered species, which is approaching ever closer to the threat of extinction. They have a population estimated at less than 4000 individuals in the wild (only 1400 mature) (Ruiz-Miranda et al. 2019). The BR-101/RJ Norte Highway cuts the species’ distribution area by dividing protected areas (União Biological Reserve and Poço das Antas Biological Reserve) and large forest patches maintained by rural landowners where the largest population densities of golden lion tamarins occur. Therefore, the connection between these areas needs to be restored, to enable natural mating patterns to reestablish, which in turn diversifies the gene pool, and ensures the species’ long-term viability (Ascensão et al. 2019). The persistence of the species is directly associated with its capacity to cross the highway lanes and other elements that are part of the anthropized landscape matrix to establish contact with other groups. In this context, 10 canopy overpasses (six composed of concrete corridors and four metal structures) were set up focussed on arboreal fauna, with golden lion tamarins distributed along an approximately 50 km stretch of the BR-101/RJ Norte (see Figure 1). Each structure received ropes connecting the surrounding trees to the entrance to the passage, as well as crossing from the inside, allowing different means of movement for the arboreal fauna inside the structure (Figure 2). The concrete canopy overpasses are 2.97 m high, 4.15 m wide, and 40 m long, while the metal canopy overpasses are 2.73 m high, 2.20 m wide and 40 m long. Given the scarcity of similar case studies, the two types of structure were designed by a group of specialists focussed on the golden lion tamarin, for later evaluation of their respective effectiveness during the monitoring of the crossings, with the agreement of the environmental agency licensor. In September 2021 (approximately 14 months after these structures were installed), systematic monitoring of the use of eight of these structures for the safe crossing of arboreal fauna began (km 195 + 500; 202 + 760; 212 + 600; 215; 223; 234 + 600; 235 + 200; 240 + 100). Monitoring was, and continues to be, carried out by installing camera traps at both entranc
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Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/14888386.2022.2149622
M. Root-Bernstein
The iconic habitat representing nature to the public, forests are the focus of two recent books. The first, Cambio, accompanied the show of the same name by Andrea Trimarchi and Simone Farresin that opened (and then closed due to the pandemic) in 2020 at the Serpentine Gallery in London. The essays comprising the book and their accompanying illustrations provide an unusually multidisciplinary view of forests and timber forest resources. The second, Forêts Géométriques, is the book version of a photography show first presented at the Musée de l’Homme in Paris in 2017. Through a combination of several essays and arresting photographs in different styles, it tells the story of forests, plantations, and the people who live with them in southern Chile. Both books present intriguing visual and textual approaches to understanding forests as not only ecological but also social and material spaces. Andrea Trimarchi and Simone Farresin are designers jointly going by the name Formafantasma, known for their interest in research-based approaches, recycling and reusability, sustainable sourcing, attention to materiality, and interdisciplinary collaborations. They direct the GeoDesign master’s programme at Design Academy Eindhoven (for which I teach). As they write in their introduction to the Cambio book, ‘Design as an act can be defined as the innate propensity of humans to conceive and perform desired changes to their habitat, but design as a discipline is a historical phenomenon formed in relation to the Industrial Revolution’. The tension between design as an inevitable and natural transformation of the world, and design as part of an extraction-and-consumptionbased economy contributing to numerous harms is one of the key themes of the book. If we think of design as the act of changing one’s habitat, then all species are designers to a greater or larger degree. Indeed, evolution itself can be understood as design carried out in a diffuse and reciprocal manner at the interface between individuals, species, and their environments (i.e. natural selection and adaptation). This view is articulated in the essay by Frederic Lens, an evolutionary ecologist who writes about the evolution of woodiness. I was surprised to learn that woodiness was a basal trait of plants, but then was lost in many lineages that became herbaceous, only to be regained at least 700 separate times. The philosopher Emanuele Coccia also reflects on the design approach incarnated in trees:
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