Many real−life examples of exchanges with externalities exist. Externalities of exchange are defined as direct consequences of exchanges for the payoff of actors who are not involved in the exchange. This paper focuses on how externalities influence the partner choice in exchange networks. In an experiment two externality conditions are created such that different exchange patterns are predicted in the simplest exchange network with two structurally different complete exchange patterns, the 4−Line. Predictions concerning exchange patterns and ratios are derived from a generalization of the core from game theory. Hypotheses are derived by comparing the predictions for the experimental conditions and by comparison to data from previous experiments on the 4−Line, without externalities. Hypotheses concerning the changes in exchange patterns were corroborated.
{"title":"Effects of Externalities on Patterns of Exchange","authors":"J. Dijkstra, M. Assen","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.23.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.23.91","url":null,"abstract":"Many real−life examples of exchanges with externalities exist. Externalities of exchange are defined as direct consequences of exchanges for the payoff of actors who are not involved in the exchange. This paper focuses on how externalities influence the partner choice in exchange networks. In an experiment two externality conditions are created such that different exchange patterns are predicted in the simplest exchange network with two structurally different complete exchange patterns, the 4−Line. Predictions concerning exchange patterns and ratios are derived from a generalization of the core from game theory. Hypotheses are derived by comparing the predictions for the experimental conditions and by comparison to data from previous experiments on the 4−Line, without externalities. Hypotheses concerning the changes in exchange patterns were corroborated.","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"36 1","pages":"91-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81089243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Kimura and Shinoki (2007), after criticizing Diekmann and Preisendörfer’s (1998; 2003) argument on the cognitive strategies to harmonize the discrepancy between attitudes and behaviors, we constructed a two-stage model of decision-making (rational choice) and justification (cognitive dissonance reduction) in a potential “social dilemma” situation, focusing on the problem of recycling. We deduced several propositions from our model and translated some of them into falsifiable predictions. In this paper, we analyze data from a social survey conducted in Sendai, Japan, in order to test these predictions: (1) On average, contributors’ estimate of others’ contribution is greater than non-contributors’ estimate of others’ contribution (the “false consensus effect”); (2) The proportion of the contributors who think that their marginal contribution plays a significant role in the well-functioning of the recycling system is greater than that of the non-contributors who think that their marginal contribution plays a significant role in the well-functioning of the recycling system; (3) On average, the normative consciousness concerning environmental problems is stronger among contributors than among non-contributors. We find that our predictions are almost supported. We also conduct a “critical experiment” in the natural settings on the mechanisms for the false consensus effect. The result reveals that our model is better than the selective exposure hypothesis in explaining it. We examine some possible objections to our model in order to consider what kind of research we need and to clarify the policy implication of our model.
{"title":"Decision and Justification in the Social Dilemma of Recycling. II.","authors":"M. Shinoki, Kunihiro Kimura","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.22.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.22.49","url":null,"abstract":"In Kimura and Shinoki (2007), after criticizing Diekmann and Preisendörfer’s (1998; 2003) argument on the cognitive strategies to harmonize the discrepancy between attitudes and behaviors, we constructed a two-stage model of decision-making (rational choice) and justification (cognitive dissonance reduction) in a potential “social dilemma” situation, focusing on the problem of recycling. We deduced several propositions from our model and translated some of them into falsifiable predictions. In this paper, we analyze data from a social survey conducted in Sendai, Japan, in order to test these predictions: (1) On average, contributors’ estimate of others’ contribution is greater than non-contributors’ estimate of others’ contribution (the “false consensus effect”); (2) The proportion of the contributors who think that their marginal contribution plays a significant role in the well-functioning of the recycling system is greater than that of the non-contributors who think that their marginal contribution plays a significant role in the well-functioning of the recycling system; (3) On average, the normative consciousness concerning environmental problems is stronger among contributors than among non-contributors. We find that our predictions are almost supported. We also conduct a “critical experiment” in the natural settings on the mechanisms for the false consensus effect. The result reveals that our model is better than the selective exposure hypothesis in explaining it. We examine some possible objections to our model in order to consider what kind of research we need and to clarify the policy implication of our model.","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"13 2 1","pages":"49-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75540349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Maximally Maintained Inequality and Essentially Maintained Inequality Crossnational Comparisons","authors":"M. Hout","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.21.237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.21.237","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"31 1","pages":"237-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87371205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypotheses about social fluidity in log-linear models of social mobility are hypotheses about patterns of odds ratios; yet odds ratios are only indirectly related to the interaction parameters of log-linear models. I propose rewriting such models so that the interaction parameters are equal to log odds ratios. This allows straightforward tests of difference and similarity between the odds ratios of different mobility tables. The approach is illustrated using three cross-nationally comparative data sets.
{"title":"Statistical Models of Social Fluidity","authors":"R. Breen","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.21.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.21.215","url":null,"abstract":"Hypotheses about social fluidity in log-linear models of social mobility are hypotheses about patterns of odds ratios; yet odds ratios are only indirectly related to the interaction parameters of log-linear models. I propose rewriting such models so that the interaction parameters are equal to log odds ratios. This allows straightforward tests of difference and similarity between the odds ratios of different mobility tables. The approach is illustrated using three cross-nationally comparative data sets.","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"1 1","pages":"215-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89676303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The demographic behaviors of one generation, including marriage, divorce, fertility, and survival, create the population of families in which the next generation of children is raised. Assortative mating between men and women with varying socioeconomic characteristics is a key mechanism in establishing the families of the next generation, but differential fertility, child and parent survival, marital disruption, and parents' socioeconomic mobility modify these marriage patterns. This article examines the demographic mechanisms through which family backgrounds are created. It presents the mathematical links between marriage patterns and the joint distribution of parents' characteristics when their children are born and later in their lives. It illustrates these relationships using data on educational assortative mating, fertility, mortality, and the living arrangements of families in the United States. Although the educational attainments of husbands and wives are strongly associated, patterns of differential fertility reinforce this relationship, resulting in an even strong association between the educational attainments of mothers and fathers.
{"title":"Educational Assortative Mating and the Family Background of the Next Generation","authors":"R. Mare, Christine R Schwartz","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.21.253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.21.253","url":null,"abstract":"The demographic behaviors of one generation, including marriage, divorce, fertility, and survival, create the population of families in which the next generation of children is raised. Assortative mating between men and women with varying socioeconomic characteristics is a key mechanism in establishing the families of the next generation, but differential fertility, child and parent survival, marital disruption, and parents' socioeconomic mobility modify these marriage patterns. This article examines the demographic mechanisms through which family backgrounds are created. It presents the mathematical links between marriage patterns and the joint distribution of parents' characteristics when their children are born and later in their lives. It illustrates these relationships using data on educational assortative mating, fertility, mortality, and the living arrangements of families in the United States. Although the educational attainments of husbands and wives are strongly associated, patterns of differential fertility reinforce this relationship, resulting in an even strong association between the educational attainments of mothers and fathers.","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"41 1","pages":"253-278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86458098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parametric simulation models are developed for structural analysis of voting behaviors in public referendum. By decomposing the residents into eight groups, a mechanism is established to construct transition probability matrices defined on three states (0: undecided; 1: YES; 2: NO), thereby capturing behavioral patterns of the residents in forming their individual opinions toward the voting date. This approach enables one to devise a strategy concerning how to transform the formation of the eight residential groups so as to achieve a target voting result. The validity is tested through eight real cases of Japan and a mock public referendum.
{"title":"Development of Parametric Simulation Models for Structural Analysis of Voting Behaviors in Public Referendum","authors":"Mizue Ohe, Nobuko Igaki, U. Sumita","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.20.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.20.157","url":null,"abstract":"Parametric simulation models are developed for structural analysis of voting behaviors in public referendum. By decomposing the residents into eight groups, a mechanism is established to construct transition probability matrices defined on three states (0: undecided; 1: YES; 2: NO), thereby capturing behavioral patterns of the residents in forming their individual opinions toward the voting date. This approach enables one to devise a strategy concerning how to transform the formation of the eight residential groups so as to achieve a target voting result. The validity is tested through eight real cases of Japan and a mock public referendum.","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"42 1","pages":"157-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78664155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Whole-Net Base and Social Capital:","authors":"Kazuto Misumi","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.20.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.20.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"128 1","pages":"5-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79221331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parametric Decomposition of the Gini Coefficient","authors":"Hiroshi Hamada","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.20.241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.20.241","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"67 1","pages":"241-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74800971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Market, Trust, and Inequality:","authors":"Yoshimichi Sato","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.20.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.20.45","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"9 9","pages":"45-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72447372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some Conceptual Problems of Social Capital","authors":"Kazuharu Tsuzuki","doi":"10.11218/OJJAMS.20.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11218/OJJAMS.20.81","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39496,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory and Methods","volume":"310 1","pages":"81-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77366400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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